Gender difference, sex hormones, and immediate type hypersensitivity reactions

Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

Volumn 63, Issue 11, 2008, Pages 1418-1427

  Chen, W ^a   Mempel, M ^a   Schober, W ^a   Behrendt, H ^a   Ring, J ^a  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Androgen; Estrogen; Gender; Immediate hypersensitivity; Progesterone

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ATRACURIUM; CONTRAST MEDIUM; ESTROGEN; HISTAMINE; HYMENOPTERA VENOM; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IODINATED CONTRAST MEDIUM; IOTALAMATE SODIUM; LATEX; MEGLUMINE DIATRIZOATE PLUS SODIUM DIATRIZOATE; NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENT; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PRASTERONE; PROGESTERONE; ROCURONIUM; SEX HORMONE; SUXAMETHONIUM; TESTOSTERONE; VECURONIUM;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ANAPHYLAXIS; ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA; ASTHMA; ATOPIC DERMATITIS; CELL ACTIVATION; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; FOOD ALLERGY; HISTAMINE RELEASE; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; IMMEDIATE TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY; INSECT STING; MAST CELL; MENOPAUSE; MENSTRUATION; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PEANUT ALLERGY; PERENNIAL RHINITIS; POSTMENOPAUSE; PREGNANCY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; REVIEW; RHINOCONJUNCTIVITIS; SEX DIFFERENCE; TH2 CELL; URTICARIA;

ANAPHYLAXIS; ANGIOEDEMA; ANIMALS; ASTHMA; CONJUNCTIVITIS, ALLERGIC; CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL; DERMATITIS, ATOPIC; FEMALE; FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY; GONADAL STEROID HORMONES; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; MALE; MENOPAUSE; MENSTRUATION; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; URTICARIA;

EID: 53749105988     PISSN: 01054538     EISSN: 13989995     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01880.x     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Ring J. Allergy in practice. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York : Springer, 2005.
2. Brown AF, McKinnon D, Chu K. Emergency department anaphylaxis: a review of 142 patients in a single year. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001 108 : 861 866.
3. Poulos LM, Waters AM, Correll PK, Loblay RH, Marks GB. Trends in hospitalizations for anaphylaxis, angioedema, and urticaria in Australia, 1993-1994 to 2004-2005. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007 120 : 878 884.
4. Asero R. Sex differences in the pathogenesis of chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003 111 : 425 426.
5. Dorner T, Lawrence K, Rieder A, Kunze M. Epidemiology of allergies in Austria. Results of the first Austrian allergy report. Wien Med Wochenschr 2007 157 : 235 242.
6. Arshad SH, Holgate S. The role of IgE in allergen-induced inflammation and the potential for intervention with a humanized monoclonal anti-IgE antibody. Clin Exp Allergy 2001 31 : 1344 1351.
7. Shamssain M. Trends in the prevalence and severity of asthma, rhinitis and atopic eczema in 6- to 7- and 13- to 14-yr-old children from the north-east of England. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2007 18 : 149 153.
8. Miyake Y, Yura A, Iki M. Cross-sectional study of allergic disorders in relation to familial factors in Japanese adolescents. Acta Paediatr 2004 93 : 380 385.
9. Osman M, Hansell AL, Simpson CR, Hollowell J, Helms PJ. Gender-specific presentations for asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema in primary care. Prim Care Respir J 2007 16 : 28 35.
10. Govaere E, Van Gysel D, Massa G, Verhamme KM, Doli E, De Baets F. The influence of age and gender on sensitization to aero-allergens. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2007 18 : 671 678.
11. Kornizky Y, Topilsky M, Fireman E, Kivity S, Kivity S. Specific IgE antibodies to aeroallergens and food among Israelis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999 83 : 149 152.
12. Stender M, Weiland SK, Duhme H, Keil U. Epidemiology of asthma and allergic disease. In : International Programme on Chemical Safety. Environmental health criteria 212, principles and methods for assessing allergic hypersensitization associated with exposure to chemicals. Geneva : World Health Organization, 1999 : 224 271.
13. Moore MM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Rich-Edwards JW, Kleinman KP, Camargo CA Jr., Gold DR et al. Perinatal predictors of atopic dermatitis occurring in the first six months of life. Pediatrics 2004 113 : 468 474.
14. Böhme M, Svensson A, Kull I, Nordvall SL, Wahlgren CF. Clinical features of atopic dermatitis at two years of age: a prospective, population-based case-control study. Acta Derm Venereol 2001 81 : 193 197.
15. Smidesang I, Saunes M, Storrø O, Øien T, Holmen TL, Johnsen R et al. Atopic dermatitis among 2-year olds; high prevalence, but predominantly mild disease - the PACT study, Norway. Pediatr Dermatol 2008 25 : 13 18.
16. Dirven-Meijer PC, Glazenburg EJ, Mulder PG, Oranje AP. Prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children younger than 4 years in a demarcated area in central Netherlands: the West Veluwe Study Group. Br J Dermatol 2008 158 : 846 847.
17. Kusel MM, Holt PG, de Klerk N, Sly PD. Support for two variants of eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005 116 : 1067 1072.
18. Möhrenschlager M, Schäfer T, Huss-Marp J, Eberlein-König B, Weidinger S, Ring J et al. The course of eczema in children aged 5-7 years and its relation to atopy: differences between boys and girls. Br J Dermatol 2006 154 : 505 513.
19. Grize L, Gassner M, Wüthrich B, Bringolf-Isler B, Takken-Sahli K, Sennhauser FH et al. Trends in prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis in 5-7-year old Swiss children from 1992 to 2001. Allergy 2006 61 : 556 562.
20. Wadonda-Kabondo N, Sterne JA, Golding J, Kennedy CT, Archer CB, Dunnill MG et al. A prospective study of the prevalence and incidence of atopic dermatitis in children aged 0-42 months. Br J Dermatol 2003 149 : 1023 1028.
21. Purvis DJ, Thompson JM, Clark PM, Robinson E, Black PN, Wild CJ et al. Risk factors for atopic dermatitis in New Zealand children at 3.5 years of age. Br J Dermatol 2005 152 : 742 749.
22. Halkjaer LB, Loland L, Buchvald FF, Agner T, Skov L, Strand M et al. Development of atopic dermatitis during the first 3 years of life: the Copenhagen prospective study on asthma in childhood cohort study in high-risk children. Arch Dermatol 2006 142 : 561 566.
23. Peroni DG, Piacentini GL, Bodini A, Rigotti E, Pigozzi R, Boner AL. Prevalence and risk factors for atopic dermatitis in preschool children. Br J Dermatol 2008 158 : 539 543.
24. Yang YC, Lai CS, Cheng YW, Chen W. Prevalence of childhood atopic dermatitis, acne, freckle, verruca, keloid, psoriasis and alopecia areata in Kaohsiung County, Taiwan: a community-based clinical survey. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007 21 : 643 649.
25. Zutavern A, Hirsch T, Leupold W, Weiland S, Keil U, von Mutius E. Atopic dermatitis, extrinsic atopic dermatitis and the hygiene hypothesis: results from a cross-sectional study. Clin Exp Allergy 2005 35 : 1301 1308.
26. Zar HJ, Ehrlich RI, Workman L, Weinberg EG. The changing prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic eczema in African adolescents from 1995 to 2002. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2007 18 : 560 565.
27. Lee YL, Li CW, Sung FC, Guo YL. Increasing prevalence of atopic eczema in Taiwanese adolescents from 1995 to 2001. Clin Exp Allergy 2007 37 : 543 551.
28. Harrop J, Chinn S, Verlato G, Olivieri M, Norbäck D, Wjst M et al. Eczema, atopy and allergen exposure in adults: a population-based study. Clin Exp Allergy 2007 37 : 526 535.
29. Leynaert B, Neukirch C, Kony S, Guénégou A, Bousquet J, Aubier M et al. Association between asthma and rhinitis according to atopic sensitization in a population-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004 113 : 86 93.
30. Saeki H, Tsunemi Y, Fujita H, Kagami S, Sasaki K, Ohmatsu H et al. Prevalence of atopic dermatitis determined by clinical examination in Japanese adults. J Dermatol 2006 33 : 817 819.
31. Postma DS. Gender differences in asthma development and progression. Gend Med 2007 4 (Suppl. B S133 S146.
32. Jacobson JS, Goldstein IF, Canfield SM, Ashby-Thompson M, Husain SA, Chew GL et al. Early respiratory infections and asthma among New York City Head Start children. J Asthma 2008 45 : 301 308.
33. Almqvist C, Worm M, Leynaert B, working group of GA2LEN WP 2.5 Gender. Impact of gender on asthma in childhood and adolescence: a GA2LEN review. Allergy 2008 63 : 47 57.
34. de Marco R, Locatelli F, Sunyer J, Burney P. Differences in incidence of reported asthma related to age in men and women. A retrospective analysis of the data of the European Respiratory Health Survey. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000 162 : 68 74.
35. Chen Y, Stewart P, Johansen H, McRae L, Taylor G. Sex difference in hospitalization due to asthma in relation to age. J Clin Epidemiol 2003 56 : 180 187.
36. Osman M. Therapeutic implications of sex differences in asthma and atopy. Arch Dis Child 2003 88 : 587 590.
37. Fagan JK, Scheff PA, Hryhorczuk D, Ramakrishnan V, Ross M, Persky V. Prevalence of asthma and other allergic diseases in an adolescent population: association with gender and race. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001 86 : 177 184.
38. Lee JH, Haselkorn T, Chipps BE, Miller DP, Wenzel SE et al. Gender differences in IgE-mediated allergic asthma in the epidemiology and natural history of asthma: Outcomes and Treatment Regimens (TENOR) study. Asthma 2006 43 : 179 184.
39. Huurre TM, Aro HM, Jaakkola JJ. Incidence and prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis: a cohort study of Finnish adolescents. J Asthma 2004 41 : 311 317.
40. Schatz M, Camargo CA Jr. The relationship of sex to asthma prevalence, health care utilization, and medications in a large managed care organization. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003 91 : 553 558.
41. Selnes A, Nystad W, Bolle R, Lund E. Diverging prevalence trends of atopic disorders in Norwegian children. Results from three cross-sectional studies. Allergy 2005 60 : 894 899.
42. Peroni DG, Piacentini GL, Alfonsi L, Zerman L, Di Blasi P, Visona' G et al. Rhinitis in pre-school children: prevalence, association with allergic diseases and risk factors. Clin Exp Allergy 2003 33 : 1349 1354.
43. Lima RG, Pastorino AC, Casagrande RR, Sole D, Leone C, Jacob CM. Prevalence of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in 6-7 years old students from the western districts of São Paulo City, using the standardized questionnaire of the "International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood" (ISAAC)-phase IIIB. Clinics 2007 62 : 225 234.
44. Olsson P, Berglind N, Bellander T, Stjärne P. Prevalence of self-reported allergic and non-allergic rhinitis symptoms in Stockholm: relation to age, gender, olfactory sense and smoking. Acta Otolaryngol 2003 123 : 75 80.
45. Rydén O, Andersson B, Andersson M. Disease perception and social behaviour in persistent rhinitis: a comparison between patients with allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. Allergy 2004 59 : 461 464.
46. Marklund B, Ahlstedt S, Nordström G. Health-related quality of life among adolescents with allergy-like conditions - with emphasis on food hypersensitivity. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2004 2 : 65.
47. DunnGalvin A, Hourihane JO, Frewer L, Knibb RC, Oude Elberink JN, Klinge I. Incorporating a gender dimension in food allergy research: a review. Allergy 2006 61 : 1336 1343.
48. Becklake MR, Kauffmann F. Gender differences in airway behaviour over the human life span. Thorax 1999 54 : 1119 1138.
49. Rancé F, Kanny G, Dutau G, Moneret-Vautrin DA. Food hypersensitivity in children: clinical aspects and distribution of allergens. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1999 10 : 33 38.
50. Clark AT, Anagnostou K, Ewan PW. Cashew nut causes more severe reactions than peanut: case-matched comparison in 141 children. Allergy 2007 62 : 913 916.
51. Pumphrey RS, Wilson PB, Faragher EB, Edwards SR. Specific immunoglobulin E to peanut, hazelnut and brazil nut in 731 patients: similar patterns found at all ages. Clin Exp Allergy 1999 29 : 1256 1259.
52. van Odijk J, Ahlstedt S, Bengtsson U, Hulthén L, Borres MP. Specific IgE antibodies to peanut in western Sweden - has the occurrence of peanut allergy increased without an increase in consumption? Allergy 2001 56 : 573 577.
53. Emmett SE, Angus FJ, Fry JS, Lee PN. Perceived prevalence of peanut allergy in Great Britain and its association with other atopic conditions and with peanut allergy in other household members. Allergy 1999 54 : 380 385.
54. Lovik M, Namork E, Faeste C, Egaas E. The Norwegian National Reporting System and Register of severe allergic reactions to food. Norsk Epidemiologi 2004 14 : 155 160.
55. Schäfer T, Böhler E, Ruhdorfer S, Weigl L, Wessner D, Heinrich J et al. Epidemiology of food allergy/food intolerance in adults: associations with other manifestations of atopy. Allergy 2001 56 : 1172 1179.
56. Ross MP, Ferguson M, Street D, Klontz K, Schroeder T, Luccioli S. Analysis of food-allergic and anaphylactic events in the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008 121 : 166 171.
57. Sampson HA. Update on food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004 113 : 805 819.
58. Aihara Y, Takahashi Y, Kotoyori T, Mitsuda T, Ito R, Aihara M et al. Frequency of food-dependent, exercise-induced anaphylaxis in Japanese junior-high-school students. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001 108 : 1035 1039.
59. Novembre E, Cianferoni A, Bernardini R, Veltroni M, Ingargiola A, Lombardi E et al. Epidemiology of insect venom sensitivity in children and its correlation to clinical and atopic features. Clin Exp Allergy 1998 28 : 834 838.
60. Björnsson E, Janson C, Plaschke P, Norrman E, Sjöberg O. Venom allergy in adult Swedes: a population study. Allergy 1995 50 : 800 805.
61. Fernandez J, Soriano V, Mayorga L, Mayor M. Natural history of Hymenoptera venom allergy in Eastern Spain. Clin Exp Allergy 2005 35 : 179 185.
62. Kalyoncu AF, Demir AU, Ozcan U, Ozkuyumcu C, Sahin AA, Bariş YI. Bee and wasp venom allergy in Turkey. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997 78 : 408 412.
63. Youlten LJ, Atkinson BA, Lee TH. The incidence and nature of adverse reactions to injection immunotherapy in bee and wasp venom allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 1995 25 : 159 165.
64. Karila C, Brunet-Langot D, Labbez F, Jacqmarcq O, Ponvert C, Paupe J et al. Anaphylaxis during anesthesia: results of a 12-year survey at a French pediatric center. Allergy 2005 60 : 828 834.
65. Harboe T, Guttormsen AB, Irgens A, Dybendal T, Florvaag E. Anaphylaxis during anesthesia in Norway: a 6-year single-center follow-up study. Anesthesiology 2005 102 : 897 903.
66. Mertes PM, Laxenaire MC, Alla F. Groupe d'Etudes des Réactions Anaphylactoïdes Peranesthésiques. Anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions occurring during anesthesia in France in 1999-2000. Anesthesiology 2003 99 : 536 545.
67. Light KP, Lovell AT, Butt H, Fauvel NJ, Holdcroft A. Adverse effects of neuromuscular blocking agents based on yellow card reporting in the U.K.: are there differences between males and females? Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2006 15 : 151 160.
68. Romano A, Blanca M, Mayorga C, Venuti A, Gasbarrini G. Immediate hypersensitivity to penicillins. Studies on Italian subjects. Allergy 1997 52 : 89 93.
69. The International Collaborative Study of Severe Anaphylaxis. Risk of anaphylaxis in a hospital population in relation to the use of various drugs: an international study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2003 12 : 195 202.
70. Neugut AI, Ghatak AT, Miller RL. Anaphylaxis in the United States: an investigation into its epidemiology. Arch Intern Med 2001 161 : 15 21.
71. Thomas M, Peedicayil J, Koshi T, Korah I. Adverse reactions to radiocontrast media in an Indian population. Br J Radiol 1999 72 : 648 652.
72. Wysowski DK, Nourjah P. Deaths attributed to X-ray contrast media on U.S. death certificates. Am J Roentgenol 2006 186 : 613 615.
73. Cutroneo P, Polimeni G, Curcuruto R, Calapai G, Caputi AP. Adverse reactions to contrast media: an analysis from spontaneous reporting data. Pharmacol Res 2007 56 : 35 41.
74. Wendt-Nordahl G, Rotert H, Trojan L, Michel MS, Peters CR, Alken P et al. Intravenous contrast media in uroradiology: evaluation of safety and tolerability in almost 50,000 patients. Med Princ Pract 2006 15 : 358 361.
75. Vogl TJ, Honold E, Wolf M, Mohajeri H, Hammerstingl R. Safety of iobitridol in the general population and at-risk patients. Eur Radiol 2006 16 : 1288 1297.
76. Kvedariene V, Martins P, Rouanet L, Demoly P. Diagnosis of iodinated contrast media hypersensitivity: results of a 6-year period. Clin Exp Allergy 2006 36 : 1072 1077.
77. Namasivayam S, Kalra MK, Torres WE, Small WC. Adverse reactions to intravenous iodinated contrast media: a primer for radiologists. Emerg Radiol 2006 12 : 210 215.
78. Schild HH, Kuhl CK, Hübner-Steiner U, Böhm I, Speck U. Adverse events after unenhanced and monomeric and dimeric contrast-enhanced CT: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Radiology 2006 240 : 56 64.
79. Dillman JR, Strouse PJ, Ellis JH, Cohan RH, Jan SC. Incidence and severity of acute allergic-like reactions to i.v. nonionic iodinated contrast material in children. Am J Roentgenol 2007 188 : 1643 1647.
80. Dillman JR, Ellis JH, Cohan RH, Strouse PJ, Jan SC. Frequency and severity of acute allergic-like reactions to gadolinium-containing i.v. contrast media in children and adults. Am J Roentgenol 2007 189 : 1533 1538.
81. Beck SA. Asthma in the female: hormonal effect and pregnancy. Allergy Asthma Proc 2001 22 : 1 4.
82. Murphy VE, Gibson PG, Smith R, Clifton VL. Asthma during pregnancy: mechanisms and treatment implications. Eur Respir J 2005 25 : 731 750.
83. Gluck JC. The change of asthma course during pregnancy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2004 26 : 171 180.
84. Mihrshahi S, Belousova E, Marks GB, Peat JK. Childhood Asthma Prevention Team. Pregnancy and birth outcomes in families with asthma. J Asthma 2003 40 : 181 187.
85. Mathur S, Mathur RS, Goust JM, Williamson HO, Fudenberg HH. Sex steroid hormones and circulating IgE levels. Clin Exp Immunol 1977 30 : 403 407.
86. Jenkins MA, Dharmage SC, Flander LB, Douglass JA, Ugoni AM, Carlin JB et al. Parity and decreased use of oral contraceptives as predictors of asthma in young women. Clin Exp Allergy 2006 36 : 609 613.
87. Wolkewitz M, Rothenbacher D, Löw M, Stegmaier C, Ziegler H, Radulescu M et al. Lifetime prevalence of self-reported atopic diseases in a population-based sample of elderly subjects: results of the ESTHER study. Br J Dermatol 2007 156 : 693 697.
88. Kos-Kudła B, Ostrowska Z, Marek B, Ciesielska-Kopacz N, Sieminska L, Kajdaniuk D et al. Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal asthmatic women. J Clin Pharm Ther 2000 25 : 461 466.
89. Kos-Kudła B, Ostrowska Z, Marek B, Ciesielska-Kopacz N, Kajdaniuk D, Kudła M. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on endocrine and spirometric parameters in asthmatic postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2001 15 : 304 311.
90. Cutolo M, Sulli A, Capellino S, Villaggio B, Montagna P, Seriolo B et al. Sex hormones influence on the immune system: basic and clinical aspects in autoimmunity. Lupus 2004 13 : 635 638.
91. Malkin CJ, Pugh PJ, Jones RD, Jones TH, Channer KS. Testosterone as a protective factor against atherosclerosis-immunomodulation and influence upon plaque development and stability. J Endocrinol 2003 178 : 373 380.
92. Narita S, Goldblum RM, Watson CS, Brooks EG, Estes DM, Curran EM et al. Environmental estrogens induce mast cell degranulation and enhance IgE-mediated release of allergic mediators. Environ Health Perspect 2007 115 : 48 52.
93. Vasiadi M, Kempuraj D, Boucher W, Kalogeromitros D, Theoharides TC. Progesterone inhibits mast cell secretion. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2006 19 : 787 794.
94. Zaitsu M, Narita S, Lambert KC, Grady JJ, Estes DM, Curran EM et al. Estradiol activates mast cells via a non-genomic estrogen receptor-alpha and calcium influx. Mol Immunol 2007 44 : 1977 1985.
95. Cocchiara R, Albeggiani G, Di Trapani G, Azzolina A, Lampiasi N, Rizzo F et al. Oestradiol enhances in vitro the histamine release induced by embryonic histamine-releasing factor (EHRF) from uterine mast cells. Hum Reprod 1992 7 : 1036 1041.
96. Schroeder JT, MacGlashan DW Jr., MacDonald SM, Kagey-Sobotka A, Lichtenstein LM. Regulation of IgE-dependent IL-4 generation by human basophils treated with glucocorticoids. J Immunol 1997 158 : 5448 5454.
97. Yamaguchi M, Hirai K, Komiya A, Miyamasu M, Furumoto Y, Teshima R et al. Regulation of mouse mast cell surface Fc epsilon RI expression by dexamethasone. Int Immunol 2001 13 : 843 851.
98. Lima AP, Lunardi LO, Rosa E Silva AA. Effects of castration and testosterone replacement on peritoneal histamine concentration and lung histamine concentration in pubertal male rats. J Endocrinol 2000 167 : 71 75.
99. Bordignon V, Burastero SE. Age, gender and reactivity to allergens independently influence skin reactivity to histamine. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2006 16 : 129 135.
100. Mizota K, Yoshida A, Uchida H, Fujita R, Ueda H. Novel type of Gq/11 protein-coupled neurosteroid receptor sensitive to endocrine disrupting chemicals in mast cell line (RBL-2H3). Br J Pharmacol 2005 145 : 545 550.
101. Slater JE, Kaliner M. Effects of sex hormones on basophil histamine release in recurrent idiopathic anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987 80 : 285 290.
102. Rastogi D, Wang C, Lendor C, Rothman PB, Miller RL. T-helper type 2 polarization among asthmatics during and following pregnancy. Clin Exp Allergy 2006 36 : 892 898.
103. Tamási L, Bohács A, Pállinger E, Falus A, Rigó J Jr., Müller V et al. Increased interferon-gamma- and interleukin-4-synthesizing subsets of circulating T lymphocytes in pregnant asthmatics. Clin Exp Allergy 2005 35 : 1197 1203.
104. Melgert BN, Postma DS, Kuipers I, Geerlings M, Luinge MA, van der Strate BW et al. Female mice are more susceptible to the development of allergic airway inflammation than male mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2005 35 : 1496 1503.
105. Yamatomo T, Okano M, Ono T, Nakayama E, Yoshino T, Satoskar AR et al. Sex-related differences in the initiation of allergic rhinitis in mice. Allergy 2001 56 : 525 531.
106. Holt PG, Britten D, Sedgwick JD. Suppression of IgE responses by antigen inhalation: studies on the role of genetic and environmental factors. Immunology 1987 60 : 97 102.
107. Mitchell VL, Gershwin LJ. Progesterone and environmental tobacco smoke act synergistically to exacerbate the development of allergic asthma in a mouse model. Clin Exp Allergy 2007 37 : 276 286.
108. Yu CK, Liu YH, Chen CL. Dehydroepiandrosterone attenuates allergic airway inflammation in Dermatophagoides farinae-sensitized mice. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2002 35 : 199 202.
109. Sudo N, Yu XN, Kubo C. Dehydroepiandrosterone attenuates the spontaneous elevation of serum IgE level in NC/Nga mice. Immunol Lett 2001 79 : 177 179.
110. Tabata N, Tagami H, Terui T. Dehydroepiandrosterone may be one of the regulators of cytokine production in atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res 1997 289 : 410 414.
111. Kimata H, Lindley I, Furusho K. Effect of hydrocortisone on spontaneous IgE and IgG4 production in atopic patients. J Immunol 1995 154 : 3557 3566.
112. Pitton C, Michel L, Salem P, Benhamou M, Mencia-Huerta JM, Maclouf J et al. Biochemical and morphological modifications in dexamethasone-treated mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. J Immunol 1988 141 : 2437 2444.
113. Shaheen SO, Hines M, Newson RB, Wheeler M, Herrick DR, Strachan DP et al. Maternal testosterone in pregnancy and atopic outcomes in childhood. Allergy 2007 62 : 25 32.
114. Uekert SJ, Akan G, Evans MD, Li Z, Roberg K, Tisler C et al. Sex-related differences in immune development and the expression of atopy in early childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006 118 : 1375 1381.
115. Sekigawa I, Yoshiike T, Iida N, Hashimoto H, Ogawa H. Allergic disorders in systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence and family history. Lupus 2002 11 : 426 429.
116. Ryan JJ, Kashyap M, Bailey D, Kennedy S, Speiran K, Brenzovich J et al. Mast cell homeostasis: a fundamental aspect of allergic disease. Crit Rev Immunol 2007 27 : 15 32.
117. Mortz CG, Lauritsen JM, Bindslev-Jensen C, Andersen KE. Prevalence of atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and hand and contact dermatitis in adolescents. The Odense Adolescence Cohort Study on Atopic Diseases and Dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2001 144 : 523 532.
118. Marks R, Kilkenny M, Plunkett A, Merlin K. The prevalence of common skin conditions in Australian school students: 2. Atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1999 140 : 468 473.
119. Wuthrich B, Schindler C, Leuenberger P, Ackermann-Liebrich U. Prevalence of atopy and pollinossis in the adult population of Switzerland (SAPALDIA study). Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1995 106 : 149 156.