Growth of preterm born children

Hormone Research

Volumn 70, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 319-328

  Euser, A M ^a   De Wit, C C ^a,b   Finken, M J J ^a   Rijken, M ^a   Wit, J M ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Body height; Body size; Body weight; Growth; Low birth weight infant; Preterm infant

Indexed keywords

BIRTH WEIGHT; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY HEIGHT; BODY SIZE; BODY WEIGHT; CATCH UP GROWTH; CHILD GROWTH; FOLLOW UP; GESTATIONAL AGE; GROWTH DISORDER; HUMAN; INFANT; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; MEDICAL LITERATURE; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PERINATAL PERIOD; POSTNATAL GROWTH; PREMATURITY; PRENATAL GROWTH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SHORT SURVEY; SMALL FOR DATE INFANT; SOCIAL STATUS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; AGE OF ONSET; BODY COMPOSITION; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; FETAL DEVELOPMENT; HUMANS; INFANT, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, PREMATURE; METABOLIC DISEASES; REFERENCE VALUES; TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC;

EID: 54449093655     PISSN: 03010163     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000161862     Document Type: Short Survey

References (118)

1. International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10: WHO, 2007. Internet communication.
2. Sherry B, Mei Z, Grummer-Strawn L, Dietz WH: Evaluation of and recommendations for growth references for very low birth weight (< or = 1500 grams) infants in the United States. Pediatrics 2003;111:750-758.
3. Hack M, Schluchter M, Cartar L, Rahman M, Cuttler L, Borawski E: Growth of very low birth weight infants to age 20 years. Pediatrics 2003;112:e30-e38.
4. Valcamonico A, Accorsi P, Sanzeni C, Martelli P, La BP, Cavazza A, Frusca T: Mid- and long-term outcome of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants: an analysis of prognostic factors. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2007;20:465-471.
5. Verloove P, Verwey RA, Brand R, Keirse MJ: Importance of gestational age. Lancet 1986;i:1494.
6. Slattery MM, Morrison JJ: Preterm delivery. Lancet 2002;360:1489-1497.
7. Lunde A, Melve KK, Gjessing HK, Skjaerven R, Irgens LM: Genetic and environmental influences on birth weight, birth length, head circumference, and gestational age by use of population-based parent-offspring data. Am J Epidemiol 2007;165:734-741.
8. DeFranco E, Teramo K, Muglia L: Genetic influences on preterm birth. Semin Reprod Med 2007;25:40-51.
9. Lee PA, Chernausek SD, Hokken-Koelega AC, Czernichow P: International Small for Gestational Age Advisory Board consensus development conference statement: management of short children born small for gestational age, April 24-October 1, 2001. Pediatrics 2003;111:1253-1261.
10. Saenger P, Czernichow P, Hughes I, Reiter EO: Small for gestational age: short stature and beyond. Endocr Rev 2007;28:219-251.
11. Smith GC, Smith MF, McNay MB, Fleming JE: First-trimester growth and the risk of low birth weight. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1817-1822.
12. Bukowski R, Smith GC, Malone FD, Ball RH, Nyberg DA, Comstock CH, Hankins GD, Berkowitz RL, Gross SJ, Dugoff L, Craigo SD, Timor-Tritsch IE, Carr SR, Wolfe HM, D'Alton ME: Fetal growth in early pregnancy and risk of delivering low birth weight infant: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2007;334:836.
13. Battaglia FC, Lubchenco LO: A practical classification of newborn infants by weight and gestational age. J Pediatr 1967;71:159-163.
14. Bertino E, Milani S, Fabris C, De CM: Neonatal anthropometric charts: what they are, what they are not. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2007;92:F7-F10.
15. Clayton PE, Cianfarani S, Czernichow P, Johannsson G, Rapaport R, Rogol A: Management of the child born small for gestational age through to adulthood: a consensus statement of the International Societies of Pediatric Endocrinology and the Growth Hormone Research Society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:804-810.
16. Anderson MS, Hay WW Jr: Intrauterine growth restriction and the small for gestational age infant; in Avery GB, Fletcher MA, MacDonald MG (eds): Neonatology. Philadelphia, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1999, p 411.
17. Karlberg J, Albertsson-Wikland K: Growth in full-term small-for-gestational-age infants: from birth to final height. Pediatr Res 1995;38:733-739.
18. Laron Z, Mimouni F: Confusion around the definition of small for gestational age (SGA). Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2005;2:364-365.
19. Albertsson-Wikland K, Karlberg J: Natural growth in children born small for gestational age with and without catch-up growth. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994;399:64-70.
20. Lundgren EM, Cnattingius S, Jonsson B, Tuvemo T: Intellectual and psychological performance in males born small for gestational age with and without catch-up growth. Pediatr Res 2001;50:91-96.
21. Wit JM, Finken MJ, Rijken M, Walenkamp MJ, Oostdijk W, Veen S: Confusion around the definition of small for gestational age. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2005;3:52-53.
22. Walenkamp MJ, Wit JM: Genetic disorders in the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-I axis. Horm Res 2006;66:221-230.
23. Savitz DA, Terry JW, Jr, Dole N, Thorp JM, Jr, Siega-Riz AM, Herring AH: Comparison of pregnancy dating by last menstrual period, ultrasound scanning, and their combination. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:1660-1666.
24. Niklasson A, Ericson A, Fryer JG, Karlberg J, Lawrence C, Karlberg P: An update of the Swedish reference standards for weight, length and head circumference at birth for given gestational age (1977-1981). Acta Paediatr Scand 1991 80;756-762.
25. Kramer MS, Platt RW, Wen SW, Joseph KS, Allen A, Abrahamowicz M, Blondel B, Breart G: A new and improved population-based Canadian reference for birth weight for gestational age. Pediatrics 2001;108:E35.
26. Usher RH, McLean FH: Intrauterine growth of live-born Caucasian infants at sea level: standards obtained from measurements in 7 dimensions of infants born between 25 and 44 weeks of gestation. J Pediatr 1969;74:901-910.
27. Hemming K, Hutton JL, Glinianaia SV, Jarvis SN, Platt MJ: Differences between European birthweight standards: impact on classification of 'small for gestational age'. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006;48:906-912.
28. Lubchenco LO, Hansman C, Dressler M, Boyd E: Intrauterine growth as estimated from liveborn birth-weight data at 24 to 42 weeks of gestation. Pediatrics 1963;32:793-800.
29. Lubchenco LO, Hansman C, Boyd E: Intrauterine growth in length and head circumference as estimated from live births at gestational ages from 26 to 42 weeks. Pediatrics 1966;37:403-408.
30. Thomas P, Peabody J, Turnier V, Clark RH: A new look at intrauterine growth and the impact of race, altitude, and gender. Pediatrics 2000;106:E21.
31. Niklasson A, Bertsson-Wikland K: Continuous growth reference from 24th week of gestation to 24 months by gender. BMC Pediatr 2008;8:8.
32. Kloosterman GJ: On intrauterine growth. The significance of prenatal care. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1970;8:895-912.
33. Gardosi J, Chang A, Kalyan B, Sahota D, Symonds EM: Customised antenatal growth charts. Lancet 1992;339:283-287.
34. De Jong CL, Francis A, Van Geijn HP, Gardosi J: Customized fetal weight limits for antenatal detection of fetal growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000;15:36-40.
35. McCowan LM, Harding JE, Stewart AW: Customized birthweight centiles predict SGA pregnancies with perinatal morbidity. BJOG 2005;112:1026-1033.
36. Cooke RW: Conventional birth weight standards obscure fetal growth restriction in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2007;92:F189-F192.
37. Ehrenkranz RA: Estimated fetal weights versus birth weights: should the reference intrauterine growth curves based on birth weights be retired? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2007;92:F161-F162.
38. Embleton NE, Pang N, Cooke RJ: Postnatal malnutrition and growth retardation: an inevitable consequence of current recommendations in preterm infants? Pediatrics 2001;107:270-273.
39. Pauls J, Bauer K, Versmold H: Postnatal body weight curves for infants below 1,000 g birth weight receiving early enteral and parenteral nutrition. Eur J Pediatr 1998;157:416-421.
40. Ehrenkranz RA, Younes N, Lemons JA, Fanaroff AA, Donovan EF, Wright LL, Katsikiotis V, Tyson JE, Oh W, Shankaran S, Bauer CR, Korones SB, Stoll BJ, Stevenson DK, Papile LA: Longitudinal growth of hospitalized very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 1999;104:280-289.
41. Ehrenkranz RA: Growth outcomes of very low-birth weight infants in the newborn intensive care unit. Clin Perinatol 2000;27:325-345.
42. Lemons JA, Bauer CR, Oh W, Korones SB, Papile LA, Stoll BJ, Verter J, Temprosa M, Wright LL, Ehrenkranz RA, Fanaroff AA, Stark A, Carlo W, Tyson JE, Donovan EF, Shankaran S, Stevenson DK: Very low birth weight outcomes of the National Institute of Child health and human development neonatal research network, January 1995 through December 1996. NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Pediatrics 2001;107:E1.
43. Clark RH, Thomas P, Peabody J: Extrauterine growth restriction remains a serious problem in prematurely born neonates. Pediatrics 2003;111:986-990.
44. Marks KA, Reichman B, Lusky A, Zmora E: Fetal growth and postnatal growth failure in very-low-birthweight infants. Acta Paediatr 2006;95:236-242.
45. Bertino E, Coscia A, Mombro M, Boni L, Rossetti G, Fabris C, Spada E, Milani S: Postnatal weight increase and growth velocity of very low birthweight infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2006;91:F349-F356.
46. Hovi P, Andersson S, Eriksson JG, Jarvenpaa AL, Strang-Karlsson S, Makitie O, Kajantie E: Glucose regulation in young adults with very low birth weight. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2053-2063.
47. Uthaya S, Thomas EL, Hamilton G, Dore CJ, Bell J, Modi N: Altered adiposity after extremely preterm birth. Pediatr Res 2005;57:211-215.
48. Cooke RJ, Rawlings DJ, McCormick K, Griffin IJ, Faulkner K, Wells JC, Smith JS, Robinson SJ: Body composition of preterm infants during infancy. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1999;80:F188-F191.
49. Berry MA, Conrod H, Usher RH: Growth of very premature infants fed intravenous hyperalimentation and calcium-supplemented formula. Pediatrics 1997;100:647-653.
50. Olsen IE, Richardson DK, Schmid CH, Ausman LM, Dwyer JT: Intersite differences in weight growth velocity of extremely premature infants. Pediatrics 2002;110:1125-1132.
51. Blackwell MT, Eichenwald EC, McAlmon K, Petit K, Linton PT, McCormick MC, Richardson DK: Interneonatal intensive care unit variation in growth rates and feeding practices in healthy moderately premature infants. J Perinatol 2005;25:478-485.
52. Kajantie E, Dunkel L, Rutanen EM, Seppala M, Koistinen R, Sarnesto A, Andersson S: IGF-I, IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3, phosphoisoforms of IGFBP-1, and postnatal growth in very low birth weight infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:2171-2179.
53. Ahmad I, Zaldivar F, Iwanaga K, Koeppel R, Grochow D, Nemet D, Waffarn F, Eliakim A, Leu SY, Cooper DM: Inflammatory and growth mediators in growing preterm infants. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2007;20:387-396.
54. Executive Summary of the Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001 285;2486-2497.
55. Vohr BR, McKinley LT: The challenge pays off: early enhanced nutritional intake for VLBW small-for-gestation neonates improves long-term outcome. J Pediatr 2003;142:459-461.
56. Diekmann M, Genzel-Boroviczeny O, Zoppelli L, von Poblotzki M: Postnatal growth curves for extremely low birth weight infants with early enteral nutrition. Eur J Pediatr 2005;164:714-723.
57. Shah PS, Wong KY, Merko S, Bishara R, Dunn M, Asztalos E, Darling PB: Postnatal growth failure in preterm infants: ascertainment and relation to long-term outcome. J Perinat Med 2006;34:484-489.
58. Wit JM, Finken MJ, Rijken M, de Zegher F: Preterm growth restraint: a paradigm that unifies intrauterine growth retardation and preterm extrauterine growth retardation and has implications for the small-for-gestational-age indication in growth hormone therapy. Pediatrics 2006;117:e793-e795.
59. Ong KK, Ahmed ML, Emmett PM, Preece MA, Dunger DB: Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2000;320:967-971.
60. Monset-Couchard M, de Bethmann O: Catch-up growth in 166 small-for-gestational age premature infants weighing less than 1,000 g at birth. Biol Neonate 2000;78:161-167.
61. Jordan IM, Robert A, Francart J, Sann L, Putet G: Growth in extremely low birth weight infants up to three years. Biol Neonate 2005;88:57-65.
62. Trebar B, Traunecker R, Selbmann HK, Ranke MB: Growth during the first two years predicts pre-school height in children born with very low birth weight (VLBW): results of a study of 1,320 children in Germany. Pediatr Res 2007;62:209-214.
63. Itabashi K, Mishina J, Tada H, Sakurai M, Nanri Y, Hirohata Y: Longitudinal follow-up of height up to five years of age in infants born preterm small for gestational age; comparison to full-term small for gestational age infants. Early Hum Dev 2007;83:327-333.
64. Rijken M, Wit JM, Le Cessie S, Veen S: The effect of perinatal risk factors on growth in very preterm infants at 2 years of age: the Leiden Follow-Up Project on Prematurity. Early Hum Dev 2007;83:527-534.
65. Finken MJ, Dekker FW, de Zegher F, Wit JM: Long-term height gain of prematurely born children with neonatal growth restraint: parallelism with the growth pattern of short children born small for gestational age. Pediatrics 2006;118:640-643.
66. Saigal S, Stoskopf B, Streiner D, Paneth N, Pinelli J, Boyle M: Growth trajectories of extremely low birth weight infants from birth to young adulthood: a longitudinal, population-based study. Pediatr Res 2006;60:751-758.
67. Brandt I, Sticker EJ, Gausche R, Lentze MJ: Catch-up growth of supine length/height of very low birth weight, small for gestational age preterm infants to adulthood. J Pediatr 2005;147:662-668.
68. Doyle LW, Faber B, Callanan C, Ford GW, Davis NM: Extremely low birth weight and body size in early adulthood. Arch Dis Child 2004;89:347-350.
69. Ehrenkranz RA, Dusick AM, Vohr BR, Wright LL, Wrage LA, Poole WK: Growth in the neonatal intensive care unit influences neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2006;117:1253-1261.
70. Hack M, Breslau N, Weissman B, Aram D, Klein N, Borawski E: Effect of very low birth weight and subnormal head size on cognitive abilities at school age. N Engl J Med 1991;325:231-237.
71. Casey PH, Whiteside-Mansell L, Barrett K, Bradley RH, Gargus R: Impact of prenatal and/or postnatal growth problems in low birth weight preterm infants on school-age outcomes: an 8-year longitudinal evaluation. Pediatrics 2006;118:1078-1086.
72. Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ, Gore SM, Lucas PJ, Crowle P, Pearse R, Boon AJ, Powell R: Early diet in preterm babies and developmental status at 18 months. Lancet 1990;335:1477-1481.
73. Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ: Randomised trial of early diet in preterm babies and later intelligence quotient. BMJ 1998;317:1481-1487.
74. Nosarti C, Al Asady MH, Frangou S, Stewart AL, Rifkin L, Murray RM: Adolescents who were born very preterm have decreased brain volumes. Brain 2002;125:1616-1623.
75. Luo ZC, Albertsson-Wikland K, Karlberg J: Length and body mass index at birth and target height influences on patterns of postnatal growth in children born small for gestational age. Pediatrics 1998;102:E72.
76. Amador-Licona N, Martinez-Cordero C, Guizar-Mendoza JM, Malacara JM, Hernandez J, Alcala JF: Catch-up growth in infants born small for gestational age: a longitudinal study. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2007;20:379-386.
77. Iniguez G, Ong K, Bazaes R, Avila A, Salazar T, Dunger D, Mericq V: Longitudinal changes in insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin sensitivity, and secretion from birth to age three years in small-for-gestational-age children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:4645-4649.
78. Fewtrell MS, Cole TJ, Bishop NJ, Lucas A: Neonatal factors predicting childhood height in preterm infants: evidence for a persisting effect of early metabolic bone disease? J Pediatr 2000;137:668-673.
79. Farooqi A, Hagglof B, Sedin G, Gothefors L, Serenius F: Growth in 10- to 12-year-old children born at 23 to 25 weeks' gestation in the 1990s: a Swedish national prospective follow-up study. Pediatrics 2006;118:e1452-e1465.
80. Schreiner F, Stutte S, Bartmann P, Gohlke B, Woelfle J: Association of the growth hormone receptor d3-variant and catch-up growth of preterm infants with birth weight less than 1,500 grams. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:4489-4493.
81. Finken MJ, Meulenbelt I, Dekker FW, Frolich M, Romijn JA, Slagboom PE, Wit JM: The 23K variant of the R23K polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene protects against postnatal growth failure and insulin resistance after preterm birth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:4777-4782.
82. Wood NS, Costeloe K, Gibson AT, Hennessy EM, Marlow N, Wilkinson AR: The EPICure study: growth and associated problems in children born at 25 weeks of gestational age or less. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003;88:F492-F500.
83. Wang D, Vandermeulen J, Atkinson SA: Early life factors predict abnormal growth and bone accretion at prepuberty in former premature infants with/without neonatal dexamethasone exposure. Pediatr Res 2007;61:111-116.
84. Romagnoli C, Zecca E, Luciano R, Torrioli G, Tortorolo G: A three year follow up of preterm infants after moderately early treatment with dexamethasone. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2002;87:F55-F58.
85. Doyle LW, Davis PG, Morley CJ, McPhee A, Carlin JB: Outcome at 2 years of age of infants from the DART study: a multicenter, international, randomized, controlled trial of low-dose dexamethasone. Pediatrics 2007;119:716-721.
86. Watterberg KL, Gerdes JS, Cole CH, Aucott SW, Thilo EH, Mammel MC, Couser RJ, Garland JS, Rozycki HJ, Leach CL, Backstrom C, Shaffer ML: Prophylaxis of early adrenal insufficiency to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a multicenter trial. Pediatrics 2004;114:1649-1657.
87. Hintz SR, Kendrick DE, Stoll BJ, Vohr BR, Fanaroff AA, Donovan EF, Poole WK, Blakely ML, Wright L, Higgins R: Neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants after necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatrics 2005;115:696-703.
88. Gutbrod T, Wolke D, Soehne B, Ohrt B, Riegel K: Effects of gestation and birth weight on the growth and development of very low birthweight small for gestational age infants: a matched group comparison. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2000;82:F208-F214.
89. Bracewell MA, Hennessy EM, Wolke D, Marlow N: The EPICure study: Growth and blood pressure at 6 years of age following extremely preterm birth. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2007;93:F108-114.
90. Cutfield WS, Regan FA, Jackson WE, Jefferies CA, Robinson EM, Harris M, Hofman PL: The endocrine consequences for very low birth weight premature infants. Growth Horm IGF Res 2004;14(suppl A):S130-S135.
91. Niklasson A, Engstrom E, Hard AL, Wikland KA, Hellstrom A: Growth in very preterm children: a longitudinal study. Pediatr Res 2003;54:899-905.
92. Fewtrell MS, Lucas A, Cole TJ, Wells JC: Prematurity and reduced body fatness at 8-12 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:436-440.
93. Ford GW, Doyle LW, Davis NM, Callanan C: Very low birth weight and growth into adolescence. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000;154:778-784.
94. Hirata T, Bosque E: When they grow up: the growth of extremely low birth weight (< or = 1,000 gm) infants at adolescence. J Pediatr 1998;132:1033-1035.
95. Ericson A, Kallen B: Very low birthweight boys at the age of 19. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1998;78:F171-F174.
96. Euser AM, Finken MJ, Keijzer-Veen MG, Hille ET, Wit JM, Dekker FW: Associations between prenatal and infancy weight gain and BMI, fat mass, and fat distribution in young adulthood: a prospective cohort study in males and females born very preterm. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:480-487.
97. Qvigstad E, Verloove-Vanhorick SP, Ens-Dokkum MH, Schreuder AM, Veen S, Brand R, Oostdijk W, Ruys JH: Prediction of height achievement at five years of age in children born very preterm or with very low birth weight: continuation of catch-up growth after two years of age. Acta Paediatr 1993;82:444-448.
98. Barker DJ, Winter PD, Osmond C, Margetts B, Simmonds SJ: Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 1989;ii:577-580.
99. Schluchter MD: Publication bias and heterogeneity in the relationship between systolic blood pressure, birth weight, and catch-up growth: a meta analysis. J Hypertens 2003;1921:273-279.
100. Newsome CA, Shiell AW, Fall CH, Phillips DI, Shier R, Law CM: Is birth weight related to later glucose and insulin metabolism? A systematic review. Diabet Med 2003 20;339-348.
101. Harder T, Rodekamp E, Schellong K, Dudenhausen JW, Plagemann A: Birth weight and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2007;165:849-857.
102. Eriksson JG, Forsen T, Tuomilehto J, Winter PD, Osmond C, Barker DJ: Catch-up growth in childhood and death from coronary heart disease: longitudinal study. BMJ 1999;318:427-431.
103. Forsen T, Eriksson JG, Tuomilehto J, Osmond C, Barker DJ: Growth in utero and during childhood among women who develop coronary heart disease: longitudinal study. BMJ 1999;319:1403-1407.
104. Lucas A, Fewtrell MS, Cole TJ: Fetal origins of adult disease-the hypothesis revisited. BMJ 1999;319:245-249.
105. Hales CN, Barker DJP: Type-2 (on-insulin-dependent) diabetes-mellitus - the thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologia 1992;35:595-601.
106. Hattersley AT, Tooke JE: The fetal insulin hypothesis: an alternative explanation of the association of low birthweight with diabetes and vascular disease. Lancet 1999;353:1789-1792.
107. Hofman PL, Regan F, Cutfield WS: Prematurity: another example of perinatal metabolic programming? Horm Res 2006;66:33-39.
108. Irving RJ, Belton NR, Elton RA, Walker BR: Adult cardiovascular risk factors in premature babies. Lancet 2000;355:2135-2136.
109. Ravelli AC, van der Meulen JH, Michels RP, Osmond C, Barker DJ, Hales CN, Bleker OP: Glucose tolerance in adults after prenatal exposure to famine. Lancet 1998;351:173-177.
110. Mitanchez-Mokhtari D, Lahlou N, Kieffer F, Magny JF, Roger M, Voyer M: Both relative insulin resistance and defective islet beta-cell processing of proinsulin are responsible for transient hyperglycemia in extremely preterm infants. Pediatrics 2004;113:537-541.
111. Regan FM, Cutfield WS, Jefferies C, Robinson E, Hofman PL: The impact of early nutrition in premature infants on later childhood insulin sensitivity and growth. Pediatrics 2006;118:1943-1949.
112. Hofman PL, Regan F, Jackson WE, Jefferies C, Knight DB, Robinson EM, Cutfield WS: Premature birth and later insulin resistance. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2179-2186.
113. Finken MJ, Keijzer-Veen MG, Dekker FW, Frolich M, Hille ET, Romijn JA, Wit JM: Preterm birth and later insulin resistance: effects of birth weight and postnatal growth in a population based longitudinal study from birth into adult life. Diabetologia 2006;49:478-485.
114. Finken MJ, Inderson A, van Montfoort N, Keijzer-Veen MG, van Weert AW, Carfil N, Frolich M, Hille ET, Romijn JA, Dekker FW, Wit JM: Lipid profile and carotid intima-media thickness in a prospective cohort of very preterm subjects at age 19 years: effects of early growth and current body composition. Pediatr Res 2006;59:604-609.
115. Keijzer-Veen MG, Finken MJ, Nauta J, Dekker FW, Hille ET, Frolich M, Wit JM, van der Heijden AJ: Is blood pressure increased 19 years after intrauterine growth restriction and preterm birth? A prospective follow-up study in The Netherlands. Pediatrics 2005;116:725-731.
116. Doyle LW, Faber B, Callanan C, Morley R: Blood pressure in late adolescence and very low birth weight. Pediatrics 2003;111:252-257.
117. Hack M, Schluchter M, Cartar L, Rahman M: Blood pressure among very low birth weight (< 1.5 kg) young adults. Pediatr Res 2005;58:677-684.
118. Kist-van Holthe JE, van Zwieten PH, Schell-Feith EA, Zonderland HM, Holscher HC, Wolterbeek R, Veen S, Frolich M, van der Heijden BJ: Is nephrocalcinosis in preterm neonates harmful for long-term blood pressure and renal function? Pediatrics 2007;119:468-475.