Codling moth granulovirus: A comprehensive review

Biocontrol Science and Technology

Volumn 18, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 639-663

  Lacey, Lawrence A ^a   Thomson, Donald ^b   Vincent, Charles ^c   Arthurs, Steven P ^d  

^a AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

^b DJS Consulting Services   (United States)

^c AGRICULTURE AND AGRI FOOD CANADA   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Codling moth; Commercial development; Cydia pomonella; Granulovirus; Integrated pest management; Pathology; Resistance

Indexed keywords

DECIDUOUS TREE; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; FOOD SAFETY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; MOTH; PEST CONTROL; PESTICIDE RESISTANCE; VIRUS;

EURASIA; EUROPE; NORTH AMERICA;

CYDIA POMONELLA; CYDIA POMONELLA GRANULOVIRUS; GRANULOVIRUS; HEXAPODA; LEPIDOPTERA; MALUS X DOMESTICA;

EID: 52949133398     PISSN: 09583157     EISSN: 13600478     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09583150802267046     Document Type: Review

References (179)

1. Anon. (2007), INRA Note Nationale: Carpocapsae des Pommes et Poires, Institut Nationale de la Recherche Agronomique, p. 3
2. Arends, H.M., and Jehle, J.A. (2002), 'Homologous Recombination between the Inverted Terminal Repeats of Defective Transposon TCp3.2 Causes an Inversion in the Genome of Cydia pomonella Granulovirus', Journal of General Virology, 83, 1573-1578.
3. Arthurs, S.P., and Lacey, L.A. (2004), 'Field Evaluation of Commercial Formulations of the Codling Moth Granulovirus (CpGV): Persistence of Activity and Success of Seasonal Applications against Natural Infestations in the Pacific Northwest', Biological Control, 31, 388-397.
4. Arthurs, S., Lacey, L.A., and Fritts, R. Jr. (2005), 'Optimizing the Use of the Codling Moth Granulovirus: Effects of Application Rate and Spraying Frequency on Control of Codling Moth Larvae in Pacific Northwest Apple Orchards', Journal of Economic Entomology, 98, 1459-1468.
5. Arthurs, S.P., Lacey, L.A., and Behle, R.W. (2006), 'Evaluation of Spray-Dried Lignin-Based Formulations and Adjuvants as Ultraviolet Light Protectants for the Granulovirus of the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L)', Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 93, 88-95.
6. Arthurs, S.P., Hilton, R., Knight, A.L., and Lacey, L.A. (2007a), 'Evaluation of the Pear Ester Kairomone as a Formulation Additive for the Granulovirus of Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Pome Fruit', Journal of Economic Entomology, 100, 702-709.
7. Arthurs, S.P., Lacey, L.A., and Miliczky, E.R. (2007b), 'Evaluation of the Codling Moth Granulovirus and Spinosad for Codling Moth Control and Impact on Non-Target Species in Pear Orchards', Biological Control, 49, 99-109.
8. Asano, S. (2005), 'Ultraviolet Protection of a Granulovirus Product Using Iron Oxide', Applied Entomology and Zoology, 40, 359-364.
9. Asquith, D., Croft, B.A., Hoyt, S.C., Glass, E.H., and Rice, R.E. (1980), 'The Systems Approach and General Accomplishments toward Better Insect Control in Pome and Stone Fruits', in New Technology of Pest Control, ed. C.B. Huffaker, New York: Wiley, pp. 249-317.
10. Asser-Kaiser, S., Fritsch, E., Undorf-Spahn, K., Kienzle, J., Eberle, K.E., Gund, N.A., Reineke, A., Zebitz, C.P.W., Heckel, D.G., Huber, J., and Jehle, J.A. (2007), 'Rapid Emergence of Baculovirus Resistance in Codling Moth due to Dominant, Sex Linked Inheritance', Science, 317, 1916-1918.
11. Audemard, H. (1987), 'Lutte Biologique et Intégrée en Vergers de Pommiers, Poiriers et Abricotiers', Entomophaga, 32, 59-71.
12. Audemard, H., Burgerjon, A., Baudry, O., Bergere, D., Breniaux, D., Delay, J.C., Desvaux, R., Formantin, C., Gendrier, J.-P., and Tarbouriech, M.F. (1992), 'Cent Essais de Lutte Contre la Carpocapse Cydia pomonella L. en Verger de Pommiers avec la Carpovirusine, une Preparation de Virus de la Granulose', Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 27, 45-49.
13. Ballard, J., Ellis, D.J., and Payne, C.C. (2000a), 'The Role of Formulation Additives in Increasing the Potency of Cydia pomonella Granulovirus for Codling Moth Larvae, in Laboratory and Field Experiments', Biocontrol Science and Technology, 10, 627-640.
14. Ballard, J., Ellis, D.J., and Payne, C.C. (2000b), 'Uptake of Granulovirus from the Surface of Apples and Leaves by First Instar Larvae of the Codling Moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)', Biocontrol Science and Technology, 10, 617-625.
15. Barnes, M.M. (1991), 'Tortricids in Pome and Stone Fruits, Codling Moth Occurrence, Host Race Formation and Damage', in Tortricid Pests, their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, eds. L.P.S. van der Geest and H.H. Evenhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, pp. 313-327.
16. Begon, M., Sait, S.M., and Thompson, D.J. (1999), 'Host-Pathogen- Parasitoid Systems', in Theoretical Approaches to Biological Control, eds. B.A. Hawkins and H.V. Cornell, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 327-348.
17. Biache, G., Guillon, M., and Quenin, H. (1998a), 'Biological Control of Cydia pomonella with "CarpovirusineReg". Trial Results', Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegrpaste biologische Wetenschappen, Universiteit Gent, 63, 455-459.
18. Biache, G., Severini, M., Guillon, M., and Quenin, H. (1998b), 'Traitements avec la Granulose Effets Secondaires sur le Carpocapsae', Phytoma, 504, 43-44.
19. Biache, G., Perchat, S., Quenin, H., and Aupinel, P. (1999), 'La Granulose du Carpocapsae, une Me thode de Detection de la Maladie Virale par Amplification Ge nomique', Phytoma, 514, 27-33.
20. Blommers, L.H.M. (1994), 'Integrated Pest Management in European Apple Orchards', Annual Review of Entomology, 39, 213-241.
21. Blommers, L., Vaal, F., Freriks, J., and Helsen, H. (1987), 'Three Years of Specific Control of Summer Fruit Tortrix and Codling Moth on Apple in The Netherlands', Journal of Applied Entomology, 104, 353-371.
22. Boivin, T., Chabert d'Hieres, C., Bouvier, J.C., Beslay, D., and Sauphanor, B. (2001), 'Pleiotropy of Insecticide Resistance in the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella', Entomologia Expermentalis et Applicata, 99, 381-386.
23. Boivin, T., Bouvier, J.C., Chadoeuf, J., Beslay, D., and Sauphanor, B. (2003), 'Constraints on Adaptive Mutations in the Codling Moth Cydia pomonella (L.): Measuring Fitness Trade-Offs and Natural Selection', Heredity, 90, 107-113.
24. Brain, P., and Glen, D.M. (1989), 'A Model of the Effect of Codling Moth Granulosis Virus on Cydia pomonella', Annals of Applied Biology, 115, 129-140.
25. Brassel, J. (1978), 'Entwicklung von Methoden fur die Produktion eines Granulosis-virus-Praparates zur mikrobiologischen Bekampfung des Apfelwicklers, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) (Lep., Tortricidae) und Schatzung der Produktionskosten', Mitteilungen Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 51, 155-211.
26. Brooks, W.M. (1993), 'Host-Parasitoid-Pathogen Interactions', in Parasites and Pathogens of Insects. Vol. 2: Pathogens, eds. N.E. Beckage, S.N. Thompson and B.A. Federici, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 231-272.
27. Brown, M.W., and Tworkoski, T. (2004), 'Pest Management Benefits of Compost Mulch in Apple Orchards', Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 103, 465-472.
28. Bull, D.L., Ridgway, R.L., House, V.S., and Pryor, N.W. (1976), 'Improved Formulations of the Heliothis Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus', Journal of Economic Entomology, 69, 731-736.
29. Burgerjon, A. (1986), 'Recent Experiences in the Use of the Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella L.) Granulosis Virus in Europe', in Proceedings of the IV International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology, pp. 102-105.
30. Burges, H.D., and Jones, K.A. (1998), 'Formulation of Bacteria, Viruses and Protozoa to Control Insects', in Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides, ed. H.D. Burges, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 33-127.
31. Camponovo, F., and Benz, G. (1984), 'Age-Dependent Tolerance to Baculovirus in Last Larval Instars of the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella L., Induced either for Pupation or for Diapause', Experientia, 40, 938-939.
32. Charmillot, P.J., and Pasquier, D. (2002a), 'Combinaison de la Technique de Confusion et du Virus de la Granulose contre les Souches Resistantes de Carpocapse Cydia pomonella', Revue Suisse de Viticulture, Arboriculture et Horticulture, 34, 103-108.
33. Charmillot, P.J., and Pasquier, D. (2002b), 'Progression de la Resistance du Carpocapse Cydia pomonella aux Insecticides', Revue Suisse Viticulture, Aboriculture et Horticulture, 34, 95-100.
34. Charmillot, P.J., Mayor, P., Keimer, C., and Schmid, A. (1984), 'Efficacité et Reminence de quelques Insecticides e d'un Virus Appliqués contre le Carpocapsae Cydia pomonella', Revue Suisse de Viticulture, Arboriculture et Horticulture, 16, 222-228.
35. Charmillot, P.J., Pasquier, D., and Scalo, A. (1998), 'Le Virus de la Granulose du Carpocapse Cydia pomonella: 2. Efficacité en Microparcelles, Rémanence et Rôle des Adjuvants', Revue Suisse de Viticulture, Arboriculture et Horticulture, 30, 61-64.
36. Cory, J.S., and Evans, H.F. (2008), 'Virus', in Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology: Application and Evaluation of Pathogens for Control of Insects and Other Invertebrate Pests (2nd ed.), eds. L.A. Lacey and H.K. Kaya, Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 149-174.
37. Cossentine, J.E., and Jensen, L.B.M. (2004), 'Persistence of a Commercial Codling Moth Granulovirus Product on Apple Fruit and Foliage', Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 101, 87-92.
38. Cossentine, J.E., Jensen, L.B., and Deglow, E.K. (2003), 'Strategy for Orchard Use of Bacillus thuringiensis while Minimizing Impact on Choristoneura rosaceana Parasitoids', Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 109, 205-210.
39. Cossentine, J.E., Jensen, L.B.M., and Eastwell, K.C. (2005), 'Incidence and Transmission of a Granulovirus in a Large Codling Moth [Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)] Rearing Facility', Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 90, 187-192.
40. Couch, T.L., and Ignoffo, C.M. (1981), 'Formulation of Insect Pathogens', in Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970-1980, ed. H.D. Burges, London: Academic Press, pp. 621-634.
41. Crook, N.E. (1986), 'Characterization and Genetics of Cydia pomonella Granulosis Virus', in Proceedings of the IV International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology, pp. 84-86.
42. Crook, N., and Winstanley, D. (1990), 'CpGV Molecular Biology and Prospects for Genetic Engineering', in Proceedings of the Vth International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control, pp. 434-438.
43. Crook, N.E., Spencer, R.A., Payne, C.C., and Leisy, D.J. (1985), 'Variation in Cydia pomonella Granulosis Virus Isolates and Physical Maps of the DNA from Three Variants', Journal of General Virology, 66, 2423-2430.
44. Crook, N.E., James, J.D., Smith, I.R.L., and Winstanley, D. (1997), 'Comprehensive Physical Map of the Cydia pomonella Granulovirus Genome and Sequence Analysis of the Granulin Gene Region', Journal of General Virology, 78, 965-974.
45. Cross, J.V., Solomon, M.G., Chandler, D., Jarrett, P., Richardson, P.N., Winstanley, D., Bathon, H., Huber, J., Keller, B., Langenbruch, G.A., and Zimmermann, G. (1999), 'Biocontrol of Pests of Apples and Pears in Northern and Central Europe: 1. Microbial Agents and Nematodes', Biocontrol Science and Technology, 9, 125-149.
46. DeBach, P. (1964), Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds, London: Chapman & Hall, p. 844
47. Dickler, E. (1978), 'Influence of Beneficial Arthropods on the Codling Moth in an Orchard with Green Covered and Clean Cultivated Soil', Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land und Forstwirtschaft, 1978, 16-18.
48. Dickler, E., and Huber, J. (1986), 'Modifizierte Strategie bei der Verwendung des Apelwicklergranulosevirus', IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, 9, 112-115.
49. Döller, G., and Huber, J. (1983), 'Sicherheitsstudie zur Prufung einer Vermehrung des Granulosevirus aus Laspeyresia pomonella in Saugern', Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie, 95, 64-69.
50. Dunley, J.E., and Welter, S.C. (2000), 'Correlated Insecticide Cross-Resistance in Azinphosmethyl Resistant Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)', Journal of Economic Entomology, 93, 955-962.
51. Eastwell, K.C., Cossentine, J.E., and Bernardy, M.G. (1999), 'Characterisation of Cydia pomonella Granulovirus from Codling Moths in a Laboratory Colony and in Orchards of British Columbia', Annals of Applied Biology, 134, 285-291.
52. Eberle, K.E., and Jehle, J.A. (2006), 'Field Resistance of Codling Moth against Cydia pomonella Granulovirus (CpGV) is Autosomal and Incompletely Dominant Inherited', Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 93, 201-206.
53. Eberle, K.E., Asser-Kaiser, S., Sayed, S.M., Nguyen, H.T., and Jehle, J.A. (2008), 'Overcoming the Resistance of Codling Moth against Conventional Cydia pomonella Granulovirus (CpGV-M) by a New Isolate CpGV-I12', Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 98, 293-298.
54. Epstein, D.L., Zack, R.S., Brunner, J.F., Gut, L., and Brown, J.J. (2000), 'Effects of Broad-Spectrum Insecticides on Epigeal Arthropod Biodiversity in Pacific Northwest Apple Orchards', Environmental Entomology, 29, 340-348.
55. Epstein, D.L., Zack, R.S., Brunner, J.F., Gut, L., and Brown, J.J. (2001), 'Ground Beetle Activity in Apple Orchards under Reduced Pesticide Management', Biological Control, 21, 97-104.
56. Etzel, L.K., and Falcon, L.A. (1976), 'Studies on the Transovum and Transstadial Transmission of a Granulosis Virus of the Codling Moth', Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 27, 13-26.
57. Falcon, L.A., and Berlowitz, A. (1986), 'Experiences Field-Testing Codling Moth Granulosis Virus in the Pacific Rim Countries', in Proceedings of the IV International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology, pp. 99-101.
58. Falcon, L.A., and Huber, J. (1991), 'Biological Control of the Codling Moth', in Tortricid Pests, their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, eds. L.P.S. van der Geest and H.H. Evenhuis, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 355-369.
59. Falcon, L.A., Kane, W.R., and Bethel, R.S. (1968), 'Preliminary Evaluation of a Granulosis Virus for Control of the Codling Moth', Journal of Economic Entomology, 61, 1208-1213.
60. Farrar, R.R., Shapiro, M., and Javaid, I. (2003), 'Photostabilized Titanium Dioxide and a Fluorescent Brightener as Adjuvants for a Nucleopolyhedrovirus', BioControl, 48, 543-560.
61. Federici, B.A. (1986), 'Ultrastructure of Baculoviruses', in The Biology of Baculoviruses. Vol. I Biological Properties and Molecular Biology, eds. R.R. Granados and B.A. Federici, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 61-88.
62. Federici, B.A. (1997), 'Baculovirus Pathogenesis', in The Baculoviruses, ed. L.K. Miller, New York: Plenum Press, pp. 33-59.
63. Fitzgerald, J.D., and Solomon, M.G. (2004), 'Can Flowering Plants Enhance Numbers of Beneficial Arthropods in UK Apple and Pear Orchards?', Biocontrol Science and Technology, 14, 291-300.
64. Fritsch, E., and Huber, J. (1985), 'Inaktivierung von Apfelwickler-Granuloseviren durch UV-Strahlung und Temperatur', Nachrichtenblat des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes, 37, 84-88.
65. Fritsch, E., Huber, J., and Backhaus, H. (1990), 'CpGV as a Tool in the Risk Assessment of Genetically Engineered Baculoviruses', in Proceedings of the Vth International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control, pp. 439-443.
66. Fritsch, E., Undorf-Spahn, K., Kienzle, J., Zebitz, C.P.W., and Huber, J. (2005), 'Apfelwickler Granulovirus: Erste Hinweise auf Unterschiede in der Empfindlichkeit lokaler Apfelwickler Populationen', Nachrichtenblat des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes, 57, 29-34.
67. Geissler, K. (1994), 'Eignung des Granulose-Virus des Apfelwicklers (Cydia pomonella L.) zur Bekampfung des Erbsenwicklers (Cydia nigricana Steph.)', Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 29, 191-194.
68. Glen, D.M., and Clark, J.. (1985), 'Death of Cydia pomonella Larvae and Damage to Apple Fruit, after Field Application of Codling Moth Granulosis Virus', Entomologia Expermentalis et Applicata, 38, 93-96.
69. Glen, D.M., and Payne, C.C. (1984), 'Production and Field Evaluation of Codling Moth Granulosis Virus for Control of Cydia pomonella in the United Kingdom', Annals of Applied Biology, 104, 87-98.
70. Glen, D.M., Wiltshire, C.W., Milsom, N.F., and Brain, P. (1984), 'Codling Moth Granulosis Virus: Effects of its Use on Some other Orchard Arthropods', Annals of Applied Biology, 104, 99-106.
71. Gröner, A. (1986), 'Specificity and Safety of Baculoviruses', in The Biology of Baculoviruses, Vol. I, Biological Properties and Molecular Biology, eds. R.R. Granados and B.A. Federici, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 177-202.
72. Gröner, A. (1990), 'Safety to Nontarget Invertebrates of Baculoviruses', in Safety of Microbial Insecticides, eds. M. Laird, L.A. Lacey and E.W. Davidson, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 135-147.
73. Gröner, A., Huber, J., Krieg, A., and Pinsdorf, W. (1978), 'Bienenprufung von zwei Baculovirus-Praparaten', Nachrichtenblat des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes, 30, 39-41.
74. Guillon, M., and Biache, G. (1995), 'IPM Strategies for Control of Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella L.) (Lepidoptera Olethreutidae) Interest of CmGV for Long Term Biological Control of Pest Complex in Orchards', Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige Universteit Gent, 60, 695-705.
75. Gurr, G.M., Thwait, W.G., and Nicol, H.I. (1999), 'Field Evaluation of the Effects of the Insect Growth Regulator Tebufenozide on Entomophagous Arthropods and Pests of Apples', Australian Journal of Entomology, 38, 135-140.
76. Harvey, J.P., and Volkman, L.E. (1983), 'Biochemical and Biological Variation of Cydia pomonella (codling moth) Granulosis Virus', Virology, 124, 21-34.
77. Helsen, H., Blommers, L., and Vaal, F. (1992), 'Efficacy and Implementation of Granulosis Virus against Codling Moth in Orchard IPM', Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige', Rijksuniversiteit Gent, 57, 569-573.
78. Hess, R.T., and Falcon, L.A. (1987), 'Temporal Events in the Invasion of the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella, by a Granulosis Virus: An Electron Microscope Study', Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 50, 85-105.
79. Hilton, S., and Winstanley, D. (2007), 'Identification and Functional Analysis of the Origins of DNA Replication in the Cydia pomonella Granulovirus Genome', Journal of General Virology, 88, 1496-1504.
80. Horton, D.R., Broers, D.A., Lewis, R.R., Granatstein, D., Zack, R.S., Unruh, T.R., Moldenke, A.R., and Brown, J.J. (2003), 'Effects of Mowing Frequency on Densities of Natural Enemies in Three Pacific Northwest Pear Orchards', Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 106, 135-145.
81. Huber, J. (1980), 'Field Persistence of the Codling Moth Granulosis Virus', Bulletin IOBC/WPRS, 3, 58-59.
82. Huber, J. (1981), 'Apfelwickler-Granulosevirus: Produktion und Biotests', Mitteilungen der deutschen Gesellschaft für allgemeine angewandte Entomologie, 2, 141-145.
83. Huber, J. (1986), 'Use of Baculoviruses in Pest Management Programs', in The Biology of Baculoviruses. Vol. II. Practical Application for Insect Control, eds. R.R. Granados and B.A. Federici, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 181-202.
84. Huber, J., and Dickler, E. (1975), 'Freilandversuche zur Bekämpfung des Apfelwicklers, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) mit Granuloseviren', Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 82, 540-546.
85. Huber, J., and Dickler, E. (1977), 'Codling Moth Granulosis Virus: Its Efficiency in the Field in Comparison with Organophosphorus Insecticides', Journal of Economic Entomology, 70, 557-561.
86. Huber, B., Nyrop, J.P., Wolf, W., Reissig, H., Agnello, A., and Kovach, J. (1990), 'Development of a Knowledge-Based System Supporting IPM Decision Making in Apples', Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 4, 315-331.
87. Ignoffo, C.M. (1992), 'Environmental Factors Affecting Persistence of Entomopathogens', Florida Entomologist, 75, 516-525.
88. Irvin, N.A., Scarratt, S.L., Wratten, S.D., Frampton, C.M., Chapman, R.B., and Tylianakis, J.M. (2006), 'The Effects of Floral under Stories on Parasitism of Leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on Apples in New Zealand', Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 8, 25-34.
89. Jans, P., and Benz, G. (1985), 'Weight Increase of Granulosis Virus Infected Allatectomized Larvae of the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lep., Tortricidae)', Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen. Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 58, 341-344.
90. Jaques, R.P. (1985), 'Stability of Insect Viruses in the Environment', in Viral Insecticides for Biological Control, eds. K. Maramorosch and K.E. Sherman, New York: Academic Press, pp. 285-360.
91. Jaques, R.P. (1990), 'Effectiveness of the Granulosis Virus of the Codling Moth in Orchard Trials in Canada', Proceedings of the Vth International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control, pp. 428-430.
92. Jaques, R.P, MacLellan, C.R., Sanford, K.H., Proverbs, M.D., and Hagley, E.A.C. (1977), 'Preliminary Orchard Tests on Control of Codling Moth Larvae by a Granulosis Virus', Canadian Entomologist, 109, 1079-1081.
93. Jaques, R.P., Laing, J.E., MacLellan, C.R., Proverbs, M.D., Sanford, K.H., and Trottier, R. (1981), 'Apple Orchard Tests on the Efficacy of the Granulosis Virus of the Codling Moth Laspeyresia pomonella (Lep: Olethreutidae)', Entomophaga, 26, 111-118.
94. Jaques, R.P., Laing, J.E., Laing, D.R., and Yu, D.S.K. (1987), 'Effectiveness and Persistence of the Granulosis Virus of the Codling Moth Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) on Apple', Canadian Entomologist, 119, 1063-1067.
95. Jaques, R.P., Hardman, J., Laing, J., and Smith, R. (1994), 'Orchard Trials in Canada on Control of Cydia pomonella (Lep: Tortricidae) by Granulosis Virus', Entomophaga, 39, 281-292.
96. Jehle, J.A., Fritsch, E., Nickel, A., Huber, J., and Backhaus, H. (1995), 'TCl4.7: A Novel Lipidopteran Transposon Found in Cydia pomonella Granulosis Virus', Virology, 207, 369-379.
97. Jehle, J.A., van der Linden, I.F.A., Backhaus, H., and Vlak, J.M. (1997), 'Identification and Sequence Analysis of the Integration Site of Transposon TCp3.2 in the Genome of Cydia pomonella granulovirus', Virus Research, 50, 151-157.
98. Jehle, J.A., Nickel, A., Vlak, J.M., and Backhaus, H. (1998), 'Horizontal Escape of the Novel Tc1-like Lepidopteran Transposon TCp3.2 into Cydia pomonella Granulovirus', Journal of Molecular Evolution, 46, 215-224.
99. Jehle, J.A., Fritsch, E., Huber, J., and Backhaus, H. (2003), 'Intra-Specific and Inter-Specific Recombination of Tortricid-Specific Granuloviruses during Co-Infection in Insect Larvae', Archives of Virology, 148, 1317-1333.
100. Jehle, J.A., Blissard, G.W., Bonning, B.C., Cory, J.S., Herniou, E.A., Rohrmann, G.F., Theilmann, D.A., Thiem, S.M., and Vlak, J.M. (2006), 'On the Classification and Nomenclature of Baculoviruses: A Proposal for Revision', Archives of Virology, 151, 1257-1266.
101. Jones, K.A., and Burges, H.D. (1998), 'Principles of Formulation', in Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides, ed. H.D. Burges, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 7-30.
102. Kang, W., Crook, N.E., Winstanley, D., and O'Reilly, D.R. (1997), 'Complete Sequence and Transposon Mutagenesis of the BamHI J Fragment of Cydia pomonella Granulosis Virus', Virus Genes, 14, 131-136.
103. Kang, W., Tristem, M., Maeda, S., Crook, N.E., and O'Reilly, D.R. (1998), 'Identification and Characterization of the Cydia pomonella Granulovirus Cathepsin and Chitinase Genes', Journal of General Virology, 79, 2283-2292.
104. Kaya, H.K., and Lacey, L.A. (2007), 'Introduction to Microbial Control', in Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology: Application and Evaluation of Pathogens for Control of Insects and Other Invertebrate Pests (2nd ed.), eds. L.A. Lacey and H.K. Kaya, Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 3-7.
105. Kaya, H.K., Joos, J.L., Falcon, L.A., and Berlowitz, A. (1984), 'Suppression of the Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) with the Entomogenous Nematode, Steinernema feltiae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)', Journal of Econonomic Entomology, 77, 1240-1244.
106. Keller, S. (1973), 'Mikrobiologische Bekämpfung des Apfelwicklers (Laspeyresia pomonella (L.)) (=Carpocapsa pomonella) mit spezifischem Granulosisvirus', Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie, 73, 137-181.
107. Kienzle, J., Gernoth, H., Zebitz, C.P.W., and Huber, J. (2003a), 'Codling Moth Granulovirus - An Efficient Tool for Codling Moth Control', Bulletin OILB/SROP, 26, 249-253.
108. Kienzle, J., Schulz, C., Zebitz, C.P.W., and Huber, J. (2003b), 'Codling Moth Granulovirus as a Tool for Resistance Management and Area-Wide Population Control', Bulletin OILB/SROP, 26, 69-74.
109. Kienzle, J., Schulz, C., Zebitz, C.P.W., and Huber, J. (2003c), 'Persistence of the Biological Effect of Codling Moth Granulovirus in the Orchard - A Preliminary Field Trial', Bulletin OILB/SROP, 26, 245-248.
110. Krieg, A., Gröner, A., Huber, J., and Zimmermann, G. (1981), 'Inaktivierung von verschiedenen Insektenpathogenen durch ultraviolette Strahlen', Zeitschrift Pflanzenkrankheiten Pflschutzenschutz, 88, 38-48.
111. Kundu, J.K., Stará, J., Kocourek, F., and Pultar, O. (2003), 'Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Cydia pomonella Granulovirus Detection in Cydia pomonella Population', Acta Virologica, 47, 153-157.
112. Lacey, L.A. (2008), 'Resistance in Cydia pomonella to the Codling Moth Granulovirus in Europe: Could it Happen Here?', in Proceedings of the Western Orchard Pest and Disease Management Conference, pp. 12-13.
113. Lacey, L.A., and Arthurs, S.P. (2005), 'New Method for Testing Solar Sensitivity of Commercial Formulations of the Granulovirus of Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella, Tortricidae: Lepidoptera)', Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 90, 85-90.
114. Lacey, L.A., and Shapiro-Ilan, D.I. (2008), 'Microbial Control of Insect Pests in Temperate Orchard Systems: Potential for Incorporation into IPM', Annual Review of Entomology, 53, 121-144.
115. Lacey, L.A., and Siegel, J.P. (2000), 'Safety and Ecotoxicology of Entomopathogenic Bacteria', in Entomopathogenic Bacteria: from Laboratory to Field Application, eds. J.F. Charles, A. Dele cluse and C. Nielsen-LeRoux, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 253-273.
116. Lacey, L.A., and Unruh, T.R. (2005), 'Biological Control of Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella, Tortricidae: Lepidoptera) and its Role in Integrated Pest Management, with Emphasis on Entomopathogens', Vedalia, 12, 33-60.
117. Lacey, L.A., Frutos, R., Kaya, H.K., and Vail, P. (2001), 'Insect Pathogens as Biological Control Agents: Do They Have a Future?', Biological Control, 21, 230-248.
118. Lacey, L.A., Vail, P.V., and Hoffmann, D.F. (2002), 'Comparative Activity of Baculoviruses against the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella, and Three other Tortricid Pests if Tree Fruit', Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 80, 64-68.
119. Lacey, L.A., Arthurs, S.P., Knight, A., Becker, K., and Headrick, H. (2004), 'Efficacy of Codling Moth Granulovirus: Effect of Adjuvants on Persistence of Activity and Comparison with other Larvicides in a Pacific Northwest Apple Orchard', Journal of Entomological Science, 39, 500-513.
120. Lacey, L.A., Arthurs, S.P., and Headrick, H. (2005a), 'Comparative Activity of the Codling Moth Granulovirus against Grapholita molesta and Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)', Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 102, 79-80.
121. Lacey, L.A., Neven, L.G., Headrick, H.L., and Fritts, R. Jr. (2005b), 'Factors Affecting Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Steinernematidae) for Control of Overwintering Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Fruit Bins', Journal of Economic Entomology, 98, 1863-1869.
122. Lacey, L.A., Arthurs, S.P., Unruh, T.R., Headrick, H., and Fritts, R. Jr. (2006), 'Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Apple and Pear Orchards: Effect of Nematode Species and Seasonal Temperatures, Adjuvants, Application Equipment and Post-Application Irrigation', Biological Control, 37, 214-223.
123. Lacey, L.A., Arthurs, S.P., Knight, A., and Huber, J. (2007), 'Microbial Control of Lepidopteran Pests of Apple Orchards', in Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology: Application and Evaluation of Pathogens for Control of Insects and Other Invertebrate Pests (2nd ed.), eds. L.A. Lacey and H.K. Kaya, Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 527-546.
124. Lacey, L.A., Headrick, H.L., and Arthurs, S.P. (2008), 'The Effect of Temperature on the Long-Term Storage of Codling Moth Granulovirus Formulations', Journal of Economic Entomology, 101, 288-294.
125. Laing, D.R., and Jaques, R.P. (1980), 'Codling Moth: Techniques for Rearing Larvae and Bioassaying Granulosis Virus', Journal of Economic Entomology, 73, 851-853.
126. LeRoux, E.J. (1961), 'Effects of Modified and Commercial Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Quebec', Annals of the Entomological Society of Quebec, 6, 87-121.
127. Light, D.M. (2007), 'Experimental Use of the Micro-Encapsulated Pear Ester Kairomone for Control of Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) in Walnuts', IOBC WPRS Bulletin, 30, 21.
128. Lu, C., Barr, D.B., Pearson, M.A., and Waller, L.A. (2008), 'Dietary Intake and its Contribution to Longitudinal Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure in Urban/Suburban Children', Environmental Health Perspectives, 116, 537-542.
129. Luque, T., Finch, R., Crook, N., O'Reilly, D.R., and Winstanley, D. (2001), 'The Complete Sequence of the Cydia pomonella Granulovirus Genome', Journal of General Virology, 82, 2531-2547.
130. MacHardy, W.E. (2000), 'Current Status of IPM in Apple Orchards', Crop Protection, 19, 801-806.
131. Madsen, H.F., and Madsen, B.J. (1982), 'Populations of Beneficial and Pest Arthropods in an Organic and a Pesticide Treated Apple Orchard in British Columbia', Canadian Entomologist, 114, 1083-1088.
132. Mathews, C.R., Bottrell, D.G., and Brown, M.W. (2004), 'Habitat Manipulation of the Apple Orchard Floor to Increase Ground-Dwelling Predators and Predation of Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)', Biological Control, 30, 265-273.
133. Miliczky, E.R., Calkins, C.O., and Horton, D.R. (2000), 'Spider Abundance and Diversity in Apple Orchards under Three Insect Pest Management Programmes in Washington State, USA', Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 2, 203-215.
134. Miñarro, M., and Dapena, E. (2000), 'Control de Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) con Granulovirus y Confusion Sexual en Plantaciones de Manzano de Asturias. Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal', Plagas, 26, 305-316.
135. Miñarro, M., and Dapena, E. (2003), 'Effects of Groundcover Management on Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in an Apple Orchard', Applied Soil Ecology, 23, 111-117.
136. Naser, W.L. (1986), 'Establishment of a Cydia pomonella Granulosis Virus in vitro Replication System', Fourth International Colloquium of Invertebrate Pathology, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 91-101.
137. Naser, W.L., Miltenburger, J.P., Harvey, J.P., Huber, J., and Huger, A.M. (1984), 'In vitro Replication of the Cydia pomonella (Codling Moth) Granulosis Virus', FEMS Microbiology Letters, 24, 117-121.
138. Nicholas, A.H., Thwaite, W.G., and Spooner-Hart, R.N. (1999), 'Arthropod Abundance in an Australian Apple Orchard under Mating Disruption and Supplementary Insecticide Treatments for Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)', Australian Journal of Entomology, 38, 23-29.
139. Pasqualini, E., Schmidt, S., Espinha, I., Civolani, S., DeCristofaro, A., Molinari, F., Villa, M., Ladurner, E., Sauphanor, B., and Ioriatti, C. (2005), 'Effects of the Kairomone Ethyl (2E, 4Z)-2,4-Decadienoate (DA 2313) on the Oviposition Behaviour of Cydia pomonella: Preliminary Investigations', Bulletin of Insectology, 58, 119-124.
140. Pasquier, D., and Charmillot, P.J. (1998), 'Le Virus de la Granulose du Carpocapse Cydia pomonella. 3. Essai Pratique de Longue Durée', Revue Suisse de Viticulture, d'Arboriculture et d' Horticulture, 30, 185-187.
141. Payne, C.C. (1981), 'The Susceptibility of the Pea Moth, Cydia nigricana, to Infection by the Granulosis Virus of the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella', Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 38, 71-77.
142. Prokopy, R.J., Cooley, D.R., Autio, W.R., and Coli, W.M. (1994), 'Second-level Integrated Pest Management in Commercial Apple Orchards', American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 9, 148-156.
143. Prokopy, R.J., Mason, J.L., Christie, M., and Wright, S.E. (1996), 'Arthropod Pest and Natural Enemy Abundance under Second-Level Versus First-Level Integrated Pest Management Practices in Apple Orchards: A 4-year Study', Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 57, 35-47.
144. Pszczolkowski, M.A., and Brown, J.J. (2004), 'Enhancement of Spinosad Toxicity to Cydia pomonella Neonates by Monosodium Glutamate Receptor Agonist', Phytoparasitica, 32, 342-350.
145. Pszczolkowski, M.A., Matos, L., Zahand, A., and Brown, J.J. (2002), 'Effect of Monosodium Glutamate on Apple Leaf Consumption by Codling Moth Larvae', Entomologia Expermentalis et Applicata, 103, 91-98.
146. Rashid, T., Johnson, D.T., Steinkraus, D.C., and Rom, C.R. (2001), 'Effects of Microbial, Botanical and Synthetic Insecticides on "Red Delicious" Apples in Arkansas', HortTechnology, 11, 615-621.
147. Reiser, M., Gröner, A., and Sander, E. (1993), 'Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Lep.: Tortricidae) - A Promising Alternate Host for Mass Production of the Cydia pomonella Granulosis Virus (CpGV) for Biological Pest Control', Zeitschrift Pflanzenkrankheiten Pflanzenschutz, 100, 586-598.
148. Reyes, M., Franck, P., Charmillot, P.J., Ioriatti, C., Olivares, J., Pasqualini, E., and Sauphanor, B. (2007), 'Diversity of Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms and Spectrum in European Populations of the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella', Pest Management Science, 63, 890-902.
149. Rezapanah, M.R., Assady, H.B., Esmaili, M., and Ghanbalani, G.N. (1996), 'Effects of Solar Radiation on Efficacy of Cydia pomonella Granulosis Virus', Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 63, 26-31.
150. Rezapanah, M., Kharrazi-Pakdel, A., Kamali, K., and Huber, J. (2002), 'Survey on Natural Occurrence of Cydia pomonella Granulovirus in Apple Orchards of Iran', Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 69, 49-55 (in Persian).
151. Richards, M.G. (1986), 'Aspects of the Commercialization of Codling Moth Granulosis Virus', in Proceedings of the IV International Colloquium on
152. Riddick, E.W., and Mills, N.J. (1995), 'Seasonal Activity of Carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Affected by Microbial and Oil Insecticides in an Apple Orchard in California', Environmental Entomology, 24, 361-366.
153. Saik, J.E., Lacey, L.A., and Lacey, C.M. (1990), 'Safety of Microbial Control Agents to Domestic Animals and Vertebrate Wildlife', in Safety of Microbial Insecticides, eds. M. Laird, L.A. Lacey and E.W. Davidson, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 115-132.
154. Sauphanor, B., Bouvier, J.C., and Brosse, V. (1998), 'Spectrum of Insecticide Resistance in Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Southeastern France', Journal of Economic Entomology, 91, 1225-1231.
155. Sauphanor, B., Berling, M., Toubon, J.F., Reyes, M., and Delnatte, J. (2006), 'Carpocapse des Pommes: Cas de Re sistance aux Virus de la Granulose dans le Sud-Est', Phytoma, 590, 24-27.
156. Sheppard, R.F., and Stairs, G.R. (1976), 'Effects of Dissemination of Low Dosage Levels of a Granulosis Virus in Populations of the Codling Moth', Journal of Economic Entomology, 69, 583-586.
157. Sheppard, R.F., and Stairs, G.R. (1977), 'Dosage-Mortality and Time-Mortality Studies of a Granulosis Virus in a Laboratory Strain of the Codling Moth, Laspeyresia pomonella', Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 29, 216-221.
158. Skrzecz, I. (2000), 'Preliminary Results of Experiments for the Use of Baculoviruses in Polish Forestry', Bulletin-OILB/SROP, 23, 243-247.
159. Simon, S., Defrance, H., and Sauphanor, B. (2007), 'Effect of Codling Moth Management on Orchard Arthropods', Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 122, 340-348.
160. Stairs, G.R., Parrish, W.B., Briggs, J.D., and Allietta, M. (1966), 'Fine Structure of a Granulosis Virus of the Codling Moth', Virology, 30, 583-584.
161. Stará, J., and Kocourek, F. (2003), 'Evaluation of the Efficacy of Cydia pomonella Granulovirus (CpGV) to Control the Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella L., Lep.: Tortricidae) in Field Trials', Plant Protection Science, 39, 117-125.
162. Steineke, S.B., and Jehle, J.A. (2004), 'Investigating the Horizontal Transmission of the Cydia pomonella Granulovirus (CpGV) in a Model System', Biological Control, 30, 538-545.
163. Stephens, M.J., France, C.M., Wratten, S.D., and Frampton, C. (1998), 'Enhancing Biological Control of Leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by Sowing Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) in an Orchard', Biocontrol Science and Technology, 8, 547-558.
164. Suckling, D.M., Walker, J.T.S., and Wearing, C.H. (1999), 'Ecological Impact of Three Pest Management Systems in New Zealand Apple Orchards', Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 73, 129-140.
165. Tanada, Y. (1964), 'A Granulosis Virus of the Codling Moth, Carpocapsae pomonella (Linnaeus) (Olethreutidae, Lepidoptera)', Journal Insect Pathology, 6, 378-380.
166. Tanada, Y., and Hess, R.T. (1991), 'Baculoviridae, Granulosis Viruses', in Atlas of Invertebrate Viruses, eds. J.R. Adams and J.R. Bonami, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 227-257.
167. Tanada, Y., and Leutenegger, R. (1968), 'Histopathology of a Granulosis-Virus Disease of the Codling Moth, Carpocapsae pomonella', Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 10, 39-47.
168. Theilmann, D.A., Blissard, G.W., Bonning, B., Jehle, J., O'Reilly, D.R., Rohrmann, G.F., Theim, S., and Vlak, J. (2005), 'Family Baculoviridae', in Virus Taxonomy, Eighth Report of the International Committee on Virus Taxonomy, eds. C.M. Fauquet, M.A. Mayo, M. Maniloff, U. Desselberger and L.A. Ball, San Diego, CA: Elsevier Press, pp. 177-185.
169. Trematerra, P., Borserio, E., and Tonesi, R. (1996), 'Integrazione di Virus della Granulose e Confusione nella lotta a Cydia pomonella L', Informatore Fitopatologico, 46, 62-64.
170. Trematerra, P., Manzini, M., and Tanno, M. (1997), 'Efficacia del Virus della Granulosi nel Controllo di Cydia pomonella in un Mileto a Cultivar Plurime Condotto ad Agricultura Biologica', Informatore Fitopatologico, 47, 61-64.
171. Vail, P.V., Barnett, W., Cowan, D.C., Sibbett, S., Beede, R., and Tebbets, J.S. (1991), 'Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Control on Commercial Walnuts with a Granulosis Virus', Journal of Economic Entomology, 84, 1448-1453.
172. van den Bosch, R., Messenger, P.S., and Gutierrez, A.P. (1982), An Introduction to Biological Control, New York: Plenum Press, p. 247.
173. Vincent, C.M., Andermatt, M., and Vale ro, J. (2007), 'Madex and Virosoft, Viral Biopesticides for Codling Moth Control', in Biological Control: A Global Perspective, eds. C. Vincent, M.S. Goettel and G. Lazarovits, Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CAB International, pp. 336-343.
174. Warner, G. (2007), 'Wake-up Call for Virus Users', Good Fruit Grower, 58 (17), 14-15.
175. Wearing, C.H. (1993), 'Control of Codling Moth with a Commercial Preparation of Granulosis Virus', in Proceedings of the 46th New Zealand Plant Protection Conference, pp. 146-151.
176. Williams, T., Valle, J., and Vinuela, E. (2003), 'Is the Naturally Derived Insecticide Spinosad® Compatible with Insect Natural Enemies?', Biocontrol Science and Technology, 13, 459-475.
177. Winstanley, D., and Crook, N.E. (1993), 'Replication of Cydia pomonella Granulosis Virus in Cell Cultures', Journal of General Virology, 74, 1599-1699.
178. Winstanley, D., Jarrete, P.J., and Morgan, A.W. (1998), 'The Use of Transgenic Biological Control Agents to Improve their Performance in the Management of Pests', in Biotechnology in Crop Protection: Facts and Fallacies, ed. B.R. Kerry, Proceedings of the British Crop Protection Council Symposium No. 71, pp. 37-44.
179. Zingg, D., and Kessler, P. (2008), 'Madex plus and Madex I12 Break Virus Resistance of Codling Moth', Andermatt Group Publication, 15, 7-10.