메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 623-631

Harmful algal toxins of the Florida red tide (Karenia brevis): Natural chemical stressors in South Florida coastal ecosystems

Author keywords

Biotoxins; Brevetoxins; Florida red tide; HABs; PbTx

Indexed keywords

BREVETOXIN; NEUROTOXIN; VOLTAGE GATED SODIUM CHANNEL;

EID: 52649177139     PISSN: 09639292     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10646-008-0241-x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (108)

References (66)
  • 2
    • 19044381103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of inhaled PbTx in allergic airways: Toxin-allergen interactions and pharmacologic intervention
    • WM Abraham AJ Bourdelais A Ahmed I Serebriakov DG Baden 2005 Effects of inhaled PbTx in allergic airways: toxin-allergen interactions and pharmacologic intervention Environ Health Perspect 113 632 637
    • (2005) Environ Health Perspect , vol.113 , pp. 632-637
    • Abraham, W.M.1    Bourdelais, A.J.2    Ahmed, A.3    Serebriakov, I.4    Baden, D.G.5
  • 3
    • 33746573869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of polar brevetoxin derivatives isolated from Karenia brevis cultures and natural blooms
    • 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.04.015
    • A Abraham SM Plakas Z Wang ELE Jester KR El Said HR Granade 2006 Characterization of polar brevetoxin derivatives isolated from Karenia brevis cultures and natural blooms Toxicon 48 104 115 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.04.015
    • (2006) Toxicon , vol.48 , pp. 104-115
    • Abraham, A.1    Plakas, S.M.2    Wang, Z.3    Jester, E.L.E.4    El Said, K.R.5    Granade, H.R.6
  • 4
    • 0003553111 scopus 로고
    • American Public Health Association. 4. Subcommittee on laboratory methods for the examination of shellfish American Public Health Association Washington, DC
    • American Public Health Association (1970) Recommended procedures for the examination of sea water and shellfish, 4th edn. Subcommittee on laboratory methods for the examination of shellfish. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, pp 61-66
    • (1970) Recommended Procedures for the Examination of Sea Water and Shellfish , pp. 61-66
  • 5
    • 0028487335 scopus 로고
    • Red tides
    • DM Anderson 1994 Red tides Sci Am 271 62 68
    • (1994) Sci Am , vol.271 , pp. 62-68
    • Anderson, D.M.1
  • 6
    • 21044439027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occupational exposure to aerosolized PbTx during Florida red tide events: Impacts on a healthy worker population
    • LC Backer B Kirkpatrick LE Fleming YS Cheng R Pierce JA Bean 2005 Occupational exposure to aerosolized PbTx during Florida red tide events: impacts on a healthy worker population Environ Health Perspect 113 644 649
    • (2005) Environ Health Perspect , vol.113 , pp. 644-649
    • Backer, L.C.1    Kirkpatrick, B.2    Fleming, L.E.3    Cheng, Y.S.4    Pierce, R.5    Bean, J.A.6
  • 7
    • 0020972571 scopus 로고
    • Marine food-borne dinoflagellate toxins
    • 10.1016/S0074-7696(08)60824-4
    • DG Baden 1983 Marine food-borne dinoflagellate toxins Int Rev Cytol 82 99 150 10.1016/S0074-7696(08)60824-4
    • (1983) Int Rev Cytol , vol.82 , pp. 99-150
    • Baden, D.G.1
  • 8
    • 0020025693 scopus 로고
    • Toxicity of two toxins isolated from Ptychodiscus brevis
    • 10.1016/0041-0101(82)90009-5
    • DG Baden TJ Mende 1982 Toxicity of two toxins isolated from Ptychodiscus brevis Toxicon 20 457 461 10.1016/0041-0101(82)90009-5
    • (1982) Toxicon , vol.20 , pp. 457-461
    • Baden, D.G.1    Mende, T.J.2
  • 10
    • 0020432791 scopus 로고
    • Bronchoconstriction caused by Florida red tide toxins
    • 10.1016/0041-0101(82)90081-2
    • DG Baden TJ Mende G Bikhazi 1982 Bronchoconstriction caused by Florida red tide toxins Toxicon 20 929 932 10.1016/0041-0101(82)90081-2
    • (1982) Toxicon , vol.20 , pp. 929-932
    • Baden, D.G.1    Mende, T.J.2    Bikhazi, G.3
  • 13
    • 27644549267 scopus 로고
    • Bubble scavenging and the water-to-air transfer of organic matter in the sea
    • Baier R (ed) American Chemical Society, Washington, DC
    • Blanchard C (1975) Bubble scavenging and the water-to-air transfer of organic matter in the sea. In: Baier R (ed) Applied chemistry at protein interfaces, Advance in Chemistry Series. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 145-360
    • (1975) Applied Chemistry at Protein Interfaces, Advance in Chemistry Series , pp. 145-360
    • Blanchard, C.1
  • 14
    • 0031957397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brevetoxicosis in Manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) from the 1996 epizootic: Gross, histologic, and immunohistochemical features
    • GD Bossart DG Baden RY Ewing B Roberts S Wright 1998 Brevetoxicosis in Manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) from the 1996 epizootic: gross, histologic, and immunohistochemical features Toxicol Pathol 26 276 282
    • (1998) Toxicol Pathol , vol.26 , pp. 276-282
    • Bossart, G.D.1    Baden, D.G.2    Ewing, R.Y.3    Roberts, B.4    Wright, S.5
  • 15
    • 12944268862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new polyether ladder compound produced by the dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis
    • 10.1021/np049797o
    • J Bourdelais HM Jacobs JLC Wright PM Bigwarfe DG Baden 2005 A new polyether ladder compound produced by the dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis J Nat Prod 68 2 6 10.1021/np049797o
    • (2005) J Nat Prod , vol.68 , pp. 2-6
    • Bourdelais, J.1    Jacobs, H.M.2    Wright, J.L.C.3    Bigwarfe, P.M.4    Baden, D.G.5
  • 16
    • 0024877920 scopus 로고
    • Bacteriological aspects of Florida red tides: A revisit and newer observations
    • 10.1016/0272-7714(89)90031-0
    • JD Buck RH Pierce 1989 Bacteriological aspects of Florida red tides: a revisit and newer observations Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 29 317 326 10.1016/0272-7714(89)90031-0
    • (1989) Estuar Coast Shelf Sci , vol.29 , pp. 317-326
    • Buck, J.D.1    Pierce, R.H.2
  • 17
    • 0019387751 scopus 로고
    • Toxin T4(6) from Gymnodinium breve (formerly Ptychodiscus brevis) enhances activation of voltage-sensitive sodium channels by veratridine
    • WA Catterell M Risk 1981 Toxin T4(6) from Gymnodinium breve (formerly Ptychodiscus brevis) enhances activation of voltage-sensitive sodium channels by veratridine Mol Pharmacol 19 345 348
    • (1981) Mol Pharmacol , vol.19 , pp. 345-348
    • Catterell, W.A.1    Risk, M.2
  • 19
    • 0346752077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The type B brevetoxin adversely affects development, cardiovascular function, and survival in medaka embryos-PbTx-3 Oryzias research
    • JR Coleman JS Ramsdell 2003 The type B brevetoxin adversely affects development, cardiovascular function, and survival in medaka embryos-PbTx-3 Oryzias research Environ Health Perspect 111 1920 1925
    • (2003) Environ Health Perspect , vol.111 , pp. 1920-1925
    • Coleman, J.R.1    Ramsdell, J.S.2
  • 20
    • 0000507936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial interactions with harmful algal bloom species: Bloom ecology, toxicology and cytology
    • Anderson DM, Cembella AD, Hallegraeff GM (eds) Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg
    • Douchette GM, Kodama M, Franca S, Gallacher S (1998) Bacterial interactions with harmful algal bloom species: bloom ecology, toxicology and cytology. In: Anderson DM, Cembella AD, Hallegraeff GM (eds) Psysiological ecology of harmful algal blooms. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, pp 619-647
    • (1998) Psysiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms , pp. 619-647
    • Douchette, G.M.1    Kodama, M.2    Franca, S.3    Gallacher, S.4
  • 21
    • 0033638719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU r-DNA sequence data: Including three new genera of unarmored dinoflagellates
    • N Duagbjerg G Hansen J Larsen O Moestrup 2001 Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU r-DNA sequence data: including three new genera of unarmored dinoflagellates Phycologia 39 302 317
    • (2001) Phycologia , vol.39 , pp. 302-317
    • Duagbjerg, N.1    Hansen, G.2    Larsen, J.3    Moestrup, O.4
  • 22
    • 4243754521 scopus 로고
    • The role of algal blooms in the spread of human cholera
    • Lassus PG, Arzul E, Gentien P, Marcaillou-Le-Baut C (eds) Lavoisier, Paris
    • Epstein PR (1995) The role of algal blooms in the spread of human cholera. In: Lassus PG, Arzul E, Gentien P, Marcaillou-Le-Baut C (eds) Harmful marine algal blooms. Lavoisier, Paris, p 846
    • (1995) Harmful Marine Algal Blooms , pp. 846
    • Epstein, P.R.1
  • 25
    • 52649093039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission web site:
    • Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (2007) web site: www.myfwc.com
    • (2007)
  • 26
    • 0003869172 scopus 로고
    • Final report to the National Marine Fisheries Service. US Navy Office of Naval Research, and Marine Mammal Commission, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario
    • Geraci JR (1989) Clinical investigation of the 1987-88 mass mortality of bottlenose dolphins along the US central and south Atlantic coast. In: Final report to the National Marine Fisheries Service. US Navy Office of Naval Research, and Marine Mammal Commission, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, pp 1-63
    • (1989) Clinical Investigation of the 1987-88 Mass Mortality of Bottlenose Dolphins Along the US Central and South Atlantic Coast , pp. 1-63
    • Geraci, J.R.1
  • 28
    • 0000252535 scopus 로고
    • Catastrophic mass mortality of marine animals and coincident phytoplankton bloom on the west coast of Florida, November 1946 to August 1947
    • 10.2307/1948575
    • G Gunter RH Williams CC Davis FGW Smith 1948 Catastrophic mass mortality of marine animals and coincident phytoplankton bloom on the west coast of Florida, November 1946 to August 1947 Ecol Monogr 18 309 324 10.2307/1948575
    • (1948) Ecol Monogr , vol.18 , pp. 309-324
    • Gunter, G.1    Williams, R.H.2    Davis, C.C.3    Smith, F.G.W.4
  • 29
    • 0005096747 scopus 로고
    • On the fish mortality in the Gulf of Mexico
    • E Ingersoll 1882 On the fish mortality in the Gulf of Mexico US Nat Mus 4 74 80
    • (1882) US Nat Mus , vol.4 , pp. 74-80
    • Ingersoll, E.1
  • 30
    • 33748618160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental exposures to Florida red tides: Effects on emergency room respiratory diagnoses admissions
    • B Kirkpatrick LE Fleming LC Backer JA Bean R Tamer G Kirkpatrick 2006 Environmental exposures to Florida red tides: effects on emergency room respiratory diagnoses admissions Harmful Algae 5 526 533
    • (2006) Harmful Algae , vol.5 , pp. 526-533
    • Kirkpatrick, B.1    Fleming, L.E.2    Backer, L.C.3    Bean, J.A.4    Tamer, R.5    Kirkpatrick, G.6
  • 31
    • 26944476761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of harmful algal blooms in shellfish disease
    • JH Landsberg 1997 The role of harmful algal blooms in shellfish disease J Shell Res 16 350
    • (1997) J Shell Res , vol.16 , pp. 350
    • Landsberg, J.H.1
  • 32
    • 23844494323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of harmful algal blooms on aquatic organisms
    • 2
    • JH Landsberg 2002 The effects of harmful algal blooms on aquatic organisms Rev Fisheries Sci 10 2 113 390
    • (2002) Rev Fisheries Sci , vol.10 , pp. 113-390
    • Landsberg, J.H.1
  • 33
    • 0003180964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A historical review of Gymnodinium breve red tides implicated in mass mortalities of the manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) in Florida, USA
    • Xunta de Galicia and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO Paris
    • Landsberg JH, Steidinger KA (1998) A historical review of Gymnodinium breve red tides implicated in mass mortalities of the manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) in Florida, USA. In: Reguera B, Blanco J, Fernandez ML, Wyatt T (eds) Harmful algae. Xunta de Galicia and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO, Paris, pp 97-100
    • (1998) Harmful Algae , pp. 97-100
    • Landsberg, J.H.1    Steidinger, K.A.2    Reguera, B.3    Blanco, J.4    Fernandez, M.L.5    Wyatt, T.6
  • 34
    • 33746528098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis on larvae; Development in three species of bivalve mollusk from Florida
    • JR Leverone NJ Blake RH Pierce SE Shumway 2006 Effects of the dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis on larvae; development in three species of bivalve mollusk from Florida Toxicon 48 75 84
    • (2006) Toxicon , vol.48 , pp. 75-84
    • Leverone, J.R.1    Blake, N.J.2    Pierce, R.H.3    Shumway, S.E.4
  • 35
    • 0036175222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A competitive ELISA to detect PbTx from Karenia brevis (formerly Gymnodinium breve) in seawater, shellfish and mammalian body fluid
    • J Naar A Bourdelais C Tomas J Kubanek P Whitney L Flewelling 2002 A competitive ELISA to detect PbTx from Karenia brevis (formerly Gymnodinium breve) in seawater, shellfish and mammalian body fluid Environ Health Perspect 110 179 185
    • (2002) Environ Health Perspect , vol.110 , pp. 179-185
    • Naar, J.1    Bourdelais, A.2    Tomas, C.3    Kubanek, J.4    Whitney, P.5    Flewelling, L.6
  • 36
    • 0026268599 scopus 로고
    • An epizootic of Florida manatees associated with a dinoflagellate bloom
    • 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1991.tb00563.x
    • TJ O'Shea GB Rathbun RK Bonde CD Buergelt DK Odell 1991 An epizootic of Florida manatees associated with a dinoflagellate bloom Mar Mamm Sci 7 165 179 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1991.tb00563.x
    • (1991) Mar Mamm Sci , vol.7 , pp. 165-179
    • O'Shea, T.J.1    Rathbun, G.B.2    Bonde, R.K.3    Buergelt, C.D.4    Odell, D.K.5
  • 39
    • 0037214849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brevetoxin concentrations in marine aerosol: Human exposure levels during a Karenia brevis harmful algal bloom
    • 10.1007/s00128-002-0170-y
    • RH Pierce MS Henry PC Blum J Lyons YS Cheng D Yazzie 2003 Brevetoxin concentrations in marine aerosol: human exposure levels during a Karenia brevis harmful algal bloom Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 70 161 165 10.1007/s00128-002- 0170-y
    • (2003) Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , vol.70 , pp. 161-165
    • Pierce, R.H.1    Henry, M.S.2    Blum, P.C.3    Lyons, J.4    Cheng, Y.S.5    Yazzie, D.6
  • 40
    • 33748137044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NSP Toxins and metabolites in oysters, clams, and whelks
    • Steidinger KA, Landsberg JH, Tomas CR, Vargo GA (eds) Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission and International Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, St. Petersburg, FL
    • Pierce RH, Henry MS, Dickey R, Plakas S (2004) NSP Toxins and metabolites in oysters, clams, and whelks. In: Steidinger KA, Landsberg JH, Tomas CR, Vargo GA (eds) Harmful algae 2002. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission and International Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, St. Petersburg, FL, pp 294-296
    • (2004) Harmful Algae 2002 , pp. 294-296
    • Pierce, R.H.1    Henry, M.S.2    Dickey, R.3    Plakas, S.4
  • 41
    • 27644460023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brevetoxin composition in water and marine aerosol along a Florida beach: Assessing potential human exposure to marine biotoxins
    • 10.1016/j.hal.2004.11.004
    • RH Pierce MS Henry PC Blum SL Hamel B Kirkpatrick YS Cheng 2005 Brevetoxin composition in water and marine aerosol along a Florida beach: assessing potential human exposure to marine biotoxins Harmful Algae 4 965 972 10.1016/j.hal.2004.11.004
    • (2005) Harmful Algae , vol.4 , pp. 965-972
    • Pierce, R.H.1    Henry, M.S.2    Blum, P.C.3    Hamel, S.L.4    Kirkpatrick, B.5    Cheng, Y.S.6
  • 42
    • 0036236297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Confirmation of brevetoxin metabolism in the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) by controlled exposures to pure toxins and Karenia brevis cultures
    • 10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00267-7
    • SM Plakas KR El Said ELE Jester HR Grande SM Musser RW Dickey 2002 Confirmation of brevetoxin metabolism in the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) by controlled exposures to pure toxins and Karenia brevis cultures Toxicon 40 721 729 10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00267-7
    • (2002) Toxicon , vol.40 , pp. 721-729
    • Plakas, S.M.1    El Said, K.R.2    Jester, E.L.E.3    Grande, H.R.4    Musser, S.M.5    Dickey, R.W.6
  • 43
    • 14244267439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brevetoxin metabolism and elimination in the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) after controlled exposures to Karenia brevis
    • 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.07.027
    • SM Plakas Z Wang K El Said ELE Jester HR Granade L Flewelling 2004 Brevetoxin metabolism and elimination in the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) after controlled exposures to Karenia brevis Toxicon 44 677 685 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.07.027
    • (2004) Toxicon , vol.44 , pp. 677-685
    • Plakas, S.M.1    Wang, Z.2    El Said, K.3    Jester, E.L.E.4    Granade, H.R.5    Flewelling, L.6
  • 44
    • 0022901519 scopus 로고
    • PbTx, unique activators of voltage-sensitive sodium channels bind to specific sites in rat synaptosomes
    • 30
    • MA Poli TJ Mende D Baden 1986 PbTx, unique activators of voltage-sensitive sodium channels bind to specific sites in rat synaptosomes Mol Pharm 1 30 129 135
    • (1986) Mol Pharm , vol.1 , pp. 129-135
    • Poli, M.A.1    Mende, T.J.2    Baden, D.3
  • 45
    • 0033953294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning and brevetoxin metabolites: A case study from Florida
    • 10.1016/S0041-0101(99)00191-9
    • MA Poli SM Musser RW Dickey PP Eilers S Hall 2000 Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning and brevetoxin metabolites: a case study from Florida Toxicon 38 981 993 10.1016/S0041-0101(99)00191-9
    • (2000) Toxicon , vol.38 , pp. 981-993
    • Poli, M.A.1    Musser, S.M.2    Dickey, R.W.3    Eilers, P.P.4    Hall, S.5
  • 46
    • 0442266758 scopus 로고
    • Effects of Gynmodinium breve red tides on fishes and birds: A preliminary report on behavior, anatomy, hematology and histopathology
    • Ambroski RL, Hood MA, Miller RR (eds) Louisiana State University, Louisiana Sea Grant
    • Quick JA, Henderson GE (1974) Effects of Gynmodinium breve red tides on fishes and birds: a preliminary report on behavior, anatomy, hematology and histopathology. In: Ambroski RL, Hood MA, Miller RR (eds) Proceedings of the Gulf regional symposium on diseases of aquatic animals, Louisiana State University, Louisiana Sea Grant, pp 85-113
    • (1974) Proceedings of the Gulf Regional Symposium on Diseases of Aquatic Animals , pp. 85-113
    • Quick, J.A.1    Henderson, G.E.2
  • 47
    • 0000708326 scopus 로고
    • Conformational analysis of the sodium channel modulator brevetoxin a, comparison with brevetoxin B conformations, and an hypothesis about the common pharmacophore of the "site 5" toxins
    • 10.1021/jo00087a027
    • KS Rein DG Baden RE Gawley 1994 Conformational analysis of the sodium channel modulator brevetoxin a, comparison with brevetoxin B conformations, and an hypothesis about the common pharmacophore of the "site 5" toxins J Org Chem 59 2101 2106 10.1021/jo00087a027
    • (1994) J Org Chem , vol.59 , pp. 2101-2106
    • Rein, K.S.1    Baden, D.G.2    Gawley, R.E.3
  • 48
    • 0000316256 scopus 로고
    • Occurrence of Gymnodinium breve red tides along the west and east coasts of Florida during 1976 and 1977
    • Elsevier North Holland, Inc. New York
    • Roberts BS (1979) Occurrence of Gymnodinium breve red tides along the west and east coasts of Florida during 1976 and 1977. In: Taylor DL, Seliger HH (eds) Toxic dinoflagellate blooms. Elsevier North Holland, Inc., New York, pp 199-202
    • (1979) Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms , pp. 199-202
    • Roberts, B.S.1    Taylor, D.L.2    Seliger, H.H.3
  • 51
    • 27744466223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of brevenal on brevetoxin-induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes
    • 10.1007/s00204-005-0676-2
    • A Sayer H Qing AJ Bourdelais DG Baden JE Gibson 2005 The effect of brevenal on brevetoxin-induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes Arch Toxicol 79 683 688 10.1007/s00204-005-0676-2
    • (2005) Arch Toxicol , vol.79 , pp. 683-688
    • Sayer, A.1    Qing, H.2    Bourdelais, A.J.3    Baden, D.G.4    Gibson, J.E.5
  • 52
    • 33845374592 scopus 로고
    • Structure of brevetoxin a (gb-1), the most potent toxin in the Florida red tide organism (Gymnodinium breve)
    • 10.1021/ja00263a031
    • Y Shimizu HN Chou H Bando G VanDuyne JC Clardy 1986 Structure of brevetoxin A (gb-1), the most potent toxin in the Florida red tide organism (Gymnodinium breve) J Am Chem Soc 108 514 515 10.1021/ja00263a031
    • (1986) J Am Chem Soc , vol.108 , pp. 514-515
    • Shimizu, Y.1    Chou, H.N.2    Bando, H.3    Vanduyne, G.4    Clardy, J.C.5
  • 53
    • 0015278628 scopus 로고
    • A quantitative evaluation of red tide induced mortalities of benthic invertebrates in Tampa Bay, Florida
    • JL Simon DM Dauer 1972 A quantitative evaluation of red tide induced mortalities of benthic invertebrates in Tampa Bay, Florida Environ Lett 3 229 234
    • (1972) Environ Lett , vol.3 , pp. 229-234
    • Simon, J.L.1    Dauer, D.M.2
  • 54
    • 0002183498 scopus 로고
    • Novel and nuisance phytoplankton blooms in the sea: Evidence for a global epidemic
    • Academic NewYork
    • Smayda TJ (1990) Novel and nuisance phytoplankton blooms in the sea: evidence for a global epidemic. In: Graneli E, Sundstrom B, Edler L, Anderson DM (eds) Toxic marine phytoplankton. Academic, NewYork, pp 29-40
    • (1990) Toxic Marine Phytoplankton , pp. 29-40
    • Smayda, T.J.1    Graneli, E.2    Sundstrom, B.3    Edler, L.4    Anderson, D.M.5
  • 58
    • 26944438812 scopus 로고
    • Mortality of fishes on the west coast of Florida
    • 10.1126/science.45.1163.367
    • HF Taylor 1917 Mortality of fishes on the west coast of Florida Science 45 367 368 10.1126/science.45.1163.367
    • (1917) Science , vol.45 , pp. 367-368
    • Taylor, H.F.1
  • 59
    • 0000802244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gymnodinium breve red tide blooms: Initiation, transport, and consequences of surface circulation
    • Part 2
    • PA Tester KA Steidinger 1997 Gymnodinium breve red tide blooms: initiation, transport, and consequences of surface circulation Limnol Oceanogr 42 Part 2 1039 1051
    • (1997) Limnol Oceanogr , vol.42 , pp. 1039-1051
    • Tester, P.A.1    Steidinger, K.A.2
  • 60
    • 0033979135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vectorial transport of toxins from the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve through copepods to fish
    • 10.1093/plankt/22.1.47
    • PA Tester JT Turner D Shea 2000 Vectorial transport of toxins from the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve through copepods to fish J Plankton Res 22 47 61 10.1093/plankt/22.1.47
    • (2000) J Plankton Res , vol.22 , pp. 47-61
    • Tester, P.A.1    Turner, J.T.2    Shea, D.3
  • 61
    • 0032932631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High affinity binding of red tide neurotoxins to marine mammal brain
    • 10.1016/S0166-445X(98)00125-8
    • VL Trainer DG Baden 1999 High affinity binding of red tide neurotoxins to marine mammal brain Aquat Toxicol 46 139 148 10.1016/S0166-445X(98)00125-8
    • (1999) Aquat Toxicol , vol.46 , pp. 139-148
    • Trainer, V.L.1    Baden, D.G.2
  • 62
    • 0034108055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marine algal toxins: Origins, health effects, and their increased occurrence
    • 10.2307/3454638
    • FM Van Dolah 2000 Marine algal toxins: origins, health effects, and their increased occurrence Environ Health Perspect 108 133 141 10.2307/3454638
    • (2000) Environ Health Perspect , vol.108 , pp. 133-141
    • Van Dolah, F.M.1
  • 63
    • 0001480616 scopus 로고
    • Fish mortality in the Gulf of Mexico
    • ST Walker 1884 Fish mortality in the Gulf of Mexico Proc US Natl Mus 6 105 109
    • (1884) Proc US Natl Mus , vol.6 , pp. 105-109
    • Walker, S.T.1
  • 64
    • 11144287431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of environmental stressors on lymphocyte proliferation in Florida manatees, Trichechus manatus latirostris
    • 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.09.026
    • CJ Walsh CA Luer DR Noyes 2005 Effects of environmental stressors on lymphocyte proliferation in Florida manatees, Trichechus manatus latirostris Vet Immunol Immunopathol 103 247 256 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.09.026
    • (2005) Vet Immunol Immunopathol , vol.103 , pp. 247-256
    • Walsh, C.J.1    Luer, C.A.2    Noyes, D.R.3
  • 65
    • 1642462821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LC/MS analysis of brevetoxin metabolites in the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica)
    • 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.017
    • Z Wang SM Plakas K El Said ELE Jester HR Granade RW Dickey 2004 LC/MS analysis of brevetoxin metabolites in the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Toxicon 43 455 465 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.017
    • (2004) Toxicon , vol.43 , pp. 455-465
    • Wang, Z.1    Plakas, S.M.2    El Said, K.3    Jester, E.L.E.4    Granade, H.R.5    Dickey, R.W.6
  • 66
    • 0002083385 scopus 로고
    • Note concerning human respiratory irritation associated with high concentrations of plankton and mass mortalities of marine organisms
    • AH Woodcock 1948 Note concerning human respiratory irritation associated with high concentrations of plankton and mass mortalities of marine organisms J Mar Res 7 56 62
    • (1948) J Mar Res , vol.7 , pp. 56-62
    • Woodcock, A.H.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.