Beyond corals and fish: The effects of climate change on noncoral benthic invertebrates of tropical reefs

Global Change Biology

Volumn 14, Issue 12, 2008, Pages 2773-2795

  Przeslawski, Rachel ^a   Ahyong, Shane ^b   Byrne, Maria ^c   Wörheide, Gert ^d   Hutchings, Pat ^e  

^a GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (New Zealand)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

^e AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM   (Australia)

Author keywords

Caribbean; Great Barrier Reef; Habitat loss; Invasive species; Larvae; Ocean acidification; Reproduction; Salinity; Temperature; Tropical invertebrates

Indexed keywords

ACIDIFICATION; BENTHOS; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE CONDITIONS; CLIMATE EFFECT; CORAL REEF; HABITAT LOSS; HERBIVORY; INVASIVE SPECIES; NUTRIENT CYCLING; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TAXONOMY; WATER QUALITY;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; AUSTRALASIA; AUSTRALIA; CARIBBEAN SEA; CORAL SEA; GREAT BARRIER REEF; PACIFIC OCEAN; QUEENSLAND;

ANTHOZOA; INVERTEBRATA; PISCES;

EID: 56349151959     PISSN: 13541013     EISSN: 13652486     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01693.x     Document Type: Article

References (219)

1. Addessi L (2001) Giant clam bleaching in the lagoon of Takapoto atoll (French Polynesia). Coral Reefs, 19, 220-220.
2. Agius BP (2007) Spatial and temporal effects of pre-seeding plates with invasive ascidians: Growth, recruitment and community composition. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 342, 30-39.
3. Aguirre ML, Sirch YN, Richiano S (2005) Late Quaternary molluscan assemblages from the coastal area of Bahia Bustamante (Patagonia, Argentina): Paleoecology and paleoenvironments. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 20, 13-32.
4. Anthony KRN, Fabricius K (2000) Shifting roles of heterotrophy and autotrophy in coral energetics under varying turbidity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 252, 221-253.
5. Attrill MJ, Kelmo F, Jones MB (2004) Impact of the 1997-98 El Nino event on the coral reef-associated echinoderm assemblage from northern Bahia, northeastern Brazil. Climate Research, 26, 151-158.
6. Ayre DJ, Hughes TP (2004) Climate change, genotypic diversity and gene flow in reef-building corals. Ecology Letters, 7, 273-278.
7. Babcock R, Mundy C, Keesing J, Oliver J (1992) Predictable and unpredictable spawning events: In situ behavioural data from free-spawning coral reef invertebrates. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 22, 213-228.
8. Baker AC, Starger CJ, McClanahan TR, Glynn PW (2004) Coral reefs: Corals' adaptive response to climate change. Nature, 430, 741.
9. Barber PH, Palumbi SR, Erdmann MV, Moosa MK (2000) A marine Wallace's line? Nature, 406, 692-693.
10. Barbosa S, Byrne M, Kelaher BP (2008) Bioerosion caused by the tropical chiton Anthopleura gemmata at One Tree Reef, southern Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 27, 635-639.
11. Barry JP, Baxter CH, Sagarin RD, Gilman SE (1995) Climate-related, long-term faunal changes in a California rocky intertidal community. Science, 267, 672-675.
12. Bates WR (2005) Environmental factors affecting reproduction and development in ascidians and other protochordates. Canadian Journal of Zoology - Revue Canadienne De Zoologie, 83, 51-61.
13. Battershill CN, Bergquist PR (1990) The influence of storms on asexual reproduction, recruitment, and survivorship of sponges. In: New Perspectives in Sponge Biology (ed. Rützler K), pp. 397-403. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
14. Battershill CN, Jaspars M, Long PF (2005) Marine biodiscovery: New drugs from the ocean depths. Biologist, 52, 107-114.
15. Beaman RJ, Webster JM, Wust RAJ (2008) New evidence for drowned shelf edge reefs in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Geology, 247, 17-34.
16. Becerro MA, Bonito V, Paul VJ (2006) Effects of monsoon-driven wave action on coral reefs of Guam and implications for coral recruitment. Coral Reefs, 25, 193-199.
17. Becker BJ, Levin LA, Fodrie J, McMillan PA (2007) Complex larval connectivity patterns among marine invertebrate populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 3267-3272.
18. Ben AG (2004) Marine mollusca of oxygen isotope stages of the last 2 million years in New Zealand. Part 1: Revised generic positions and recognition of warm-water and cool-water migrants. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 34, 111-265.
19. Bernecker M, Weidlich O, Flügel E (1999) Response of triassic reef coral communities to sea-level fluctuations, storms and sedimentation: evidence from a spectacular outcrop (Adnet, Austria). Facies, 40, 229-279.
20. Bhaud M, Cha JH, Duchene JC, Nozais C (1995) Influence of temperature on the marine fauna: What can be expected from a climatic change. Journal of Thermal Biology, 20, 91-104.
21. Birkeland C, Lucas JS (1990) Acanthaster planci: A Major Management Problem of Coral Reefs. CRC Press, Boston.
22. Blidberg E, Elfwing T, Planhnan P, Tedengren M (2000) Water temperature influences on physiological behaviour in three species of giant clams (Tridacnidae). Proceedings of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, pp. 561-565.
23. Booth DJ, Figueira WF, Gregson MA, Brown L, Beretta G (2007) Occurrence of tropical fishes in temperate southeastern Australia: Role of the East Australian Current. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 72, 102-114.
24. Brodie J, Fabricius K, De'ath G, Okaji K (2005) Are increased nutrient inputs responsible for more outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 51, 266-278.
25. Buck BH, Rosenthal H, Saint-Paul U (2002) Effect of increased irradiance and thermal stress on the symbiosis of Symbiodinium microadriaticum and Tridacna gigas. Aquatic Living Resources, 15, 107-117.
26. Byers J (2002) Physical habitat attribute mediates biotic resistance to non-indigenous species invasion. Oecologia, 130, 146-156.
27. Byers JE, Pringle JM (2006) Going against the flow: Retention, range limits and invasions in advective environments. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 313, 27-41.
28. Byrne M, Andrew NL, Worthington DG, Brett PA (1998) Reproduction in the diadematoid sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii in contrasting habitats along the coast of New South Wales. Marine Biology, 132, 305-318.
29. Byrne M, Walker SJ (2007) Distribution and reproduction of intertidal species of Aquilonastra and Cryptasterina (Asterinidae) from One Tree Reef, Southern Great Barrier Reef. Bulletin of Marine Science, 81, 209-218.
30. Carballo JL, Vega C, Cruz-Barraza JA, Yáñez B, Nava J, Ávila E, Wilson M (2008) Short- and long-term patterns of sponge diversity on a rocky tropical coast: Evidence of large-scale structuring factors. Marine Ecology, 29, 216-236.
31. Caspers H (2004) Spawning periodicity of the palolo worm Eunice viridis (Polychaeta: Eunicidae) in the Samoan Islands. Marine Biology, 79, 229-236.
32. Catterall CP, Poiner IR, O'Brien CJ (2001) Long-term population dynamics of a coral reef gastropod and responses to disturbance. Austral Ecology, 26, 604-617.
33. Chan BKK, Morritt D (2001) The effect of salinity and recruitment on the distribution of Tetraclita squamosa and Tetraclita japonica (Cirripedia; Balanomorpha). Marine Biology, 138, 999-1009.
34. Chan BKK, Morritt D, De Pirro M, Leung KMY, Williams GA (2006) Summer mortality: Effects on the distribution and abundance of the acorn barnacle Tetraclita japonica on tropical shores. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 328, 195-204.
35. Chan BKK, Williams GA (2003) The impact of physical stress and molluscan grazing on the settlement and recruitment of Tetraclita species (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha) on a tropical shore. Journal of Experimental Biology and Ecology, 284, 1-23.
36. Chappell J, Polach H (1991) Post-glacial sea-level rise from a coral record at Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. Nature, 349, 147-149.
37. Coles SL, Kandel FLM, Reath PA, Longenecker K, Eldredge LG (2006) Rapid assessment of nonindigenous marine species on coral reefs in the main Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science, 60, 483-507.
38. Colgan MW (1987) Coral reef recovery on Guam (Micronesia) after catastrophic predation by Acanthaster planci. Ecology, 68, 1592-1605.
39. Compton TJ, Rijkenberg MJA, Drent J, Persma T (2007) Thermal tolerance ranges and climate variability: A comparison between bivalves from differing climates. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 352, 200-211.
40. Congdon BC, Erwin CA, Peck DR, Baker GB, Double MC, O'Neill P (2007) Vulnerability of seabirds on the Great Barrier Reef to climate change. In: Climate Change and the Great Barrier Reef: A Vulnerability Assessment (eds Johnson J, Marshall P), pp. 427-463. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian Greenhouse Office, Townsville.
41. Davies PJ, Hopley D (1983) Growth fabrics and growth rates of Holocene reefs in the Great Barrier Reef. BMR Journal of Australian Geologists and Geophysicists, 8, 237-251.
42. Davis M (2000) The combined effects of temperature and salinity on growth, development, and survival for tropical gastropod veligers of Strombus gigas. Journal of Shellfish Research, 19, 883-889.
43. Desai DV, Anil AC, Venkat K (2006) Reproduction in Balanus amphitrite DarwinI(Cirripedia: Thoracica): influence of temperature and food concentration. Marine Biology, 149, 1431-1441.
44. Diaz-Pulido G, McCook LJ, Larkum AWD et al. (2007) Vulnerability of macroalgae of the Great Barrier Reef to climate change. In: Climate Change and the Great Barrier Reef: A Vulnerability Assessment (eds Johnson J, Marshall P), pp. 151-192. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian Greenhouse Office, Townsville.
45. Edwards M, Richardson AJ (2004) Impact of climate change on marine pelagic phenology and trophic mismatch. Nature, 430, 881-884.
46. Elfwing T, Blidberg E, Sison M, Tedengren M (2003) A comparison between sites of growth, physiological performance and stress responses in transplanted Tridacna gigas. Aquaculture, 219, 815-828.
47. Elkin C, Marshall DJ (2007) Desperate larvae: Influence of deferred costs and habitat requirements on habitat selection. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 335, 143-153.
48. Ettinger-Epstein P, Whalan SW, Battershill CN, de Nys R (2007) Temperature cues gametogenesis and larval release in a tropical sponge. Marine Biology, 153, 171-178.
49. Eyre BD, Ferguson AJP (2006) Impact of a flood event on benthic and pelagic coupling in a sub-tropical east Australian estuary (Brunswick). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 66, 111-122.
50. Fabricius KE (1999) Tissue loss and mortality in soft corals following mass-bleaching. Coral Reefs, 18, 54.
51. Fabricius KE (2005) Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs: Review and synthesis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50, 125-146.
52. Fabricius KE (2006) Effects of irradiance, flow, and colony pigmentation on the temperature microenvironment around corals: Implications for coral bleaching. Limnology and Oceanography, 51, 30-37.
53. Fabricius KE, Alderslade P (2001) Soft Corals and Sea Fans. A Comprehensive Guide to the Topical Shallow-Water Genera of the Central-West Pacific, the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville.
54. Fabricius KE, De'ath G, Puotinen ML, Done T, Cooper TF, Burgess SC (2008) Disturbance gradients on inshore and offshore coral reefs caused by a severe tropical cyclone. Limnology and Oceanography, 53, 690-704.
55. Fabricius KE, Golbuo Y, Victor S (2007) Selective mortality in coastal reef organisms from an acute sedimentation event. Coral Reefs, 26, 69.
56. Fahey SJ, Garson MJ (2002) Geographic variation of natural products of tropical nudibranch Asteronotus cespitosus. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 28, 1773-1785.
57. Fernando SA (1999) Reproductive biology of tropical barnacles. In: Barnacles: The Biofoulers (eds Thompson MF, Nagabhushanam R), pp. 51-64. Regency, New Delhi.
58. Fields PA, Graham JB, Rosenblatt RH, Somero GN (1993) Effects of expected global climate change on marine faunas. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 361-367.
59. Fields PA, Rudomin EL, Somero GN (2006) Temperature sensitivities of cytosolic malate dehydrogenases from native and invasive species of marine mussels (genus Mytilus): Sequences-function linkages and correlations with biogeographic distribution. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 209, 656-667.
60. Folt CL, Chen CY, Moore MV, Burnaford J (1999) Synergism and antagonism among multiple stressors. Limnology and Oceanography, 44, 864-877.
61. Forster SJ (1998) Osmotic stress tolerance and osmoregulation of intertidal and subtidal nematodes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 224, 109-125.
62. Fromont J, Garson M (1999) Sponge bleaching on the west and east coasts of Australia. Coral Reefs, 18, 340.
63. Fujisawa H, Shigei M (1990) Correlation of embryonic temperature sensitivity of sea urchins with spawning season. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 136, 123-139.
64. Gardner TA, CôtéIM, Gill JA, Grant A, Watkinson AR (2003) Long-term region-wide declines in Caribbean corals. Science, 301, 958-960.
65. 2 on shellfish calcification. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L07603.
66. Gillanders BM, Kingsford MJ (2002) Impact of changes in flow of freshwater on estuarine and open coastal habitats and the associated organisms. Oceanography and Marine Biology, 40, 233-309.
67. Gopurenko D, Hughes JM, Bellchambers L (2003) Colonisation of the south-west Australian coastline by mud crabs: Evidence for a recent range expansion or human-induced translocation. Marine and Freshwater Research, 54, 833-840.
68. Goreau TJ, Hayes RL, McAllister D (2005) Regional patterns of sea surface temperature rise: Implications for global ocean circulation change and the future of coral reefs and fisheries. World Resource Review, 17, 350-374.
69. Goulet TL, LaJeunesse TC, Fabricius KE (2008) Symbiont specificity and bleaching susceptibility among soft corals in the 1998 Great Barrier Reef mass coral bleaching event. Marine Biology, 154, 795-804.
70. Graham NAJ, Wilson SK, Jennings S, Polunin NVC, Bijoux JP, Robinson J (2006) Dynamic fragility of oceanic coral reef ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 8425-8429.
71. Greenstein BJ, Pandolfi JM (2008) Escaping the heat: Range shift of reef coral taxa in coastal Western Australia. Global Change Biology, 14, 513-528.
72. Grosberg RK (1988) Life history variation within a population of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri: The genetic and environmental control of seasonal variation. Evolution, 42, 900-920.
73. Hadfield MG, Strathmann MF (1996) Variability, flexibility and plasticity in life histories of marine invertebrates. Oceanologica Acta, 19, 323-324.
74. Harley CDG, Randall Hughes A, Hultgren KM et al. (2006) The impacts of climate change in coastal marine systems. Ecology Letters, 9, 228-241.
75. Hay GC, Richardson AJ, Robinson C (2005) Climate change and marine plankton. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20, 338-344.
76. Helmuth B, Kingsolver JG, Carrington E (2005) Biophysics, physiological ecology, and climate change: Does mechanism matter? Annual Review of Physiology, 67, 177-201.
77. Helmuth B, Mieszkowska N, Moore P, Hawkins S (2006) Living on the edge of two changing worlds: Forecasting the responses of rocky intertidal ecosystems to climate change. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 37, 373-404.
78. Hetherington R, Reid RGB (2003) Malacological insights into the marine ecology and changing climate of the late Pleistocene - early Holocene Queen Charlotte Islands archipelago, western Canada, and implications for early peoples. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 81, 626-661.
79. Hill M, Wilcox T (1998) Unusual mode of symbiont repopulation after bleaching in Anthosigmella varians: Acquisition of different zooxanthellae strains. Symbiosis, 25, 279-289.
80. Hoegh-Guldberg O (1999) Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world's coral reefs. Marine and Freshwater Research, 50, 839-866.
81. Hoegh-Guldberg O (2004) Coral reefs in a century of rapid environmental change. Symbiosis, 37, 1-31.
82. 2 world. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, C09S06.
83. Hoffman JR, Hansen LJ, Klinger T (2003) Interactions between UV radiation and temperature limit inferences from single-factor experiments. Journal of Phycology, 39, 268-272.
84. Hogg RC (2006) Novel approaches to pain relief using venom-derived peptides. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 13, 3191-3201.
85. Hughes TP, Connell JH (1999) Multiple stressors on coral reefs: A long-term perspective. Limnology and Oceanography, 44, 932-940.
86. Hutchings PA (1986) Biological destruction of coral reefs - a review. Coral Reefs, 4, 239-252.
87. Hutchings PA, Ahyong S, Byrne M, Przeslawski R, Wörheide G (2007) Vulnerability of benthic invertebrates of the Great Barrier Reef to climate change. In: Climate Change and the Great Barrier Reef: A Vulnerability Assessment (eds Johnson J, Marshall P), pp. 309-356. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian Greenhouse Office, Townsville.
88. Hutchings PA, Peyrot-Clausade M, Osorno A (2005) Influence of land runoff on rates and agents of bioerosion of coral substrates. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 51, 438-447.
89. Hutchings PA, Salvat B (2000) The Indian Ocean to the Pacific: French Polynesia. In: Seas at the Milennium: An Environmental Evaluation (ed. Sheppard C), pp. 813-826. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
90. Hutchinson N, Williams GA (2001) Spatio-temporal variation in recruitment on a seasonal tropical rocky shore: The importance of local versus non-local processes. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 215, 57-68.
91. Irie T, Iwasa Y (2005) Optimal growth pattern of defensive organs: The diversity of shell growth among molluscs. American Naturalist, 165, 238-249.
92. Jablonski D, Roy K, Valentine JW (2006) Out of the tropics: Evolutionary dynamics of the latitudinal diversity gradient. Science, 314, 102-106.
93. Jackson DJ, Macis L, Reitner J, Degnan BM, Wörheide G (2007) Sponge paleogenomics reveals an ancient role for carbonic anhydrase in skeletogenesis. Science, 316, 1893-1895.
94. Jackson DJ, McDougall C, Green K, Simpson F, Wörheide G, Degnan BM (2006) A rapidly evolving secretome builds and patterns a sea shell. BMC Biology, 4, 40.
95. Jackson JBC, Johnson KG (2000) Life in the last few million years. Paleobiology, 26, 221-235.
96. Johnson JE, Marshall PA (2007) Climate Change and the Great Barrier Reef. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian Greenhouse Office, Townsville.
97. Johnson LG, Babcock RC (1994) Temperature and the larval ecology of the crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci. Biological Bulletin, 168, 419-431.
98. Kirby RE, Beaugrand G, Lindley JA, Richardson AJ, Edwards M, Reid PC (2007) Climate effects and benthic-pelagic coupling in the North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 330, 31-38.
99. Kleypas JA, Buddemeier RW, Eakin CM et al. (2005) Comment on 'Coral reef calcification and climate change: The effect of ocean warming'. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L08601.
100. Kleypas JA, Feely RA, Fabry VJ, Langdon C, Sabine CL, Robbins LL (2006) Impacts of ocean acidification on coral reefs and other marine calcifiers: A guide for future research. Report from a Workshop Sponsored by the National Science Foundation, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the U. S. Geological Survey, 88 pp.
101. Knowlton N (2001) The future of coral reefs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 5419-5425.
102. Koh LL, O'Riordan RM, Lee WJ (2005) Sex in the tropics: Reproduction of Chthamalus malayensis Pilsbury (Class Cirripedia) at the equator. Marine Biology, 147, 121-133.
103. 2 on sea urchin early development. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 274, 161-169.
104. Lawrence AJ, Soame JM (2004) The effects of climate change on the reproduction of coastal invertebrates. Ibis, 146, 29-39.
105. Lawrence JM (1996) Mass mortality of echinoderms from abiotic factors. In: Echinoderm Studies, Vol. 5 (eds Jangoux M, Lawrence JM), pp. 103-137. Balkema, Rotterdam.
106. Lessios HA (1995) Diadema antillarum 10 years after mass mortality: still rare, despite help from a competitor. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, 259, 331-337.
107. Lessios HA, Kessing BD, Pearse JS (2001) Global phylogeography of the sea urchin Diadema. Evolution, 55, 955-975.
108. Lester SE, Gaines SD, Kinlan BP (2007) Reproduction on the edge: large-scale patterns of individual performance in marine invertebrate. Ecology, 88, 2229-2239.
109. Levin LA (2006) Recent progress in understanding larval dispersal: New directions and digressions. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 46, 282-297.
110. Levin SA, Lubchenco J (2008) Resilience, robustness, and marine ecosystem-based management. Bioscience, 58, 27-32.
111. Lohrer AM, Hewitt JE, Thrush SF (2006) Assessing far-field effects of terrigenous sediment loading in the coastal marine environment. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 315, 13-18.
112. Lonsdale DJ, Levinton JS (1985a) Latitudinal differentiation in copepod growth: An adaptation to temperature. Ecology, 66, 1597-1407.
113. Lonsdale DJ, Levinton JS (1985b) Latitudinal differentiation in embryonic duration, egg size, and newborn survival in a harpacticoid copepod. Biological Bulletin, 168, 419-431.
114. Lopez-Legentil S, Song B, Mcmurray SE, Pawlik JR (2008) Bleaching and stress in coral reef ecosystems: hsp70 expression by the giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta. Molecular Ecology, 17, 1840-1849.
115. Lough JM (2008) 10th anniversary review: A changing climate for coral reefs. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 10, 21-29.
116. Lovelock CE, Ellison J (2007) Vulnerability of mangroves and tidal wetlands of the Great Barrier Reef to climate change. In: Climate Change and the Great Barrier Reef: A Vulnerability Assessment (eds Johnson J, Marshall P), pp. 237-269. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian Greenhouse Office, Townsville.
117. MacDonald IA, Perry CT (2003) Biological degradation of coral framework in a turbid lagoon environment, Discovery Bay, north Jamaica. Coral Reefs, 22, 523-535.
118. Maldonado M, Young CM (1999) Effects of the duration of larval life on postlarval stages of the demosponge Sigmadocia caerulea. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 232, 9-21.
119. Matear RJ, McNeil BI (2006) Comment on 'Preindustrial to modern interdecadal variability in coral reef pH'. Science, 314, 595.
120. McEdward LR (1995) Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae. CRC Press, Florida.
121. McNeil BI, Matear RJ, Barnes D (2004) Coral reef calcification and climate change: The effect of ocean warming. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L22309.
122. Menge BA, Chan F, Lubchenco J (2008) Response of a rocky intertidal ecosystem engineer and community dominant to climate change. Ecology Letters, 11, 151-162.
123. Menge BA, Lubchenco J, Ashkenas LR, Ramsey F (1986) Experimental separation of effects of consumers on sessile prey in the low zone of a rocky shore in the Bay of Panama: Direct and indirect consequences of food web complexity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 100, 225-269.
124. Michaelidis B, Ouzounis C, Paleras A, Portner HO (2005) Effects of long-term moderate hypercapnia on acid-base balance and growth rate in marine mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 293, 109-118.
125. Moran T, Reaka-Kudla ML (1991) Effects of disturbance: Disruption and enhancement of coral reef cryptofaunal populations by hurricanes. Coral Reefs, 9, 215-224.
126. Moverley JH, Saenger P, Curtis MA (1986) Patterns of polychaete recolonization in Queensland subtropical estuaries following severe flooding. Hydrobiologia, 134, 227-235.
127. Muller-Parker G, Davy SK (2001) Temperate and tropical algal-sea anemone symbioses. Invertebrate Biology, 120, 104-123.
128. Mumby PJ, Hastings A, Edwards HJ (2007) Thresholds and the resilience of Caribbean coral reefs. Nature, 450, 98-101.
129. Munday PL, Jones GP, Sheaves M, Williams AJ, Goby G (2007) Vulnerability of fishes of the Great Barrier Reef to climate change. In: Climate Change and the Great Barrier Reef: A Vulnerability Assessment (eds Johnson J, Marshall P), pp. 357-391. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian Greenhouse Office, Townsville.
130. Muthiga NA (2003) Coexistence and reproductive isolation of the sympatric echinoids Diadema savignyi Michelin and Diadema setosum (Leske) on Kenyan coral reefs. Marine Biology, 143, 669-677.
131. Muthiga NA (2006) The reproductive biology of a new species of sea cucumber, Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) arenacava in a Kenyan marine protected area: The possible role of light and temperature on gametogenesis and spawning. Marine Biology, 149, 585-593.
132. Nagelkerken I, Buchan K, Smith GW et al. (1997) Widespread disease in Caribbean sea fans. 1. Spreading and general characteristics. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, 1, 679-682.
133. O'Brien C (1994) The effects of temperature and salinity on growth and survival of juvenile tiger prawns Penaeus esculentus (Haswell). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 183, 133-145.
134. O'Connor MI, Bruno JF, Gaines SD, Halpern BS, Lester SE, Kinlan BP, Weiss JM (2007) Temperature control of larval dispersal and the implications for marine ecology, evolution, and conservation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 1266-1271.
135. Olive PJW (1995) Annual breeding cycles in marine invertebrates and environmental temperature: Probing the proximate and ultimate causes of reproductive synchrony. Journal of Thermal Biology, 20, 79-90.
136. Osorno A, Peyrot-Clausade M, Hutchings PA (2005) Patterns and rates of erosion in dead Porites across the Great Barrier Reef, Australia after 2 and 4 years of exposure. Coral Reefs, 24, 292-303.
137. Page M, West L, Horthcote P, Battershill C, Kelly M (2005) Spatial and temporal variability of cytocoxic metabolites in populations of the New Zealand sponge Mycale hentscheli. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 31, 1161-1174.
138. Palmer AR (1994) Temperature sensitivity, rate of development, and time to maturity: Geographic variation in laboratory-reared Nucella and a cross-phyletic overview. In: Reproduction and Development of Marine Invertebrates (eds Wilson WH Jr, Stricker SA, Shinn GL), pp. 177-194. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
139. Palumbi SR, McLeod KL, Grünbaum D (2008) Ecosystems in action: lessons from marine ecology about recovery, resistance, and reversibility. Bioscience, 58, 33-42.
140. Pandolfi JM (1999) Response of Pleistocene coral reefs to environmental change over long temporal scales. American Zoologist, 39, 113-130.
141. Pandolfi JM, Jackson JBC (2006) Ecological persistence interrupted in Caribbean coral reefs. Ecology Letters, 9, 818-826.
142. Pandolfi JM, Jackson JBC, Baron N et al. (2005) Are U.S. coral reefs on the slippery slope to slime? Science, 307, 1725-1726.
143. Pari N, Peyrot-Clausade M, Hutchings PA (2002) Bioerosion of experimental substrates on high islands and atoll lagoons (French Polynesia) during 5 years of exposure. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 276, 109-127.
144. Parmesan C (2006) Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 37, 637-669.
145. Paulay G (1991) Late Cenozoic sea level fluctuations and the diversity and species composition of insular shallow water marine faunas. In: The Unity of Evolutionary Biology: Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology (ed. Dudley EC), pp. 184-193. Dioscorides, Portland.
146. Pillay KK, Nair NB (1971) The annual reproductive cycles of Uca annulipes, Portunus pelagicus and Metapenaeus affinis (Decapoda: Crustacea) from the south-west coast of India. Marine Biology, 11, 152-166.
147. Poloczanska ES, Babcock RC, Butler A et al. (2007) Climate change and Australian marine life. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 45, 407-478.
148. 2 concentrations: Lessons from animal physiology and earth history. Journal of Oceanography, 60, 705-718.
149. Pratchett MS, Wilson SK, Graham NAJ, Munday MS, Jones GP, Polunin NVC (in press) Multi-scale temporal effects of climate-induced coral bleaching on motile reef organisms. In: Coral Bleaching: Patterns and Processes, Causes and Consequences (eds van Oppen MJH, Lough JM), Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA.
150. Precht WF, Aronson RB (2004) Climate flickers and range shifts of reef corals. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2, 307-314.
151. Precht WF, Miller S (2006) Ecological shifts along the Florida reef tract. In: Geological Approaches to Coral Reef Ecology (ed. Aronson RB), pp. 237-312. Springer, New York.
152. Przeslawski R, Davis AR (2007) Does spawning behavior minimize exposure to environmental stressors for encapsulated gastropod embryos on rocky shores? Marine Biology, 152, 991-1002.
153. Przeslawski R, Davis AR, Benkendorff K (2005) Synergies, climate change and the development of rocky shore invertebrates. Global Change Biology, 11, 515-522.
154. Puce S, Calcinai B, Bavestrello G, Cerrano C, Gravili C, Boero F (2005) Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) symbiotic with Porifera: A review. Marine Ecology - An Evolutionary Perspective, 26, 73-81.
155. Puotinen MP (2007) Modelling the risk of cyclone wave damage to coral reefs using GIS: A case study of the Great Barrier Reef, 1969-2003. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 21, 97-120.
156. Raff RA, Byrne M (2006) The active evolutionary lives of echinoderm larvae. Heredity, 97, 244-252.
157. Ramofofia C, Byrne M, Batteglene S (2003) Reproduction of the commercial sea cucumber Holothuria scabra in Solomon Islands. Marine Biology, 142, 281-288.
158. Raven J, Caldeira K, Elderfield H et al. (2005) Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Report from the Royal Society, London, 68 pp.
159. Reaser JK, Pomerance R, Thomas PO (2000) Coral bleaching and global climate change: Scientific findings and policy recommendations. Conservation Biology, 14, 1500-1511.
160. Reitzel AM, Miner BG, McEdward LR (2004) Relationships between spawning date and larval development time for benthic marine invertebrates: A modelling approach. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 280, 13-23.
161. Ribes M, Coma R, Atkinson MJ, Kinzie RA III (2005) Sponges and ascidians control removal of particulate organic nitrogen from coral reef water. Limnology and Oceanography, 50, 1480-1489.
162. Richmond RH, Hunter CL (1990) Reproduction and recruitment of corals: comparisons among the Caribbean, the tropical Pacific, and the Red Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 60, 185-203.
163. Richter C, Wunsch M, Rasheed M, Kotter I, Badran MI (2001) Endoscopic exploration of Red Sea coral reefs reveals dense populations of cavity-dwelling sponges. Nature, 413, 726-730.
164. Roberts DE, Davis AR, Cummins SP (2006) Experimental manipulation of shade, silt, nutrients and salinity on the temperate reef sponge Cymbastela concentrica. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 307, 143-154.
165. Roemmich D, McGowan J (1995) Climatic warming and decline of zooplankton in the Californian current. Science, 267, 1324-1326.
166. Roessig JM, Woodley CM, Cech JJ, Hansen LJ (2004) Effects of global climate change on marine and estuarine fishes and fisheries. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 14, 251-275.
167. Rudman WB (2008) Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney. http://www.seaslugforum.net [accessed March 2008].
168. Rumrill S (1990) Natural mortality of marine invertebrate larvae. Ophelia, 32, 163-198.
169. Rützler K (2002) Impact of crustose clionid sponges on Caribbean reef corals. Acta Geologica Hispanica, 37, 61-72.
170. Sagarin RD, Barry JP, Gilman SE, Baxter CH (1999) Climate related change in an intertidal community over short and long time scales. Ecological Monographs, 69, 465-490.
171. Saunders M, Metaxas A (2007) Temperature explains settlement patterns of the introduced bryozoan Membranipora membranacea in Nova Scotia, Canada. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 344, 95-106.
172. Schiel DR, Steihneck JR, Foster MS (2004) Ten years of induced ocean warming causes comprehensive changes in marine benthic communities. Ecology, 85, 1833-1839.
173. Sewell MA, Young CM (1999) Temperature limits to fertilization and early development in the tropical sea urchin Echinometra lucunter. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 236, 291-305.
174. Shanks AL, Grantham BA, Carr MH (2003) Propagule dispersal distance and the size and spacing of marine reserves. Ecological Applications, 13 (Suppl.), S159-S169.
175. Sheaves M, Brodie J, Brooke B et al. (2007) Vulnerability of coastal and estuarine habitats in the Great Barrier Reef to climate change. In: Climate Change and the Great Barrier Reef: A Vulnerability Assessment (eds Johnson J, Marshall P), pp. 593-620. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville.
176. Sheppard C, Dixon DJ, Gourlay MJ, Sheppard A, Payet R (2005) Coral mortality increases wave energy reaching shores protected by reef flats: examples from the Seychelles. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 64, 223-234.
177. 2 on shallow water marine benthos. Journal Geophysical Research, 110, C09508.
178. Smith G, Ives LD, Nagelkerken IA, Ritchie KB (1996) Caribbean sea fan mortalities. Nature, 383, 487.
179. Smith JR, Fong P, Ambrose R (2006) Dramatic declines in mussel bed community diversity: Response to climate change? Ecology, 87, 1153-1161.
180. Smith L, Gilmour J, Heyward A (2007) Resilience of coral communities on an isolated system of reefs following catastrophic mass-bleaching. Coral Reefs, 27, 197-205.
181. Smith SV, Buddemeier RW (1992) Global change and coral reef ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 23, 89-118.
182. Snelgrove PVR (1998) The biodiversity of macrofaunal organisms in marine sediments. Biodiversity and Conservation, 7, 1123-1132.
183. Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M et al. (2007) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contributions of Working Group I to the 4th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 996 pp.
184. Stachowicz JJ, Terwin JR, Whitlatch RB, Osman RW (2002) Linking climate change and biological invasions: Ocean warming facilitates nonindigenous species invasions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the Unites States of America, 99, 15497-15500.
185. Staples DJ, Vance DJ (1986) Emigration of juvenile banana prawns, Penaeus merguiensis, from a mangrove estuary and recruitment to offshore areas in the wet-dry tropics of the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 27, 239-252.
186. Steinberg C (2007) Impacts of climate change on the physical oceanography of the Great Barrier Reef. In: Climate Change and the Great Barrier Reef: A Vulnerability Assessment (eds Johnson JE, Marshall PA), pp. 51-74. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian Greenhouse Office, Australia.
187. Stickle WB, Diehl WJ (1987) Effects of salinity on echinoderms. In: Echinoderm Studies, Vol. 2 (eds Jangoux M, Lawrence JM), pp. 235-285. Balkema, Rotterdam.
188. Stillman JH (2003) Acclimation capacity underlies susceptibility to climate change. Science, 301, 65.
189. Stilwell JD (2003) Patterns of biodiversity and faunal rebound following the K-T boundary extinction event in Austral Palaeocene molluscan faunas. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, and Paleoecology, 195, 319-356.
190. Thompson RC, Crowe TP, Hawkins SJ (2002) Rocky intertidal communities: past environmental changes, present status and predictions for the next 25 years. Environmental Conservation, 29, 168-191.
191. Tomanek L (2005) Two-dimensional gel analysis of the heat-shock response in marine snails (genus Tegula): Interspecific variation in protein expression and acclimation ability. Journal of Experimental Biology, 208, 3133-3143.
192. Tsubokura T, Goshima S, Nakao S (1997) Seasonal horizontal and vertical distribution patterns of the supralittoral amphipod Trinorchestia trinitatis in relation to environmental variables. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 17, 674-686.
193. Ushakova OO, Saranachova OL (2003) Changes in resistance to salinity and temperature in some species of polychaetes from the White Sea in early ontogenesis. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 29, 1063-1074.
194. Uthicke S (1999) Sediment bioturbation and impact of feeding activity of Holothuria (Halodeima) atra and Stichopus chloronotus, two sediment feeding holothurians, at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. Bulletin of Marine Science, 64, 129-141.
195. Uthicke S (2001a) Nutrient regeneration by abundant coral reef holothurians. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 265, 153-170.
196. Uthicke S (2001b) Influence of asexual reproduction on the structure and dynamics of Holothuria (Holodeima) atra and Stichopus chloronotus populations of the Great Barrier Reef. Marine and Freshwater Research, 52, 205-215.
197. Uthicke S, Schaffelke B, Byrne M (2008) A boom and bust phylum? Ecological and evolutionary consequences of large population density variations in echinoderms. Ecological Monographs, in press.
198. Valentine JW, Jablonski D (1986) Mass extinctions: Sensitivity of marine larval types. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 83, 6912-6914.
199. van Soest RWM, van Kempen TMG, Braekman J-C (1994) Sponges in Time and Space: Biology, Chemistry, Paleontology. Balkema, Rotterdam.
200. Vernberg FJ (1962) Comparative physiology: Latitudinal effects of physiological properties of animal populations. Annual Review of Physiology, 24, 517-546.
201. Vicente VP (1990) Response of sponges with autotrophic endosymbionts during the coral-bleaching episode in Puerto Rico. Coral Reefs, 8, 199-202.
202. Victor S, Neth L, Gobuu Y, Wolanski E, Richmond RH (2006) Sedimentation in mangroves and coral reefs in a wet tropical island, Pohnpei, Micronesia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 66, 409-416.
203. Visser ME (2008) Keeping up with a warming world; assessing the rate of adaptation to climate change. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 275, 649-659.
204. Walker SJ, Degnan BM, Hooper JNA, Skilleter GA (2008) Will increased storm disturbance affect the biodiversity of intertidal non-scleractinian sessile fauna on coral reefs? Global Change Biology, in press.
205. Wantiez L, Chateau O, Le Mouellic S (2006) Initial and mid-term impacts of cyclone Erica on coral reef fish communities and habitat in the South Lagoon Marine Park of New Caledonia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 86, 1229-1236.
206. Waycott M, Collier C, McMahon K, Ralph P, McKenzie L, Duy J, Grech A (2007) Vulnerability of seagrasses of the Great Barrier Reef to climate change. In: Climate Change and the Great Barrier Reef: A Vulnerability Assessment (eds Johnson J, Marshall P), pp. 191-235. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville.
207. Whalan S, Battershill C, de Nys R (2007) Variability in reproductive output across a water quality gradient for a tropical marine sponge. Marine Biology, 153, 163-169.
208. Whalan S, Johnson MS, Harvey E, Battershill C (2005) Mode of reproduction, recruitment, and genetic subdivision in the brooding sponge Haliclona sp. Marine Biology, 146, 425-433.
209. Wild C, Huettel M, Kleuter A, Kremb SG, Rasheed MYM, Jorgensen BB (2004) Coral mucus functions as an energy carrier and particle trap in the reef ecosystem. Nature, 428, 66-70.
210. Wilkinson CR (2004) Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2004. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville.
211. Willis BL, van Oppen MJH, Miller DJ, Vollmer SV, Ayre DJ (2006) The role of hybridization in the evolution of reef corals. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 37, 489-517.
212. Wilson SK, Graham NAJ, Pratchett MS, Jones GP, Polunin NVC (2006) Multiple disturbances and the global degradation of coral reefs: Are reef fishes at risk or resilient? Global Change Biology, 12, 2220-2234.
213. Wilson WHJ (1986) Detachment of egg masses of a polychaete: environmental risks of benthic protective development. Ecology, 67, 810-813.
214. Wolanski E, Fabricius K, Spagnol S, Brinkman R (2005) Fine sediment budget on an inner-shelf coral-fringed island, Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 65, 153-158.
215. Wood E (2001) Global advances in conservation and management of marine ornamental resources. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation, 3, 65-77.
216. Wood HL, Spicer JI, Widdicombe S (2008) Ocean acidification may increase calcification rates, but at a cost. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 275, 1767-1773.
217. Wulff JL (1995) Effects of a hurricane on survival and orientation of large erect coral reef sponges. Coral Reefs, 14, 55-61.
218. Wulff JL (2006) Rapid diversity and abundance decline in a Caribbean coral reef sponge community. Biological Conservation, 127, 167-176.
219. Zuschin M, Hohenegger J, Steininger FF (2001) Molluscan assemblages on coral reefs and associated hard substrata in the northern Red Sea. Coral Reefs, 20, 107-116.