Advances toward understanding the molecular biology of the Anaplasma-tick interface

Frontiers in Bioscience

Volumn 13, Issue 18, 2008, Pages 7032-7045

  Kocan, Katherine M ^a   De La Fuente, Jose ^a,b   Blouin, Edmour F ^a  

^a OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN RECURSOS CINEGÉTICOS IREC CSIC UCLM JCCM   (Spain)

Author keywords

Anaplasma; Dermacentor; Ixodes; Major surface proteins; Review; Rhipicephalus; RNA interference; Tick pathogen interface; Ticks

Indexed keywords

ANAPLASMA; ANAPLASMA CENTRALE; ANAPLASMA MARGINALE; ANAPLASMA OVIS; ANAPLASMA PHAGOCYTOPHILUM; ANAPLASMATACEAE; BOVIDAE; DERMACENTOR; IXODES; IXODIDA; OVIS ARIES; RHIPICEPHALUS; VERTEBRATA;

VACCINE;

ANAPLASMA; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; GENETICS; GENOMICS; IMMUNOLOGY; INFESTATION; IXODES; METHODOLOGY; MICROBIOLOGY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROTEOMICS; RNA INTERFERENCE; TICK;

ANAPLASMA; ANIMALS; GENOMICS; IXODES; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; PROTEOMICS; RNA INTERFERENCE; TICK INFESTATIONS; TICKS; VACCINES;

EID: 52049108211     PISSN: 27686701     EISSN: 27686698     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2741/3208     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. Dumler, J.S., Barbet, A.C., Bekker, C.P.J., Dasch, G.A., Palmer, G.H., Ray, S.C., Rikihisa, Y. & Rurangirwa, F.R.: Reorganization of the genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Int J Sys Evol Microbiol 51, 2145-2165 (2001) (Pubitemid 33110908)
2. Kocan, K.M, de la Fuente, J., Blouin, E.F. & Garcia-Garcia J.C.: Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales : Anaplasmataceae): recent advances in defining host-pathogen adaptations of a tick-borne rickettsia. Parasitol 129, S285-S300 (2004) (Pubitemid 40789959)
3. Smith, R., Levy, M.G., Kuhlenschmidt, M.S., Adams, J.H, Rzechula, D.G., Hardt, T.Z. & Kocan, K.M.: Isolate of Anaplasma marginale not transmitted by ticks. Am J Vet Res 47, 127-129 (1986)
4. Wickwire, K.B., Kocan, K.M., Barron, S.J., Ewing, S.A., Smith, R.D. & Hair, J.A.: Infectivity of three isolates of Anaplasma marginale for Dermacentor andersoni. Am J Vet Res 48, 96-99 (1987)
5. Allred, D.R., McGuire, T.C., Palmer, G.H., Leib, S.R., Harkins, T.M., McElwain, T.F. & Barbet, A.F.: Molecular basis for surface antigen size polymorphisms and conservation of a neutralization-sensitive epitope in Anaplasma marginale. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87, 3220-3224 (1990) (Pubitemid 20144987)
6. Rodríguez, S.D., Garcia Ortiz, M.A., Hernández Salgado, G., Santos Cerda, N.A., Aboytes Torre, R. & Cantó Alarcón, G.J.: Anaplasma marginale inactivated vaccine: dose titration against a homologous challenge. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 23, 239-252 (2000)
7. Palmer, G.H., Rurangirwa, F.R. & McElwain, T.F.: Strain composition of the ehrlichia Anaplasma marginale within persistently infected cattle, a mammalian reservoir for tick transmission. J Clin Microbiol 39, 631-635 (2001) (Pubitemid 32150831)
8. de la Fuente, J., Garcia-Garcia, J.C., Blouin, E.F. & Kocan, K.M.: Major surface protein 1a effects tick infection and transmission of the ehrlichial pathogen Anaplasma marginale. Int J Parasitol 31, 1705-1714 (2001) (Pubitemid 33152828)
9. de la Fuente, J., Van Den Bussche, R.A. & Kocan, K.M.: Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of North American isolates of Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiaceae: Ehrlichieae). Vet Parasitol 97, 65-76 (2001) (Pubitemid 32406120)
10. de la Fuente, J., Garcia-Garcia, J.C., Blouin, E.F., Rodriguez, S.D., Garcia, M.A. & Kocan, K.M.: Evolution and function of tandem repeats in the major surface protein 1a of the ehrlichial pathogen Anaplasma marginale. Animal Health Res Rev 2, 163-173 (2001)
11. de la Fuente, J., Garcia-Garcia, J.C., Blouin, E.F. & Kocan, K.M.: Characterization of the functional domain of the major surface protein 1a involved in adhesion of Anaplasma marginale to host cells. Vet Microbiol 91, 265-283 (2003) (Pubitemid 35385632)
12. Goncalves Ruis, P.M., Friche Passos, L.M. & Barbosa Ribeiro, M.F.: Lack of infectivity of a Brazilian Anaplasma marginale isolate for Boophilus microplus ticks. Vet Parasitol 128, 325-331 (2005) (Pubitemid 40312442)
13. Ueti, M.W., Reagan, J.O., Jr., Knowles, D.P. Jr., Scoles, G.A. Shkap, V. & Palmer, G.H.: Identification of midgut and salivary glands as specific and distinct barriers to efficient tick-borne transmission of Anaplasma marginale. Infect Immun 75, 2959-2964 (2007) (Pubitemid 46870178)
14. Scoles, G.A., McElwain, T.F., Rurangirwa, F.R., Knowles, D.P. & Lysyk, T.J.: A Canadian bison isolate of Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) is not transmissible by Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae), whereas ticks from two Canadian D. andersoni populations are competent vectors of a U.S. strain. J Med Entomol 43, 971-975 (2006) (Pubitemid 44734898)
15. Futse, J. E., Ueti, M. W., Knowles, D. P. Jr. & Palmer, G. H.: Transmission of Anaplasma marginale by Boophilus microplus: retention of vector competence in the absence of vector-pathogen interaction. J Clin Microbiol 41, 3829-3834 (2003) (Pubitemid 36994722)
16. Scoles, G.A., Broce, A.B., Lysyk, T.J. & Palmer, G.H.: Relative efficiency of biological transmission of Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) by Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae) compared with mechanical transmission by Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). J Med Entomol 42, 668-675 (2005) (Pubitemid 41040471)
17. Scoles, G.A., Ueti, M.W., Noh, S.M., Knowles, D.P. & Palmer, G.H.: Conservation of transmission phenotype of Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) strains among Dermacentor and Rhipicephalus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 44, 484-491 (2007) (Pubitemid 46842147)
18. Krier, J.P. & Ristic, M.: Anaplasmosis. VII. Experimental Anaplasma ovis infection in white-tailed deer (Dama virginiana). Am J Vet Res 24, 567-572 (1963)
19. Kuttler, K.L.: Anaplasma infections in wild and domestic ruminants: a review. J Wildl Dis 20, 12-20 (1984)
20. Zaugg, J.L.: Experimental infections of Anaplasma ovis in pronghorn antelope. J Wildl Dis 23, 205-210 (1987).
21. Zaugg, J.L.: Experimental anaplasmosis in mule deer: persistence of infection of Anaplasma marginale and susceptibility to A. ovis. J Wildl Dis 24, 120-126 (1988)
22. Zaugg, J.L., Goff, W.L., Foreyt, W. & Hunter, D.L.: Susceptibility of elk (Cervus elaphus) to experimental infection with Anaplasma marginale and A. ovis. J Wildl Dis 32, 62-66 (1996) (Pubitemid 126429872)
23. Friedhoff, K.T.: Tick-borne diseases of sheep and goats caused by Babesia, Theileria or Anaplasma spp. Parassitologia 39, 99-109 (1997) (Pubitemid 127513737)
24. Yabsley, M.J., Davidson, W.R., Stallknecht, D.E., Varela, A.S., Swift, P.K., Devos, J.C. Jr. & Dubay, S.A.: Evidence of tick-borne organisms in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) from the western United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5, 351-362 (2005) (Pubitemid 43192874)
25. de la Fuente, J., Atkinson, M.W., Hogg, J.T., Miller, D.S., Naranjo V., Almazán, C., Anderson, N. & Kocan, K.M.: Genetic characterization of Anaplasma ovis strains from bighorn sheep in Montana. J Wildlife Dis 42, 381-385 (2006) (Pubitemid 44317393)
26. de la Fuente, J., Atkinson, M.W., Naranjo, V., Fernández de Mera, I.G., Mangold A.J., Keating, K.A. & Kocan, K.M.: Sequence analysis of the msp4 gene of Anplasma ovis strains. Vet Microbiol 119, 375-381 (2007) (Pubitemid 46039864)
27. Pipano, E., Krigel, Y., Frank, M., Marcovics, A. & Mayer, E.: Frozen Anaplasma centrale vaccine against anaplasmosis in cattle. Br Vet J 142: 553-556 (1986)
28. Turton, J.A., Katsande, T.C., Matingo, M.B., Jorgensen, W.K., Ushewokunze-Obatolu, U. & Dalgliesh, R.J.: Observations on the use of Anaplasma centrale for immunization of cattle against anaplasmosis in Zimbabwe. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 65, 81-86 (1998) (Pubitemid 128380609)
29. Shkap, V., Molad, T., Fish, L. & Palmer, G.H.: Detection of the Anaplasma centrale vaccine strain and specific differentiation from Anaplasma marginale in vaccinated and infected cattle. Parasitol Res 88, 546-552 (2002). (Pubitemid 34810720)
30. Stuen, S.: Anaplasma phagocytophilum -the most widespread tick-borne infection in animals in Europe. Vet Res Com 31, 79-84 (2007) (Pubitemid 47248449)
31. Gordon, W.S., Brownlee, A., Wilson, D.R. & MacLeod, J.: Tickborne fever. J Comp Pathol Ther 45, 301-307 (1932)
32. MacLeod, J.R. & Gordon, W.S.: Studies of tick-borne fever of sheep. 1. Transmission by the tick Ixodes ricinus, with a description of the disease produced. Parasitol 25, 273-285 (1933)
33. Brodie, T.A., Holmes, P.J. & Urquhart, G.M.: Some aspects of tick-borne disease of British sheep. Vet Res 118, 415-418 (1986)
34. Madigan, J.E. & Gribble, D.: Equine ehrlichiosis in northern California: 49 cases (1968-1981). J Am Vet Med Assoc 190,445-448 (1987)
35. Gribble, D.H.: Equine ehrlichiosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 155, 462-469 (1969)
36. Bjöersdorff, A., Johnsson, A., Sjostrom, A. & Madigan, J.E.: Ehrlichia equi-infektion diagnostiserat hos hast. Svensk Vet Tidning 42, 357-360 (1990)
37. Madigan, J.E., Barlough, J.E., Dumler, J.S., Schankman, N.S. & DeRock, E.: Equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Connecticut caused by an agent resembling the human granulocytotropic ehrlichia. J Clin Microbiol 34, 434-435 (1996) (Pubitemid 26035128)
38. Pusterla, N., Chae, J.S., Kimsey, R.B., Berger Pusterla, J., DeRock, E., Dumler, J.S. & Madigan, J.E.: Transmission of Anaplasma phagocytophila (human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent) in horses using experimentally infected ticks (Ixodes scapularis). J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 49, 484-488 (2002) (Pubitemid 36100889)
39. von Loewenich, F.D., Stumpf, G., Baumgarten, B.U., Röllinghoff, M., Dumler, J.S. & Bogdan, C.: A Case of Equine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis Provides Molecular Evidence for the Presence of Pathogenic Anaplasma phagocytophilum (HGE Agent) in Germany. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 22, 303-305 (2003) (Pubitemid 36763585)
40. Dumler, J.S., Madigan, J.E., Pusteria, N. & Bakken, J.S.: Ehrlichioses in humans: epidemiology, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45 (Suppl. 1), S45-S51 (2007) (Pubitemid 47036025)
41. Chen, S.M., Dumler, J.S., Bakken, J.S. & Walker, D.H.: Identification of a granulocytotropic Ehrlichia species as the etiologic agent of human disease. J Clin Microbiol 32, 589-595 (1994) (Pubitemid 24062927)
42. Bakken, J.S., Dumler, J.S., Chen, S.M., Eckman, M.R., Van Etta, L.L. & Walker, D.H.: Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in the upper Midwest United States. A new species emerging? JAMA 272, 212-218 (1994) (Pubitemid 24209083)
43. Dumler, J.S. & Bakken, J.S.: Human ehrlichioses: newly recognized infections transmitted by ticks. Annu Rev Med 49, 201-213 (1998) (Pubitemid 28197450)
44. Bakken, J.S & Dumler, J.S.: Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Clin Infect Dis 3, 554-560 (2000) (Pubitemid 32289590)
45. Blanco, J.R. & Oteo, J.A.: Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 8, 763-772 (2002)
46. Gardner, S.L., Holman, R.C., Krebs, J.W., Berkelman, R. & Childs, J.E.: National surveillance for the human ehrlichioses in the United States, 1997-2001, and proposed methods for evaluation of data quality. Ann N Y Acad ci 990, 80-89 (2003) (Pubitemid 36814019)
47. Levin, M.L., Nicholson, W.L., Massung, R.F., Sumner, J.W. & Fish, D.: Comparison of the reservoir competence of medium-sized mammals and Peromyscus leucopus for Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Connecticut. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2, 125-136 (2002)
48. Goethert, H.K. & Telford 3rd, S.R.: Enzootic transmission of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis among cottontail rabbits. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68, 633-637 (2003) (Pubitemid 38236190)
49. Nieto, N.C., Dabritz, H., Foley, P., Drazenovich, N., Calder, L., Adjemain, J., Conrad, P.A. & Foley, J.E.: Ectoparasite diversity and exposure to vector-borne disease agents in wild rodents in central coastal California. J Med Ent 44, 328-335 (2007) (Pubitemid 46651060)
50. Foley, J. E., Nieto, N.C., Bernadette Clueit, S., Foley, P., Nicholson, W.N. & Brown, R.N.: Survey for zoonotic rickettsial pathogens in northern flying squirrels, Glaucomys sabrinus, in California. J Wild Dis 43, 684-689 (2007)
51. Adamska, M. & Skotarczak, B.: Wild game as a reservoir of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in north-western Poland. Wiad Parazytol 53, 103-107 (2007)
52. Ebani, V.V., Cerri, D., Fratini, F., Ampola, M. & Andreani, E.: Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in a fallow deer (Dama dama) population in a preserve of central Italy. New Microbiol 30, 161-165 (2007) (Pubitemid 46984123)
53. Kocan, K.M., Hair, J.A. & Ewing, S.A.: Ultrastructure of Anaplasma marginale Theiler in Dermacentor andersoni Stiles and Dermacentor variabilis (Say). Am J Vet Res 41, 1966-1976 (1980)
54. Kocan, K.M.: Development of Anaplasma marginale in ixodid ticks: coordinated development of a rickettsial organism and its tick host. In: Sauer, J.R., Hair, J.A. (Eds.), Morphology, Physiology and Behavioral Ecology of Ticks. Ellis Horwood Ltd., England, pp. 472-505 (1986)
55. Kocan, K.M., de la Fuente, J., Blouin, E.F., Coetzee, J.F. & Ewing, S.A.: The Natural History of Anaplasma marginale. Vet Parasitol in press (2008).
56. Kocan, K.M., Stiller, D., Goff, W.L., Claypool, P.L., Edwards, W., Ewing, S.A., McGuire, T.C., Hair, J.A. & Barron, S.J.: Development of Anaplasma marginale in male Dermacentor andersoni transferred from infected to susceptible cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res. 5, 499-507 (1992)
57. Kocan, K.M., Goff, W.L., Stiller, D., Claypool, P.L., Edwards, W., Ewing, S.A., Hair, J.A. & Barron, S.J.: Persistence of Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) in male Dermacentor andersoni (Acari:Ixodidae) transferred successively from infected to susceptible cattle. J Med Ent 29, 657-668 (1992)
58. Kocan, K.M. & Stiller, D.: Development of Anaplasma ovis (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) in male Dermacentor andersoni (Acari:Ixodidae) transferred from infected to susceptible sheep. J Med Ent 29, 98-107 (1992)
59. de la Fuente, J., Kocan, K.M., Almazán, C. & Blouin E.F.: RNA interference for the study and genetic manipulation of ticks. Trends in Parasitology, 23, 427-433 (2007) (Pubitemid 47277530)
60. Felsheim, R.F., Herron, M.J., Nelson, C.M., Burkhardt, N.Y., Barbet, A.F., Kurtti, T.J. & Munderloh, U.G.: Transformation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum. BMC Biotechnol 6, 42 (2006)
61. de la Fuente, J., Ayoubi, P., Blouin, E.F., Almazán, C., Naranjo, V. & Kocan, K.M.: Anaplasmosis: focusing on host-vector-pathogen interactions for vaccine development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1078, 416-423 (2006) (Pubitemid 44968656)
62. de la Fuente, J., Almazán, C., Blouin, E.F., Naranjo, V. & Kocan, K.M.: Reduction of tick infections with Anaplasma marginale and A. phagocytophilum by targeting the tick protective antigen subolesin. Parasitology Research 100, 85-91 (2006) (Pubitemid 44786633)
63. Potgeiter, F. T. & van Rensberug, L.: Isolation of Anaplasma marginale from Rhipicephalus simus males. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 47, 285-286 (1980)
64. Kocan, K.M., Holbert, D., Ewing, S.A., Hair, J.A. & Barron, S.J.: Influence of parasitemia level at feeding on development of Anaplasma marginale Theiler in Dermacentor andersoni Stiles. Am J Vet Res 44, 554-557 (1983).
65. Aguirre, D.H., Gaido, A.B., Vinabal, A.E., De Eshaide, S.T. & Guglielmone, A.A.: Transmission of Anaplasma marginale with adult Boophilus microplus ticks fed as nymphs on calves with different level of rickettsaemia. Parasite 1, 405-407 (1994)
66. Eriks, I.S., Stiller, D. & Palmer, G.H.: Impact of persistent Anaplasma marginale rickettsemia on tick infection and transmission. J Clin Microbiol 31, 2091-2096 (1993) (Pubitemid 23210499)
67. de la Fuente, J., Van Den Bussche, R.A., Garcia-Garcia, J.C., Rodríguez, S.D., García, M.A., Guglielmone, A.A., Mangold, A.J., Friche Passos, L.M., Barbosa Ribeiro, M.F., Blouin, E.F. & Kocan, K.M.: Phylogeography of New World isolates of Anaplasma marginale based on major surface protein sequences. Vet. Microbiol. 88, 275-285 (2002) (Pubitemid 34876578)
68. de la Fuente, J., Ruybal, P., Mtshali, M.S., Naranjo, V. Li Shuqing, L., Mangold, A.J., Rodríguez, S.D., Jiménez, R., Vicente, J., Moretta, R., Torina, A., Almazán, C., Mbati, P.M., Torioni de Echaide, S., Farber, M., Gortazar, C. & Kocan, K.M.: Analysis of world strains of Anaplasma marginale using major surface protein 1a repeat sequences. Veterinary Microbiology, 119, 382-390 (2007) (Pubitemid 46039865)
69. Mtshali, M.S., de la Fuente, J., Ruybal, P., Kocan, K.M., Vicente, J., Mbati, P.A., Shkap, V., Blouin, E.F., Mohale, N.E., Spickett, A.M. & Latif, A.A.: Prevalence and genetic diversity of Anaplasma marginale strains in cattle in South Africa. Zoonoses and Public Health 54, 23-30 (2007)
70. Palmer, G.H., Knowles, D. P., Rodriquez, J.L., Gnad, D.P. Hollis, L.C., Marston, T. & Brayton, K.A.: Stochastic transmission of multiple genotypically distinct Anaplasma marginale strains in a herd with high prevalence of Anaplasma infection. J Clin Microbiol 42, 5381-5384 (2004) (Pubitemid 39506263)
71. de la Fuente, J., Kocan, K.M., Mangold, A.J., Blouin, E.F., Rodríguez, R.D., Naranjo, V., Alamazán, V. & Jiménez, R.: Biogeography and molecular evolution of Anaplasma species. Vet Parasitol In press (2007)
72. de la Fuente, J., Massung, R.F., Wong, S., Chu, F.K., Lutz, H., Meli, M., von Loewenich, F.D., Grzeszczuk, A., Torina, A., Caracappa, S., Mangold, A.J., Naranjo, V., Stuen, S. & Kocan, K.M.: Sequence analysis of the msp4 gene of Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains. J Clin Microbiol 43, 1309-1317 (2005) (Pubitemid 40372224)
73. de la Fuente, J., Passos, L.M.F., Van Den Bussche, R.A., Ribeiro, M.F.B., Facury-Filho, E.F. & Kocan, K.M.: Genetic diversity and molecular phylogeny of Anaplasma marginale isolates from Minas Gerais, Brazil, Vet Parasitol 121, 307-316 (2004) (Pubitemid 38597023)
74. de la Fuente, J., Vicente, J., Höfle, U., Ruiz-Fons, F., Fernández de Mera, I.G., Van Den Bussche, R.A., Kocan, K.M. & Gortázar, C.: Anaplasma marginale infection in free-ranging Iberian red deer in the region of Castilla La Mancha, Spain. Vet Micro 100, 163-173 (2004) (Pubitemid 38625688)
75. de la Fuente, J., Torina, A., Caracappa, S., Tumino, G., Furlá, R., Almazán, C. & Kocan, K.M.: Serologic and molecular characterization of Anaplasma species infection in farm animals and ticks from Sicily. Vet Parasitol 133, 357-362 (2005) (Pubitemid 41405867)
76. de la Fuente, J., Torina, A., Naranjo, V., Caracappa, S., Vicente, J., Mangold, A.J., Vicari, D., Alongó, A., Scimeca, S. & Kocan, K.M.: Genetic diversity of Anaplasma marginale strains from cattle farms with different husbandry systems in the Province of Palermo, Sicily. Journal of Veterinary Medicine B 52, 226-229 (2005) (Pubitemid 41595303)
77. de la Fuente, J., Lew, A., Lutz, H., Meli, M.L., Hofmann-Lehmann, R., Shkap, V., Molad, T., Mangold, A.J., Almazán, C., Naranjo, V., Gortázar, C., Torina, A., Caracappa, S., García-Pérez, A.L., Barral, M., Oporto, B., Ceci, L., Carelli, G., Blouin, E.F. & Kocan, K.M.: enetic diversity of Anaplasma species major surface proteins and implications for anaplasmosis serodiagnosis and vaccine development. Animal Health Res Rev 6, 75-89 (2005)
78. de la Fuente, J., Blouin, E.F. & Kocan, K.M.: Infection exclusion of the rickettsial pathogen Anaplasma marginale in the tick vector Dermacentor variabilis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 10, 182-184 (2003) (Pubitemid 36133850)
79. de la Fuente, J., Lew, A., Lutz, H., Meli, M.L., Hofmann-Lehmann, R., Shkap, V., Molad, T., Mangold, A.J., Almazán, C., Naranjo, V., Gortázar, C., Torina, A., Caracappa, S., García-Pérez, A.L., Barral, M., Oporto, B., Ceci, L., Carelli, G., Blouin, E.F. & Kocan, K.M.: Genetic diversity of Anaplasma species major surface proteins and implications for anaplasmosis serodiagnosis and vaccine development. Animal Health Research Reviews 6:75-89 (2005)
80. de la Fuente, J., Kocan, K.M., Mangold, A.J., Blouin, E.F., Rodríguez, R.D., Naranjo, V., Alamazán, V. & Jiménez, R.: Biogeography and molecular evolution of Anaplasma species. Vet Parasitol, in press (2008)
81. Futse, J.E., Brayton, K.A., Dark, M.J., Knowles, D.P. Jr. & Palmer, G.H.: Superinfection as a driver of genomic diversification in antigenically variant pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105, 2123-2127 (2008) (Pubitemid 351439475)
82. de la Fuente, J. & Kocan, K.M.: Expression of Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 2 variants in persistently infected ticks. Infect Immun 69, 5151-5156 (2001) (Pubitemid 32674502)
83. Brayton, K.A., Kappmeyer, L.S., Herndon, D.R., Dark, M.J., Tibbals, D.L., Palmer, G.H., McGuire, T.C. & Knowles, D.P. Jr.: Complete genome sequencing of Anaplasma marginale reveals that the surface is skewed to two superfamilies of outer membrane proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102, 844-849 (2005) (Pubitemid 40282753)
84. Palmer, G.H., Kocan, K.M., Barron, S.J., Hair, J.A., Barbet, A.F., Davis, W.C. & McGuire, T.C.: Presence of common antigens, including major surface protein epitopes, between the cattle (intraerythrocytic) and tick stages of Anaplasma marginale. Infect Immun 50, 881-886 (1985) (Pubitemid 16216886)
85. Kocan, K. M., de la Fuente, J., Guglielmone, A. A. & Melendéz, R. D.: Antigens and alternatives for control of Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle. Clin Microbiol Rev 16, 698-712 (2003) (Pubitemid 37303913)
86. Barbet, A.S., Yi, J., Lundgren, A., McEwen, B.R., Blouin, E.F. & Kocan, K.M.: Antigenic variation of Anaplasma marginale: MSP2 diversity during cyclic transmission between ticks and cattle. Infect Immun 69, 3057-3066 (2001) (Pubitemid 32332200)
87. Noh, S. M., Brayton, K. A., Knowles, D. P, Agnes, J. T., Dark, M. J., Brown, W. C.L., Baszler, T. V. & Palmer, G. H.: Differential expression and sequence conservation of the Anaplasma marginale msp2 gene superfamily outer membrane proteins. Infect Immun 74, 3471-9 (2006) (Pubitemid 43794537)
88. Bowie, M.V., de la Fuente, J., Kocan, K.M., Blouin, E.F. & Barbet, A.F.: Conservation of major surface protein 1 genes of the ehrlichial pathogen Anaplasma marginale during cyclic transmission between ticks and cattle. Gene 282, 95-102 (2002) (Pubitemid 34117565)
89. Macmillan, H., Brayton, K.A., Palmer, G.H., McGuire, T.C., Munske, G., Siems, W.F. & Brown, W.C.: Analysis of the Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1 complex protein composition by tandem mass spectrometry. J Bacteriol 188, 4983-4991 (2006) (Pubitemid 43956096)
90. Lew, A.E., Bock, R.E., Minchin, C.M. & Masaka, S.: A msp1? polymerase chain reaction assay for specific detection and differentiation of Anaplasma marginale isolates. Vet Microbiol 86, 325-35 (2002). (Pubitemid 34310468)
91. Palmer, G.H., Waghela, S.D., Barbet, A.F., Davis, W. C. & McGuire, T.C.: Characterization of a neutralizationsensitive epitope on the Am 105 surface protein of Anaplasma marginale. Int J Parasitol 17, 1279-85 (1987)
92. Brown, W.C., Palmer, G.H., Lewin, H.A. & McGuire, T.C.: CD4 (+) T lymphocytes from calves immunized with Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1 (MSP1), a heteromeric complex of MSP1a and MSP1b, preferentially recognize the MSP1a carboxyl terminus that is conserved among strains. Infect Immun 69, 6853-6862 (2001) (Pubitemid 32998306)
93. Garcia-Garcia, J.C., de la Fuente, J., Kocan, K.M., Blouin, E.F., Halbur, T., Onet, V. C. & Saliki, J.T.: Mapping of B-cell epitopes in the N-terminal repeated peptides of the Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1a and characterization of the humoral immune response of cattle immunized with recombinant and whole organism antigens. Vet Immunol Immunopath 98, 137-151 (2004) (Pubitemid 38317027)
94. Garcia-Garcia, J.C., de la Fuente, J., Blouin, E.F., Halbur, T., Onet, V., Saliki, J.T. & Kocan, K.M.: Differential expression of the msp1? gene of Anaplasma marginale occurs in bovine erythrocytes and tick cells. Vet Microbiol 98, 261-272 (2004) (Pubitemid 38224495)
95. Dunning Hotopp, J.C., Lin, M., Madupu, R., Crabtree, J., Angiuolt, S.V., Eisen, J., Seshadri, R, Ren, Q., Wu, M., Utterback, T.R., Smith, S.,Lewis, M., Khouri, H., Zhang, C., Niu, H., Lin, Q., Ohashi, N., Zhi, N., Nelson, W., Brinkac, L.M., Dodson, R.J. Rosovitz, M.J., Sundaram, J., Daugherty, S.C., Davidsen, T., Durkin, A.S., Gwinnm M., Haft, D.H., Selengut, J.D., Sullivan, S.A., Zafar, N., Zhou, L., Benahmed, F., Forberger, H., Halpin, R., Mulligan, S., Robinson, J., White, O., Rikihisa. Y. & Tettelin. H.: Comparative genomics of emerging human ehrlichiosis agents. PloS Genet 2 e21 (2006)
96. Palmer, G.H., Abbott, J.R., French, D.M. & McElwain, T.F.: Persistence of Anaplasma ovis infection and conservation of the msp-2 and msp-3 multigene families within the genus Anaplasma. Infect Immun 66, 6035-6039 (1998) (Pubitemid 28531873)
97. Shkap, V., Molad, T., Brayton, K.A., Brown, W.C. & Palmer, G.H.: Expression of major surface protein 2 variants with conserved T-cell epitopes in Anaplasma centrale vaccinates. Infect Immun 70, 642-648 (2002) (Pubitemid 34086922)
98. Abbott, J.R., Palmer, G.H., Howard, C.J., Hope, J.C. & Brown, W.C.: Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 2 CD4+-T-cell epitopes are evenly distributed in conserved and hypervariable regions (HVR), whereas linear B-cell epitopes are predominantly located in the HVR. Infect Immun 72, 7360-7366 (2004) (Pubitemid 39552415)
99. Pal, U., Li, X., Wang, T., Montgomery, R. R., Ramamoorthi, N., Desilva, A. M., Bao, F., Yang, X., Pypaert, M., Pradhan, D., Kantor, F. S., Telford, S., Anderson, J. F. & Fikrig, E.: TROSPA, an Ixodes scapularis receptor for Borrelia burgdorferi. Cell 119, 457-468 (2004). (Pubitemid 39482346)
100. Almazán C., Blas-Machado, U., Kocan, K.M., Yoshioka, J.H., Blouin, E.F., Mangold, A.J., & de la Fuente J. Characterization of three Ixodes scapularis cDNAs protective against tick infestations. Vaccine 23, 4403-4416 (2005) (Pubitemid 40991226)
101. de la Fuente, J., Almazán, C., Blas-Machado, U., Naranjo, V., Mangold, A.J., Blouin, E.F., Gortazar, C. & Kocan, K.M.: The tick protective antigen, 4D8, is a conserved protein involved in modulation of tick blood digestion and reproduction Vaccine 24, 4082-4095 (2006)
102. de la Fuente, J., Almazán, C., Naranjo, V., Blouin, E.F, Meyer, J.M. & Kocan, K.M.: Autocidal control of ticks by silencing of a single gene by RNA interference, Biochem Biophys Res Comm 344, 332-338 (2006).
103. de la Fuente, J., Almazán, C., Blas-Machado, U., Naranjo, V., Mangold, A.J., Blouin, E.F., Gortazar, C. & Kocan, K.M.: The tick protective antigen, 4D8, is a conserved protein involved in modulation of tick blood ingestion and reproduction. Vaccine 24, 4082-4095 (2006)
104. de la Fuente, J., Blouin, E.F., Manzano-Roman, R., Naranjo, V., Almazán, C., Pérez de la Lastra, J.M., Zivkovic, Z., Massung, R.F., Jongejan, F. & Kocan, K.M. 2008. Expression of the tick protective antigen, subolesin, in Anaplasma marginale and A. phagocytophilum infected cells. NY Acad Sci in press (2008)
105. de la Fuente, J., Blouin, E.F., Manzano-Roman, R., Naranjo, V., Almazán, C., Pérez de la Latra, J.M., Zivkovic, Z., Jongejan, F. & Kocan, KM.: Functional genomic studies of tick cells in response to infection ith the cattle pathogen, Anaplasma marginale. Genomics 90, 712-722 (2007) (Pubitemid 350166834)
106. Kocan, K.M., Yoshioka, J., Sonenshine, D.E., de la Fuente, J., Ceraul, S.M., Blouin, E.F. & Almazán, C.: Capillary tube feeding system for studying tick/pathogen interactions of Dermacentor variabilis (Acari:xodidae) and Anaplasma marginale (Rickettisales: Anaplasmataceae). J Med Entomol 42, 864-874 (2005) (Pubitemid 41375497)
107. Sonenshine, D.E., Hynes, W.L., Ceraul, S.M., Mitchell, R. & Benzine, T.: Host blood proteins and peptides in the midgut of the tick Dermacentor variabilis contribute to bacterial control. Exp Appl Acarol 36, 207-223 (2005) (Pubitemid 41073798)
108. Gillespie, J.P., Kanost, M.R. & Trenczek, T.: Biological mediators of insect immunity. Ann Rev Entomol 42, 611-643 (1997)
109. Ganz, T., Lherer, R. I.: Defensins. Curr Opin Immunol 6:584-589 (1994)
110. Fogaca, A.C., Lorenzini, D.M., Kaku, L.M., Esteves, E., Bulet, P. & Daffre, S.: Cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus: isolation, structural characterization and tissue expression profile. Develop Comp Immunol 28, 191-200 (2004) (Pubitemid 37468355)
111. Johns, R., Sonenshine, D.E. & Hynes, W.L.: Identification of a defensin from the hemolymph of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 31, 857-865 (2001) (Pubitemid 32666593)
112. Ceraul, S.M., Sonenshine, D.E., Ratzlaff, R.E. & Hynes,W.L.: An arthropod defensin expressed by the hemocytes of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae). Insect Biochem Mol Biol 33, 1099-1103 (2003) (Pubitemid 37343132)
113. Hynes, W.L., Ceraul, S.M., Todd, S.M., Seguin, K.C. & Sonenshine, D.E.: A defensin-like gene expressed in the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis. Med Vet Entomol 19, 339-344 (2005) (Pubitemid 41801814)
114. Todd, S.M., Sonenshine, D.E. & Hynes, W.L.: Tissue and life-stage distribution of a defensin gene in the Lone Star Tick, Amblyomma americanum. Med Vet Entomol 21, 141-147 (2007) (Pubitemid 46872713)
115. Lai, R., Lomas, L.O., Jonczy, J., Turner, P.C. & Rees, H.H.: Two novel non-cationic defensin-like antimicrobial peptides from haemolymph of the female tick, Amblyomma hebraeum. Biochem J 379, 681-685 (2004) (Pubitemid 38703652)
116. Fogaca, A.C., da Silva Jr., P.I., Miranda, M.T., Bianchi, A.G., Miranda, A., Ribolla, P.E. & Daffre, S.: Antimicrobial activity of a bovine hemoglobin fragment in the tick Boophilus microplus. J Biol Chem 274, 25330-25334 (1999)
117. Tsuji, N., Battsetseg, B., Boldbaatar, D., Miyoshi, T., Xuan, X., Oliver, J.H. Jr. & Fujisaki, K.: A babesial vector tick defensin against Babesia parasites. Infect Immun 75, 3633-3640 (2007) (Pubitemid 47040966)
118. Ceraul, S.M., Dreher-Lesnick, S., Gillespie, J.J., Sayeedur Rahman, M. & Azad, A.F.: A new tick defensin isoform and antimicrobial gene expression in response to Rickettsia montanensis challenge. Infect Immun 75, 1973-19 (2007)
119. Kocan, K.M., de la Fuente, J., Manzano-Roman, R., Naranjo, V., Sonenshine, D.E. & Hynes, W.L.: Silencing of the defensin, varisin, in male Dermacentor variabilis by RNA interference results in reduced Anaplasma marginale infections. Exp Appl Acarol in press (2008).
120. MacLeod, J. R. & Gordon, W. S.: Studies in tickborne fever of sheep. I. Transmission by the tick, Ixodes ricinus, with a description of the disease produced. Parasitol 25, 273-285 (1933)
121. Magnarelli, L.A., Stafford, K.C., Mather, T.N., Yeh, M.T., Horn, K.D. & Dumler, J.S.: Hemocytic rickettsia-like organisms in ticks: serologic reactivity with antisera to ehrlichiae and detection of DNA of agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 33, 2710-2714 (1995)
122. Pancholi, P., Kolbert, C.P., Mitchell, P.D., Reed, K.D. Jr., Dumler, J.S., Bakken, J.S., Telford, S.R .3rd, & Persing, D.H.: Ixodes dammini as a potential vector of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. J Infect Dis 172, 1007-1012 (1995)
123. Des Vignes, F. & Fish, D.: Transmission of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis by host-seeking Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in southern New York state. J Med Entomol 34, 379-382 (1997) (Pubitemid 127460921)
124. Reubel, G.H., Kimsey, R.B., Barlough, J.E. & Madigan, J.E.: Experimental transmission of Ehrlichia equi to horses through naturally infected ticks (Ixodes pacificus) from northern California. J Clin Microbiol 36, 2131-2134 (1998) (Pubitemid 28277823)
125. Cao, W.C., Zhao, Q.M., Zhang, P.H., Dumler, J.S, Zhang ,X.T., Fang, L.Q. & Yang, H.: Granulocytic ehrlichiae in Ixodes persulcatus ticks from an area in China where Lyme disease is endemic. J Clin Microbiol 38, 4208-4210 (2000). (Pubitemid 32233227)
126. Levin, M.L. & Ross, D.E.: Acquisition of different isolates of Anaplasma phagocytophilum by Ixodes scapularis from a model animal. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4, 53-59 (2004) (Pubitemid 38745024)
127. Swanson, S.J., Neitzel, D., Reed, K.D. & Belongia, E.A.: Coinfection acquired from Ixodes ticks. Clin Microbiol Rev 19, 708-727 (2006)
128. Strle F.: Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Europe. Int J Med Microbiol 293, S37, 27-35 (2004)
129. Munderloh, U.G., Lynch, M.J., Herron, M.J., Palmer, A.T., Jurtti, T.J.,
130. Massung, R.F., Levin, M.L., Munderloh, U.G., Silverman, D.J., Lynch, M.J. & Kurtti, T.J.: Isolation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum strain Ap-variant 1 in a tickderived cell line. Ann NY Acad Sci 1078, 541-544 (2006) (Pubitemid 44968675)
131. Blouin, E.F, de la Fuente, J., Garcia-Garcia, J.C., Sauer, J.R., Saliki, J.T. & Kocan, K.M.: Applications of a cell culture system for studying the interaction of Anaplasma marginale with tick cells. Animal Health Res Rev 3, 57-68 (2002)
132. Levin, M.L. & Ross, D.E.: Acquisition of different isolates of Anaplasma phagocytophilum by Ixodes scapularis from a model animal. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4, 53-59 (2004) (Pubitemid 38745024)
133. Teglas, M.B. & Foley, J.: Differences in the transmissibility of two Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains by the North American tick vector species, Ixodes pacificus and Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Appl Acarol 38, 47-58 (2006)
134. Wang, X., Cheng, Z., Zhang, C., Kikuchi, T. & Rikihisa, Y.: Anaplasma phagocytophilum p44 mRNA expression is differentially regulated in mammalian and tick host cells: involvement of the DNA binding protein ApxR. J Bacteriol 189, 8651-8659 (2007) (Pubitemid 350210035)
135. Ge, Y. & Rikihisa, Y.: Identification of novel surface proteins of Anaplasma phagocytophilum by affinity purification and proteomics. J Bacteriol 189, 7819-7828 (2007) (Pubitemid 350035092)
136. Sukumaran, B., Narasimhan, S., Anderson, J.F., DePonte, K., Marc Antonio, N., Krishnan, M.N., Fish, D., Telford, S.R., Cantor, F.S. & Fikrig, E.: An Ixodes scapularis protein required for survival of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in tick salivary glands. J Exp Med 203, 1507-1517 (2006) (Pubitemid 43880327)
137. Foley, J. & Nieto, N.: Anaplasma phagocytophilum subverts tick salivary gland proteins. Trends Parasitol 23, 3-5 (2007) (Pubitemid 44969629)
138. Pedra, J.H., Narasimhan, S., Deponte, K., Marcantonio, N., Kantor, F.S. & Fikrig, E.: Disruption of the salivary protein 14 in Ixodes scapularis nymphs and impact on pathogen acquisition. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75, 677-682 (2006) (Pubitemid 46941275)
139. Ross, D.E. & Levin, M.L.: Effects of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection on the molting success of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) larvae. J Med Entomol 41, 476-483 (2004) (Pubitemid 38700079)
140. de la Fuente, J., Kocan, K.M. & Blouin, E.F.: Tick vaccines and the transmission of tick-borne pathogens. Veterinary Research Communications, 31 (Suppl.1), 85-90, (2008)