메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 43-53

General anesthetics and molecular mechanisms of unconsciousness

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID A RECEPTOR; ALPHA AMINO 3 HYDROXY 5 METHYL 4 ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ACID; ANESTHETIC AGENT; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CANNABINOID RECEPTOR; CYCLOPROPANE; DESFLURANE; DEXMEDETOMIDINE; ENFLURANE; ETOMIDATE; GLYCINE RECEPTOR; HALOTHANE; INHALATION ANESTHETIC AGENT; INTRAVENOUS ANESTHETIC AGENT; ISOFLURANE; KETAMINE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; NICOTINIC RECEPTOR; NITRIC OXIDE; POTASSIUM CHANNEL; PROPOFOL; SEVOFLURANE; XENON;

EID: 53449095367     PISSN: 00205907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/AIA.0b013e3181755da5     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (49)

References (61)
  • 2
    • 0030748681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A concept for assessing interactions of general anesthetics
    • Kissin I. A concept for assessing interactions of general anesthetics. Anesth Analg. 1997;85:204-210.
    • (1997) Anesth Analg , vol.85 , pp. 204-210
    • Kissin, I.1
  • 3
    • 23044492151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular and systemic mechanisms of general anaesthesia: The "multi-site and multiple mechanisms" concept
    • Grasshoff C, Rudolph U, Antkowiak B. Molecular and systemic mechanisms of general anaesthesia: the "multi-site and multiple mechanisms" concept. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2005;18:386-391.
    • (2005) Curr Opin Anaesthesiol , vol.18 , pp. 386-391
    • Grasshoff, C.1    Rudolph, U.2    Antkowiak, B.3
  • 5
    • 0000565705 scopus 로고
    • Changing concepts concerning depth of anesthesia
    • Woodbridge PD. Changing concepts concerning depth of anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1957;18:536-550.
    • (1957) Anesthesiology , vol.18 , pp. 536-550
    • Woodbridge, P.D.1
  • 6
    • 0034804148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age, minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration, and minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration-awake
    • Eger EI II. Age, minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration, and minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration-awake. Anesth Anal. 2001;93:947-953.
    • (2001) Anesth Anal , vol.93 , pp. 947-953
    • Eger II, E.I.1
  • 7
    • 33845329538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Awareness during general anesthesia: Concepts and controversies
    • Forman SA. Awareness during general anesthesia: concepts and controversies. Semin Anesth, Perioperat Med Pain. 2006;25:211-218.
    • (2006) Semin Anesth, Perioperat Med Pain , vol.25 , pp. 211-218
    • Forman, S.A.1
  • 8
    • 33749441324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anaesthetic drugs: Linking molecular actions to clinical effects
    • Grasshoff C, Drexler B, Rudolph U, et al. Anaesthetic drugs: linking molecular actions to clinical effects. Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12:3665-3679.
    • (2006) Curr Pharm Des , vol.12 , pp. 3665-3679
    • Grasshoff, C.1    Drexler, B.2    Rudolph, U.3
  • 9
    • 34447320197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlating the clinical actions and molecular mechanisms of general anesthetics
    • Solt K, Forman SA. Correlating the clinical actions and molecular mechanisms of general anesthetics. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2007;20:300-306.
    • (2007) Curr Opin Anaesthesiol , vol.20 , pp. 300-306
    • Solt, K.1    Forman, S.A.2
  • 10
    • 0028043659 scopus 로고
    • The interaction of fentanyl on the Cp50 of propofol for loss of consciousness and skin incision
    • Smith C, McEwan AI, Jhaveri R, et al. The interaction of fentanyl on the Cp50 of propofol for loss of consciousness and skin incision. Anesthesiology. 1994;81: 820-828.
    • (1994) Anesthesiology , vol.81 , pp. 820-828
    • Smith, C.1    McEwan, A.I.2    Jhaveri, R.3
  • 11
    • 0035105170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biphasic EEG changes in relation to loss of consciousness during induction with thiopental, propofol, etomidate, midazolam or sevoflurane
    • Kuizenga K, Wierda JM, Kalkman CJ. Biphasic EEG changes in relation to loss of consciousness during induction with thiopental, propofol, etomidate, midazolam or sevoflurane. Br J Anaesth. 2001;86:354-360.
    • (2001) Br J Anaesth , vol.86 , pp. 354-360
    • Kuizenga, K.1    Wierda, J.M.2    Kalkman, C.J.3
  • 13
    • 0040443870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minimum alveolar concentration-awake of Xenon alone and in combination with isoflurane or sevoflurane
    • Goto T, Nakata Y, Ishiguro Y, et al. Minimum alveolar concentration-awake of Xenon alone and in combination with isoflurane or sevoflurane. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:1188-1193.
    • (2000) Anesthesiology , vol.93 , pp. 1188-1193
    • Goto, T.1    Nakata, Y.2    Ishiguro, Y.3
  • 14
    • 0742306773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Entropy of EEG during anaesthetic induction: A comparative study with propofol or nitrous oxide as sole agent
    • Anderson RE, Jakobsson JG. Entropy of EEG during anaesthetic induction: a comparative study with propofol or nitrous oxide as sole agent. Br J Anaesth. 2004;92: 167-170.
    • (2004) Br J Anaesth , vol.92 , pp. 167-170
    • Anderson, R.E.1    Jakobsson, J.G.2
  • 15
    • 0031719760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bispectral EEG index during nitrous oxide administration
    • Rampil IJ, Kim JS, Lenhardt R, et al. Bispectral EEG index during nitrous oxide administration. Anesthesiology. 1998;89:671-677.
    • (1998) Anesthesiology , vol.89 , pp. 671-677
    • Rampil, I.J.1    Kim, J.S.2    Lenhardt, R.3
  • 16
    • 37549054051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bispectral index, entropy, and quantitative electroencephalogram during single-agent xenon anesthesia
    • Laitio RM, Kaskinoro K, Sarkela MO, et al. Bispectral index, entropy, and quantitative electroencephalogram during single-agent xenon anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2008;108:63-70.
    • (2008) Anesthesiology , vol.108 , pp. 63-70
    • Laitio, R.M.1    Kaskinoro, K.2    Sarkela, M.O.3
  • 17
    • 0033860992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bispectral analysis of the electroencephalogram does not predict responsiveness to verbal command in patients emerging from xenon anaesthesia
    • Goto T, Nakata Y, Saito H, et al. Bispectral analysis of the electroencephalogram does not predict responsiveness to verbal command in patients emerging from xenon anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2000;85:359-363.
    • (2000) Br J Anaesth , vol.85 , pp. 359-363
    • Goto, T.1    Nakata, Y.2    Saito, H.3
  • 18
    • 0038623543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of actions of inhaled anesthetics
    • Campagna JA, Miller KW, Forman SA. Mechanisms of actions of inhaled anesthetics. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2110-2124.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.348 , pp. 2110-2124
    • Campagna, J.A.1    Miller, K.W.2    Forman, S.A.3
  • 19
    • 0033046508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The GABA-A receptor gene family: New targets for therapeutic intervention
    • Whiting PJ. The GABA-A receptor gene family: new targets for therapeutic intervention. Neurochem Int. 1999;34:387-390.
    • (1999) Neurochem Int , vol.34 , pp. 387-390
    • Whiting, P.J.1
  • 20
    • 0345269286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2-(3-methyl-3H-diaziren-3-yl) ethyl 1-(1-phenylethyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate: A derivative of the stereoselective general anesthetic etomidate for photolabeling ligand-gated ion channels
    • Husain SS, Ziebell MR, Ruesch D, et al. 2-(3-methyl-3H-diaziren-3-yl) ethyl 1-(1-phenylethyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate: a derivative of the stereoselective general anesthetic etomidate for photolabeling ligand-gated ion channels. J Med Chem. 2003;46:1257-1265.
    • (2003) J Med Chem , vol.46 , pp. 1257-1265
    • Husain, S.S.1    Ziebell, M.R.2    Ruesch, D.3
  • 21
    • 0030895793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subunit-dependent interaction of the general anaesthetic etomidate with the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor
    • Hill-Venning C, Belelli D, Peters JA, et al. Subunit-dependent interaction of the general anaesthetic etomidate with the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor. Br J Pharmacol. 1997;120:749-756.
    • (1997) Br J Pharmacol , vol.120 , pp. 749-756
    • Hill-Venning, C.1    Belelli, D.2    Peters, J.A.3
  • 22
    • 0030922807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interaction of the general anesthetic etomidate with the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor is influenced by a single amino acid
    • Belelli D, Lambert JJ, Peters JA, et al. The interaction of the general anesthetic etomidate with the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor is influenced by a single amino acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:11031-11036.
    • (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.94 , pp. 11031-11036
    • Belelli, D.1    Lambert, J.J.2    Peters, J.A.3
  • 23
    • 0037315741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General anesthetic actions in vivo strongly attenuated by a point mutation in the GABA(A) receptor beta3 subunit
    • Jurd R, Arras M, Lambert S, et al. General anesthetic actions in vivo strongly attenuated by a point mutation in the GABA(A) receptor beta3 subunit. FASEB J. 2003;17:250-252.
    • (2003) FASEB J , vol.17 , pp. 250-252
    • Jurd, R.1    Arras, M.2    Lambert, S.3
  • 24
    • 20744432156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R (+) etomidate and the photoactivable R (+) azietomidate have comparable anesthetic activity in wild-type mice and comparably decreased activity in mice with a N265M point mutation in the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor beta3 subunit
    • Liao M, Sonner JM, Husain SS, et al. R (+) etomidate and the photoactivable R (+) azietomidate have comparable anesthetic activity in wild-type mice and comparably decreased activity in mice with a N265M point mutation in the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor beta3 subunit. Anesth Anal. 2005;101:131-135.
    • (2005) Anesth Anal , vol.101 , pp. 131-135
    • Liao, M.1    Sonner, J.M.2    Husain, S.S.3
  • 25
    • 33847139828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of a molecular target mediating the general anesthetic actions of pentobarbital
    • Zeller A, Arras M, Jurd R, et al. Identification of a molecular target mediating the general anesthetic actions of pentobarbital. Mol Pharmacol. 2007;71:852-859.
    • (2007) Mol Pharmacol , vol.71 , pp. 852-859
    • Zeller, A.1    Arras, M.2    Jurd, R.3
  • 26
    • 0141569516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sedation and anesthesia mediated by distinct GABA(A) receptor isoforms
    • Reynolds DS, Rosahl TW, Cirone J, et al. Sedation and anesthesia mediated by distinct GABA(A) receptor isoforms. J Neurosci. 2003;23:8608-8617.
    • (2003) J Neurosci , vol.23 , pp. 8608-8617
    • Reynolds, D.S.1    Rosahl, T.W.2    Cirone, J.3
  • 27
    • 10744224124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The general anesthetic propofol increases brain N-arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide) content and inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase
    • Patel S, Wohlfeil ER, Rademacher DJ, et al. The general anesthetic propofol increases brain N-arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide) content and inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase. Br J Pharmacol. 2003;139:1005-1013.
    • (2003) Br J Pharmacol , vol.139 , pp. 1005-1013
    • Patel, S.1    Wohlfeil, E.R.2    Rademacher, D.J.3
  • 28
    • 2642593034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) is an NMDA antagonist, neuroprotectant and neurotoxin
    • Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Todorovic SM, Mennerick S, et al. Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) is an NMDA antagonist, neuroprotectant and neurotoxin. Nat Med. 1998;4:460-463.
    • (1998) Nat Med , vol.4 , pp. 460-463
    • Jevtovic-Todorovic, V.1    Todorovic, S.M.2    Mennerick, S.3
  • 30
    • 0026548237 scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of ketamine enantiomers on NMDA receptor currents in cultured neurons
    • Zeilhofer HU, Swandulla D, Geisslinger G, et al. Differential effects of ketamine enantiomers on NMDA receptor currents in cultured neurons. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992;213:155-158.
    • (1992) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.213 , pp. 155-158
    • Zeilhofer, H.U.1    Swandulla, D.2    Geisslinger, G.3
  • 31
    • 0034900561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonhalogenated alkane anesthetics fail to potentiate agonist actions on two ligand-gated ion channels
    • Raines DE, Claycomb RJ, Scheller M, et al. Nonhalogenated alkane anesthetics fail to potentiate agonist actions on two ligand-gated ion channels. Anesthesiology. 2001;95: 470-477.
    • (2001) Anesthesiology , vol.95 , pp. 470-477
    • Raines, D.E.1    Claycomb, R.J.2    Scheller, M.3
  • 32
    • 4644293984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced sensitivity to ketamine and pentobarbital in mice lacking the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor GluRepsilon1 subunit
    • Petrenko AB, Yamakura T, Fujiwara N, et al. Reduced sensitivity to ketamine and pentobarbital in mice lacking the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor GluRepsilon1 subunit. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:1136-1140.
    • (2004) Anesth Analg , vol.99 , pp. 1136-1140
    • Petrenko, A.B.1    Yamakura, T.2    Fujiwara, N.3
  • 33
    • 2942633220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronopharmacological studies of ketamine in normal and NMDA epsilon1 receptor knockout mice
    • Sato Y, Kobayashi E, Hakamata Y, et al. Chronopharmacological studies of ketamine in normal and NMDA epsilon1 receptor knockout mice. Br J Anaesth. 2004;92:859-864.
    • (2004) Br J Anaesth , vol.92 , pp. 859-864
    • Sato, Y.1    Kobayashi, E.2    Hakamata, Y.3
  • 34
    • 14644439228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of N-methyl-D- aspartate receptor epsilon1 subunit gene disruption of the action of general anesthetic drugs in mice
    • Sato Y, Kobayashi E, Murayama T, et al. Effect of N-methyl-D- aspartate receptor epsilon1 subunit gene disruption of the action of general anesthetic drugs in mice. Anesthesiology. 2005;102:557-561.
    • (2005) Anesthesiology , vol.102 , pp. 557-561
    • Sato, Y.1    Kobayashi, E.2    Murayama, T.3
  • 35
    • 2942597569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrous oxide [N(2)O] requires the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor for its action in Caenorhabditis elegans
    • Nagele P, Metz LB, Crowder CM. Nitrous oxide [N(2)O] requires the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor for its action in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:8791-8796.
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.101 , pp. 8791-8796
    • Nagele, P.1    Metz, L.B.2    Crowder, C.M.3
  • 36
    • 24144444536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Xenon acts by inhibition of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission in Caenorhabditis elegans
    • Nagele P, Metz LB, Crowder CM. Xenon acts by inhibition of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission in Caenorhabditis elegans. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:508-513.
    • (2005) Anesthesiology , vol.103 , pp. 508-513
    • Nagele, P.1    Metz, L.B.2    Crowder, C.M.3
  • 37
    • 0033775502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of gaseous anesthetics nitrous oxide and xenon on ligand-gated ion channels. Comparison with isoflurane and ethanol
    • Yamakura T, Harris RA. Effects of gaseous anesthetics nitrous oxide and xenon on ligand-gated ion channels. Comparison with isoflurane and ethanol. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:1095-1101.
    • (2000) Anesthesiology , vol.93 , pp. 1095-1101
    • Yamakura, T.1    Harris, R.A.2
  • 38
    • 0034749964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine and its preservative, benzethonium chloride, both inhibit human recombinant alpha7 and alpha4beta2 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in Xenopus oocytes
    • Coates KM, Flood P. Ketamine and its preservative, benzethonium chloride, both inhibit human recombinant alpha7 and alpha4beta2 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in Xenopus oocytes. Br J Pharmacol. 2001;134:871-879.
    • (2001) Br J Pharmacol , vol.134 , pp. 871-879
    • Coates, K.M.1    Flood, P.2
  • 39
    • 0033817670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereospecific interaction of ketamine with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in human sympathetic ganglion-like SH-SY5Y cells
    • Friederich P, Dybek A, Urban BW. Stereospecific interaction of ketamine with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in human sympathetic ganglion-like SH-SY5Y cells. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:818-824.
    • (2000) Anesthesiology , vol.93 , pp. 818-824
    • Friederich, P.1    Dybek, A.2    Urban, B.W.3
  • 40
    • 0036713991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonhalogenated anesthetic alkanes and perhalogenated nonimmobilizing alkanes inhibit alpha(4)beta(2) neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
    • Raines DE, Claycomb RJ, Forman SA. Nonhalogenated anesthetic alkanes and perhalogenated nonimmobilizing alkanes inhibit alpha(4)beta(2) neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anesth Analg. 2002;95:573-577.
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.95 , pp. 573-577
    • Raines, D.E.1    Claycomb, R.J.2    Forman, S.A.3
  • 41
    • 1642457188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two-pore-domain K+ channels are a novel target for the anesthetic gases xenon, nitrous oxide, and cyclopropane
    • Gruss M, Bushell TJ, Bright DP, et al. Two-pore-domain K+ channels are a novel target for the anesthetic gases xenon, nitrous oxide, and cyclopropane. Mol Pharmacol. 2004;65:443-452.
    • (2004) Mol Pharmacol , vol.65 , pp. 443-452
    • Gruss, M.1    Bushell, T.J.2    Bright, D.P.3
  • 42
    • 5644275478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The TREK K2P channels and their role in general anaesthesia and neuroprotection
    • Franks NP, Honore E. The TREK K2P channels and their role in general anaesthesia and neuroprotection. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2004;25:601-608.
    • (2004) Trends Pharmacol Sci , vol.25 , pp. 601-608
    • Franks, N.P.1    Honore, E.2
  • 43
    • 3342981356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TREK-1, a K+ channel involved in neuroprotection and general anesthesia
    • Heurteaux C, Guy N, Laigle C, et al. TREK-1, a K+ channel involved in neuroprotection and general anesthesia. EMBO J. 2004;23:2684-2695.
    • (2004) EMBO J , vol.23 , pp. 2684-2695
    • Heurteaux, C.1    Guy, N.2    Laigle, C.3
  • 44
    • 0031936716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anesthesia sensitivity in mice that lack the beta3 subunit of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor
    • Quinlan JJ, Homanics GE, Firestone LL. Anesthesia sensitivity in mice that lack the beta3 subunit of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor. Anesthesiology. 1998;88:775-780.
    • (1998) Anesthesiology , vol.88 , pp. 775-780
    • Quinlan, J.J.1    Homanics, G.E.2    Firestone, L.L.3
  • 45
    • 33749009598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An isoflurane- and alcohol-insensitive mutant GABA(A) receptor alpha(1) subunit with near-normal apparent affinity for GABA: Characterization in heterologous systems and production of knockin mice
    • Borghese CM, Werner DF, Topf N, et al. An isoflurane- and alcohol-insensitive mutant GABA(A) receptor alpha(1) subunit with near-normal apparent affinity for GABA: characterization in heterologous systems and production of knockin mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006;319:208-218.
    • (2006) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.319 , pp. 208-218
    • Borghese, C.M.1    Werner, D.F.2    Topf, N.3
  • 46
    • 33845949948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of isoflurane and other potent inhaled anesthetics on minimum alveolar concentration, learning, and the righting reflex in mice engineered to express alpha1 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors unresponsive to isoflurane
    • Sonner JM, Werner DF, Elsen FP, et al. Effect of isoflurane and other potent inhaled anesthetics on minimum alveolar concentration, learning, and the righting reflex in mice engineered to express alpha1 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors unresponsive to isoflurane. Anesthesiology. 2007;106:107-113.
    • (2007) Anesthesiology , vol.106 , pp. 107-113
    • Sonner, J.M.1    Werner, D.F.2    Elsen, F.P.3
  • 47
    • 0033366538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhalational anesthetics activate two-pore-domain background K+ channels
    • Patel AJ, Honore E, Lesage F, et al. Inhalational anesthetics activate two-pore-domain background K+ channels. Nat Neurosci. 1999;2:422-426.
    • (1999) Nat Neurosci , vol.2 , pp. 422-426
    • Patel, A.J.1    Honore, E.2    Lesage, F.3
  • 48
    • 36348934072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TASK-3 knockout mice exhibit exaggerated nocturnal activity, impairments in cognitive functions, and reduced sensitivity to inhalation anesthetics
    • Linden AM, Sandu C, Aller MI, et al. TASK-3 knockout mice exhibit exaggerated nocturnal activity, impairments in cognitive functions, and reduced sensitivity to inhalation anesthetics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007;323:924-934.
    • (2007) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.323 , pp. 924-934
    • Linden, A.M.1    Sandu, C.2    Aller, M.I.3
  • 49
    • 0037407328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutation of KCNK5 or Kir3.2 potassium channels in mice does not change minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration
    • Gerstin KM, Gong DH, Abdallah M, et al. Mutation of KCNK5 or Kir3.2 potassium channels in mice does not change minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:1345-1349.
    • (2003) Anesth Analg , vol.96 , pp. 1345-1349
    • Gerstin, K.M.1    Gong, D.H.2    Abdallah, M.3
  • 50
    • 0030111251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anesthetics produce subunit-selective actions on glutamate receptors
    • Dildy-Mayfield JE, Eger EI II, Harris RA. Anesthetics produce subunit-selective actions on glutamate receptors. J Pharm Exp Ther. 1996;276:1058-1065.
    • (1996) J Pharm Exp Ther , vol.276 , pp. 1058-1065
    • Dildy-Mayfield, J.E.1    Eger II, E.I.2    Harris, R.A.3
  • 51
    • 20744445162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of three inhaled anesthetics in mice harboring mutations in the GluR6 (kainate) receptor gene
    • Sonner JM, Vissel B, Royle G, et al. The effect of three inhaled anesthetics in mice harboring mutations in the GluR6 (kainate) receptor gene. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:143-148.
    • (2005) Anesth Analg , vol.101 , pp. 143-148
    • Sonner, J.M.1    Vissel, B.2    Royle, G.3
  • 52
    • 18144433886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulation by general anesthetics
    • Flood P, Role LW. Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulation by general anesthetics. Toxicol Lett. 1998;100-101:149-153.
    • (1998) Toxicol Lett
    • Flood, P.1    Role, L.W.2
  • 53
    • 19044376044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular properties important for inhaled anesthetic action on human 5-HT3A receptors
    • Stevens RJ, Rusch D, Davies PA, et al. Molecular properties important for inhaled anesthetic action on human 5-HT3A receptors. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:1696-1703.
    • (2005) Anesth Analg , vol.100 , pp. 1696-1703
    • Stevens, R.J.1    Rusch, D.2    Davies, P.A.3
  • 54
    • 33645802390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • + channel activities in cultured human alveolar epithelial cells
    • + channel activities in cultured human alveolar epithelial cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2006;69: 1755-1762.
    • (2006) Mol Pharmacol , vol.69 , pp. 1755-1762
    • Roch, A.1    Shlyonsky, V.2    Goolaerts, A.3
  • 55
    • 19044394666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interaction of isoflurane and protein kinase C-activators on sarcolemmal KATP channels
    • Turner LA, Fujimoto K, Suzuki A, et al. The interaction of isoflurane and protein kinase C-activators on sarcolemmal KATP channels. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:1680-1686.
    • (2005) Anesth Analg , vol.100 , pp. 1680-1686
    • Turner, L.A.1    Fujimoto, K.2    Suzuki, A.3
  • 56
    • 20544443035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HCN subunit-specific and cAMP-modulated effects of anesthetics on neuronal pacemaker currents
    • Chen X, Sirois JE, Lei Q, et al. HCN subunit-specific and cAMP-modulated effects of anesthetics on neuronal pacemaker currents. J Neurosci. 2005;25:5803-5814.
    • (2005) J Neurosci , vol.25 , pp. 5803-5814
    • Chen, X.1    Sirois, J.E.2    Lei, Q.3
  • 58
    • 0037313063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine converges on an endogenous sleep-promoting pathway to exert its sedative effects
    • Nelson LE, Lu J, Guo T, et al. The alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine converges on an endogenous sleep-promoting pathway to exert its sedative effects. Anesthesiology. 2003;98:428-436.
    • (2003) Anesthesiology , vol.98 , pp. 428-436
    • Nelson, L.E.1    Lu, J.2    Guo, T.3
  • 59
    • 0036785886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sedative component of anesthesia is mediated by GABA(A) receptors in an endogenous sleep pathway
    • Nelson LE, Guo TZ, Lu J, et al. The sedative component of anesthesia is mediated by GABA(A) receptors in an endogenous sleep pathway. Nat Neurosci. 2002;5:979-984.
    • (2002) Nat Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 979-984
    • Nelson, L.E.1    Guo, T.Z.2    Lu, J.3
  • 60
    • 0032842402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anesthetic profile of dexmedetomidine identified by stimulus-response and continuous measurements in rats
    • Bol CJ, Vogelaar JP, Mandema JW. Anesthetic profile of dexmedetomidine identified by stimulus-response and continuous measurements in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;291:153-160.
    • (1999) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.291 , pp. 153-160
    • Bol, C.J.1    Vogelaar, J.P.2    Mandema, J.W.3
  • 61
    • 33846020061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dexmedetomidine sedation during awake craniotomy for seizure resection: Effects on electrocorticography
    • Souter MJ, Rozet I, Ojemann JG, et al. Dexmedetomidine sedation during awake craniotomy for seizure resection: effects on electrocorticography. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2007;19:38-44.
    • (2007) J Neurosurg Anesthesiol , vol.19 , pp. 38-44
    • Souter, M.J.1    Rozet, I.2    Ojemann, J.G.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.