메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 363-376

Fermentation changes the nutritive value, polyphenol distribution, and antioxidant properties of Parkia biglobosa seeds (African locust beans)

Author keywords

African locust beans; Antioxidant activity; Nutrient enrichment; Phenolics; Solid substrate fermentation

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS; BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING; CARBOHYDRATES; FERMENTATION; FREE RADICALS; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; OXIDATION; SEED;

EID: 55749098805     PISSN: 08905436     EISSN: 15324249     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08905430802463404     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (44)

References (51)
  • 1
    • 29644436031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Traditional fermented protein condiments in Nigeria
    • Achi, O.K. (2005). Traditional fermented protein condiments in Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotech. 4: 1612-1621.
    • (2005) Afr. J. Biotech , vol.4 , pp. 1612-1621
    • Achi, O.K.1
  • 2
    • 0032212914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth and oil production of Apiotrichum curvatum in tomoto juice
    • Akindumila, F., Glatz, B.A. (1998). Growth and oil production of Apiotrichum curvatum in tomoto juice. J. Food Protect. 61:1515-1517.
    • (1998) J. Food Protect , vol.61 , pp. 1515-1517
    • Akindumila, F.1    Glatz, B.A.2
  • 3
    • 23944454418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Qualitative determination of chemical and nutritional composition of Parkia biglobosa
    • Alabi, D.A., Akinsulire, O.R., Sanyaolu, M.A. (2005). Qualitative determination of chemical and nutritional composition of Parkia biglobosa. Afr. J. Biotech. 4:812-815.
    • (2005) Afr. J. Biotech , vol.4 , pp. 812-815
    • Alabi, D.A.1    Akinsulire, O.R.2    Sanyaolu, M.A.3
  • 4
    • 0041736594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of grape antioxidant dietary fiber on the total antioxidant capacity and the activity of liver antioxidant enzymes in rats
    • Alia, M., Horcajo, C., Bravo, L., Goya, L. (2003). Effect of grape antioxidant dietary fiber on the total antioxidant capacity and the activity of liver antioxidant enzymes in rats. Nut. Res. 23:1251-1267.
    • (2003) Nut. Res , vol.23 , pp. 1251-1267
    • Alia, M.1    Horcajo, C.2    Bravo, L.3    Goya, L.4
  • 5
    • 1542475977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure-radical scavenging activity relationship of flavonoids
    • Amic, D., Davidovic-Amic, D., Beslo, D., Trinajstic, N. (2003). Structure-radical scavenging activity relationship of flavonoids. Croatia Chem. Act. 76:55-61.
    • (2003) Croatia Chem. Act , vol.76 , pp. 55-61
    • Amic, D.1    Davidovic-Amic, D.2    Beslo, D.3    Trinajstic, N.4
  • 6
    • 0004202155 scopus 로고
    • AOAC, 15th ed, Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists
    • AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis (15th ed.). Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
    • (1990) Official Methods of Analysis
  • 7
    • 0037032284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of common vegetables
    • Chu, Y., Sun, J., Wu, X., Liu, R.H. (2002). Antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of common vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:6910-6916.
    • (2002) J. Agric. Food Chem , vol.50 , pp. 6910-6916
    • Chu, Y.1    Sun, J.2    Wu, X.3    Liu, R.H.4
  • 8
    • 0029964595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of antioxidant vitamins and enzymes in the prevention of exercise-induced muscle damage
    • Dekkers, J.C., Van Doomen, L.J.P., Kemper H.C.G. (1996). The role of antioxidant vitamins and enzymes in the prevention of exercise-induced muscle damage. Sports Med. 21:213-238.
    • (1996) Sports Med , vol.21 , pp. 213-238
    • Dekkers, J.C.1    Van Doomen, L.J.P.2    Kemper, H.C.G.3
  • 9
    • 0028097337 scopus 로고
    • Nutrition and health implications of dry beans: A review
    • Geil, P.B., Anderson, J.W. (1994). Nutrition and health implications of dry beans: A review. J. Amer. Col. Nut. 13:549-558.
    • (1994) J. Amer. Col. Nut , vol.13 , pp. 549-558
    • Geil, P.B.1    Anderson, J.W.2
  • 10
    • 0031930268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin E plus C and interacting Co-nutrients required for optimal health: A critical and constructive review of epidemiology and supplementation data regarding cardiovascular disease and cancer
    • Gey, K.F. (1998). Vitamin E plus C and interacting Co-nutrients required for optimal health: A critical and constructive review of epidemiology and supplementation data regarding cardiovascular disease and cancer. Biofactors 7(1-2):113-174.
    • (1998) Biofactors , vol.7 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 113-174
    • Gey, K.F.1
  • 11
    • 0026025851 scopus 로고
    • Inverse correlation between plasma vitamin E and mortality from ischemic heart disease in cross cultural epidemiology
    • Gey, K.F, Puska, P., Jordan, P., Moser, U.K. (1991). Inverse correlation between plasma vitamin E and mortality from ischemic heart disease in cross cultural epidemiology. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 53:3265-3345.
    • (1991) Amer. J. Clin. Nutr , vol.53 , pp. 3265-3345
    • Gey, K.F.1    Puska, P.2    Jordan, P.3    Moser, U.K.4
  • 12
    • 0041732358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed extracts
    • Gulciun, I., Oktay, M., Kirecci, E., Kufrevioglu, O. I. (2003). Screening of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed extracts. Food Chem. 83:371-382.
    • (2003) Food Chem , vol.83 , pp. 371-382
    • Gulciun, I.1    Oktay, M.2    Kirecci, E.3    Kufrevioglu, O.I.4
  • 13
    • 0026754574 scopus 로고
    • Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system
    • Halliwell, B. (1992). Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system. J. Neurochem. 59:1609-1623.
    • (1992) J. Neurochem , vol.59 , pp. 1609-1623
    • Halliwell, B.1
  • 14
    • 0346752503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AngiotensinI-converting inhibitory activity and insulin secretion stimulative activity of fermented fish sauce
    • Ichimura, T., Hu, J., Aita, D. Q., Maruyama, S. (2003). AngiotensinI-converting inhibitory activity and insulin secretion stimulative activity of fermented fish sauce. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 5:496-499.
    • (2003) J. Biosci. Bioeng , vol.5 , pp. 496-499
    • Ichimura, T.1    Hu, J.2    Aita, D.Q.3    Maruyama, S.4
  • 15
    • 1542411429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Existence of stable fibrinclotting inhibitor in salt fermented anchovy sauce
    • Kim, D.C., Chae, H.J., In, M.J. (2004). Existence of stable fibrinclotting inhibitor in salt fermented anchovy sauce. J. Food Comp. Anal. 17:113-118.
    • (2004) J. Food Comp. Anal , vol.17 , pp. 113-118
    • Kim, D.C.1    Chae, H.J.2    In, M.J.3
  • 16
    • 0036987064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New legume sources as therapeutic agents
    • Madar, T., Stark, A.H. (2002). New legume sources as therapeutic agents. Bri. J. Nutr. 88(3):S287-S292.
    • (2002) Bri. J. Nutr , vol.88 , Issue.3
    • Madar, T.1    Stark, A.H.2
  • 17
    • 0035675161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrition and aging
    • 4(6A):1385-8
    • Miquel, J. (2001). Nutrition and aging. Public Health Nutr. 4(6A):1385-8.
    • (2001) Public Health Nutr
    • Miquel, J.1
  • 18
    • 84984538874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polyamines reduce lipid peroxidation induced by different pro-oxidant agents
    • Nadia, A.V.B., Gerusa, D.D., Fonimin, G., Rubin, M.A., Rocha J.B.T. (2004). Polyamines reduce lipid peroxidation induced by different pro-oxidant agents. Brain Res.1008:245-251.
    • (2004) Brain Res , vol.1008 , pp. 245-251
    • Nadia, A.V.B.1    Gerusa, D.D.2    Fonimin, G.3    Rubin, M.A.4    Rocha, J.B.T.5
  • 19
    • 0009195990 scopus 로고
    • Recommended daily dietary allowance
    • National Research Council
    • National Research Council. (1974). Recommended daily dietary allowance. Nutritional Rev. 31:373-395.
    • (1974) Nutritional Rev , vol.31 , pp. 373-395
  • 20
    • 34547192632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of polyphenol extracts from Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) leaves on acetaminophen-induced liver damage
    • In press
    • Nwanna, E.E., Oboh, G. (2007). Antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of polyphenol extracts from Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) leaves on acetaminophen-induced liver damage. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. In press.
    • (2007) Pak. J. Biol. Sci
    • Nwanna, E.E.1    Oboh, G.2
  • 21
    • 14944364930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of blanching on the antioxidant properties of some tropical green leafy vegetables
    • Oboh, G. (2005). Effect of blanching on the antioxidant properties of some tropical green leafy vegetables. Food Science Technology/LWT 38:513-517.
    • (2005) Food Science Technology/LWT , vol.38 , pp. 513-517
    • Oboh, G.1
  • 22
    • 33749012268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrient and anti-nutrient composition of condiments produced from some fermented underutilized legumes
    • Oboh, G. (2006a). Nutrient and anti-nutrient composition of condiments produced from some fermented underutilized legumes. J. Food Biochem. 30:479-488.
    • (2006) J. Food Biochem , vol.30 , pp. 479-488
    • Oboh, G.1
  • 23
    • 33750154903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant properties of some commonly consumed and underutilized tropical legumes
    • Oboh, G. (2006b). Antioxidant properties of some commonly consumed and underutilized tropical legumes. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 224:61-65.
    • (2006) Eur. Food Res. Technol , vol.224 , pp. 61-65
    • Oboh, G.1
  • 24
    • 32044471852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrient enrichment of cassava peels using Saccharomyces cerevisae and Lactobacillus spp solid media fermentation techniques
    • Oboh, G. (2006c). Nutrient enrichment of cassava peels using Saccharomyces cerevisae and Lactobacillus spp solid media fermentation techniques. Elect. J. Biotech. 9(1):46-49.
    • (2006) Elect. J. Biotech , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 46-49
    • Oboh, G.1
  • 25
    • 0038166043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biochemical changes in cassava products (flour and gari) subjected to Saccharomyces cerevisae solid media fermentation
    • Oboh, G., Akindahunsi, A.A. (2003). Biochemical changes in cassava products (flour and gari) subjected to Saccharomyces cerevisae solid media fermentation. Food Chem. 82:599-602.
    • (2003) Food Chem , vol.82 , pp. 599-602
    • Oboh, G.1    Akindahunsi, A.A.2
  • 26
    • 10444258884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Change in the ascorbic acid, total phenol and antioxidant activity of some sun-dried green leafy vegetables in Nigeria
    • Oboh, G., Akindahunsi, A.A. (2004). Change in the ascorbic acid, total phenol and antioxidant activity of some sun-dried green leafy vegetables in Nigeria. Nutr. Health 18:29-36.
    • (2004) Nutr. Health , vol.18 , pp. 29-36
    • Oboh, G.1    Akindahunsi, A.A.2
  • 27
    • 0036771967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrient and anti-nutrient content of Aspergillus niger fermented cassava products (flour and gari)
    • Oboh, G., Akindahunsi, A.A., Oshodi, A.A. (2002). Nutrient and anti-nutrient content of Aspergillus niger fermented cassava products (flour and gari). J. Food Comp. Anal. 15:617-622.
    • (2002) J. Food Comp. Anal , vol.15 , pp. 617-622
    • Oboh, G.1    Akindahunsi, A.A.2    Oshodi, A.A.3
  • 28
  • 29
    • 84984568822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polyphenols in red pepper [Capsicum annuum var. aviculare (tepin)] and their protective effect on some pro-oxidant-induced lipid peroxidation in brain and liver
    • Oboh, G., Rocha, J.B.T. (2007). Polyphenols in red pepper [Capsicum annuum var. aviculare (tepin)] and their protective effect on some pro-oxidant-induced lipid peroxidation in brain and liver. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 225:239-247.
    • (2007) Eur. Food Res. Technol , vol.225 , pp. 239-247
    • Oboh, G.1    Rocha, J.B.T.2
  • 30
    • 0001143853 scopus 로고
    • African fermented foods
    • Wood, B.J.B, ed, New York, NY, USA: Elsevier Applied Science, pp
    • Odunfa, S.A. (1985). African fermented foods. In: Wood, B.J.B., ed., Microbiology of Fermented Foods, vol. 2., New York, NY, USA: Elsevier Applied Science, pp 155-191.
    • (1985) Microbiology of Fermented Foods , vol.2 , pp. 155-191
    • Odunfa, S.A.1
  • 31
    • 0002468461 scopus 로고
    • Dawadawa
    • Red, N.R, Fierson, M.D, and Salunkhe, D.K, eds, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp
    • Odunfa S.A. (1986). Dawadawa. In: Red, N.R., Fierson, M.D., and Salunkhe, D.K., eds., Legume-based Fermented Foods. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp 173-189.
    • (1986) Legume-based Fermented Foods , pp. 173-189
    • Odunfa, S.A.1
  • 32
    • 0018384650 scopus 로고
    • Assay for lipid peroxidation in animal tissues by thobarbituric acid reaction
    • Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N., Yagi, K. (1979). Assay for lipid peroxidation in animal tissues by thobarbituric acid reaction. Anal. Biochem. 95:351-358.
    • (1979) Anal. Biochem , vol.95 , pp. 351-358
    • Ohkawa, H.1    Ohishi, N.2    Yagi, K.3
  • 33
    • 33645449473 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of some macro nutrients and food substances in the matured fruit parts of Parkia biglobosa
    • Okpala, J.O. (1990). Analysis of some macro nutrients and food substances in the matured fruit parts of Parkia biglobosa. Nigeria. J. Bot. 3:209-214.
    • (1990) Nigeria. J. Bot , vol.3 , pp. 209-214
    • Okpala, J.O.1
  • 35
    • 33748995189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical and biochemical changes in African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) and melon (citrullus vulgaris) seeds during fermentation to condiments
    • Omafuvbe, B.O., Falade, O.S., Osuntogun, B.A., Adewusi, S.R.A. (2004). Chemical and biochemical changes in African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) and melon (citrullus vulgaris) seeds during fermentation to condiments. Pak. J. Nutr. 3:140-145.
    • (2004) Pak. J. Nutr , vol.3 , pp. 140-145
    • Omafuvbe, B.O.1    Falade, O.S.2    Osuntogun, B.A.3    Adewusi, S.R.A.4
  • 36
    • 0000357436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pokorny, J. (1991). Natural antioxidants food use. Trends Food Ser. Technol. 9:223-227.
    • Pokorny, J. (1991). Natural antioxidants food use. Trends Food Ser. Technol. 9:223-227.
  • 37
    • 84984541429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Krebs cycle intermediates modulate thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) production in rat brain in vitro
    • Puntel, R.L., Nogueira, C.W., Rocha, J.B.T. (2005). Krebs cycle intermediates modulate thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) production in rat brain in vitro. Neurochem. Res. 30:225-235.
    • (2005) Neurochem. Res , vol.30 , pp. 225-235
    • Puntel, R.L.1    Nogueira, C.W.2    Rocha, J.B.T.3
  • 38
    • 0033857178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant activity of dietary polyphenols as determined by a modified ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay
    • Pulido, R.L., Bravo, L., Saura-Calixto, F. (2000). Antioxidant activity of dietary polyphenols as determined by a modified ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:3396-3402.
    • (2000) J. Agric. Food Chem , vol.48 , pp. 3396-3402
    • Pulido, R.L.1    Bravo, L.2    Saura-Calixto, F.3
  • 39
    • 13544260733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipid peroxidation and the thiobarbituric acid assay: Standardization of the assay when using saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
    • Rael, L.T., Thomas, G.W., Craun, M.L., Curtis, C.G., Bar-Or, R., Bar-Or, D. (2004). Lipid peroxidation and the thiobarbituric acid assay: Standardization of the assay when using saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 37:749-752.
    • (2004) Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , vol.37 , pp. 749-752
    • Rael, L.T.1    Thomas, G.W.2    Craun, M.L.3    Curtis, C.G.4    Bar-Or, R.5    Bar-Or, D.6
  • 40
    • 0029888128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids
    • Rice-Evans, C., Miller, N.J., Paganga, G. (1996). Structure antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 20:933-956.
    • (1996) Free Rad. Biol. Med , vol.20 , pp. 933-956
    • Rice-Evans, C.1    Miller, N.J.2    Paganga, G.3
  • 41
    • 55749083430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sharma, H., Clark, C. (1998). Free radicals: Effects, causes, and defenses. In: Contemporary Ayurveda. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, pp Retrieved from http://www.bsherman.org/freeradicals.htm in April 2007.
    • Sharma, H., Clark, C. (1998). Free radicals: Effects, causes, and defenses. In: Contemporary Ayurveda. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, pp Retrieved from http://www.bsherman.org/freeradicals.htm in April 2007.
  • 42
    • 0031790242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent
    • Signleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., Lamuela-Raventos, R.M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent. Methods Enzym. 299:152-178.
    • (1999) Methods Enzym , vol.299 , pp. 152-178
    • Signleton, V.L.1    Orthofer, R.2    Lamuela-Raventos, R.M.3
  • 43
    • 33845555208 scopus 로고
    • Free, esterified, and insoluble-bound phenolic-acids. 3. Composition of phenolic-acids in cereal and potato flours
    • Sosulski, F., Krygier, K., Hogge, L. (1982). Free, esterified, and insoluble-bound phenolic-acids. 3. Composition of phenolic-acids in cereal and potato flours. J. Agric. Food Chem. 30:337-340.
    • (1982) J. Agric. Food Chem , vol.30 , pp. 337-340
    • Sosulski, F.1    Krygier, K.2    Hogge, L.3
  • 44
    • 0034052298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review: Oxidative stress and disease
    • Spector, A. (2000). Review: Oxidative stress and disease. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 16:193-201.
    • (2000) J Ocul Pharmacol Ther , vol.16 , pp. 193-201
    • Spector, A.1
  • 45
    • 0037021625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits
    • Sun, J., Chu, Y., Wu, X., Liu, R. (2002). Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:7449-7454.
    • (2002) J. Agric. Food Chem , vol.50 , pp. 7449-7454
    • Sun, J.1    Chu, Y.2    Wu, X.3    Liu, R.4
  • 47
    • 0028347944 scopus 로고
    • A novel antioxidant (IdB 1031) affecting molecular mechanisms of cellular
    • Ursini, F., Maiorino, M., Morazzoni, P., Roveri, A., Pifferi, G. (1994). A novel antioxidant (IdB 1031) affecting molecular mechanisms of cellular. Free Rad. Bio. Med. 16:547-553.
    • (1994) Free Rad. Bio. Med , vol.16 , pp. 547-553
    • Ursini, F.1    Maiorino, M.2    Morazzoni, P.3    Roveri, A.4    Pifferi, G.5
  • 48
    • 1542289051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenolic antioxidant mobilization in cranberry pomace by solid-state bioprocessing using food grade fungus Lentinus edodes and effect on antimicrobial activity against select food borne pathogens
    • Vattem, D.A., Lin, Y.Y., Labbe, R.G., Shetty, K. (2004). Phenolic antioxidant mobilization in cranberry pomace by solid-state bioprocessing using food grade fungus Lentinus edodes and effect on antimicrobial activity against select food borne pathogens. Inn. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 5:81-91.
    • (2004) Inn. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol , vol.5 , pp. 81-91
    • Vattem, D.A.1    Lin, Y.Y.2    Labbe, R.G.3    Shetty, K.4
  • 49
    • 0034548056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetable and fruit consumption and risks of colon and rectal cancer in a prospective cohort study: The Netherlands cohort study on diet and cancer
    • Voorrips, L.E., Goldbohm, R.A., Van Poppel, G., Sturmans, F., Hermus, R.J.J., Brandt, P.A. (2000). Vegetable and fruit consumption and risks of colon and rectal cancer in a prospective cohort study: The Netherlands cohort study on diet and cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 152:1081-1092.
    • (2000) Am. J. Epidemiol , vol.152 , pp. 1081-1092
    • Voorrips, L.E.1    Goldbohm, R.A.2    Van Poppel, G.3    Sturmans, F.4    Hermus, R.J.J.5    Brandt, P.A.6
  • 50
    • 1242314208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel fibrinolytic enzyme in fermented shrimp paste, a traditional Asian fermented seasoning
    • Wong, A.H.K., Mine, Y. (2004). Novel fibrinolytic enzyme in fermented shrimp paste, a traditional Asian fermented seasoning. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52:980-986.
    • (2004) J. Agric. Food Chem , vol.52 , pp. 980-986
    • Wong, A.H.K.1    Mine, Y.2
  • 51
    • 0004252445 scopus 로고
    • Westport, CT, USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc, p
    • Zar, J.H. (1984). Biostatistical Analysis. Westport, CT, USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc., p 620.
    • (1984) Biostatistical Analysis , pp. 620
    • Zar, J.H.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.