Tick-borne diseases of sheep and goats caused by Babesia, Theileria or Anaplasma spp

Parassitologia

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 99-109

  Friedhoff, K T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE HANNOVER   (Germany)

Author keywords

Anaplasma ovis; Babesia motasi; Babesia ovis; Geographical distribution; Goats; Ixodidae; Prevalence; Sheep; Theileria hirci; Ticks; Vectors

Indexed keywords

ANAPLASMOSIS; ANIMAL; ANIMAL PARASITOSIS; BABESIOSIS; GOAT; GOAT DISEASE; MICROBIOLOGY; PARASITE VECTOR; PARASITOLOGY; REVIEW; SHEEP; SHEEP DISEASE; TICK;

ANAPLASMOSIS; ANIMALS; ARACHNID VECTORS; BABESIOSIS; GOAT DISEASES; GOATS; SHEEP; SHEEP DISEASES; THEILERIASIS; TICKS;

EID: 0031151097     PISSN: 00482951     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. Abo-Shehada MM, Muwalla MM, Tawfeek F (1988) Ovine babesiosis in Jordanian sheep mistakenly diagnosed as plant poisoning. Prev Vet Med 6: 235-238
2. Acici M, Cetindag M, Celep A (1993) Studies on the transmission of B motasi to sheep by Rhipicephalus bursa (Turkish) Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi 7(4): 105-114.
3. Al-Mezaini S (1970) Untersuchung uber das Vorkommen von Zecken an Haus- und Nutztieren in den Zentral- und Ostregionen Saudi-Arabiens Thesis, Dr Med Vet, Free University, Berlin, Germany
4. Alabay M, Düzgün A, Cerci H, Wright IG, Waltisbuhl DJ, Goodger BV (1987) Ovine babesiosis induction of a protective immune response with crude extracts of either Babesia bovis or B. ovis. Res Vet Sci 43: 401-402
5. Alani AJ, Herbert IV (1988b) The pathogenesis of Babesia motasi (Wales) infection in sheep. Vet Parasitol 27 209-220.
6. Alani AJ, Herbert IV (1988a) The morphometrics of Babesia motasi (Wales) and its transmission by Haemaphysalis punctata (Canestrini and Fanzago 1877) to sheep Vet Parasitol 30 87-95
7. Angelovski T (1957) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Piroplasmosen in Makedonien (in Serbo-Croatian) Acta Vet (Belgrade) 7: 91-100.
8. Angelovski T, Petrovic Z, Tomcova D (1963): Piroplasmose beim Schaf in der Volksrepublik Makedonien (in Serbo-Croatian). Vet Glas 17: 861-867.
9. Anonymous (1993) Use of applicable biotechnical methods for diagnosing haemoparasites. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Report of an expert consultation. Merida, Mexico, 4-6 October 1993.
10. Anonymous (1994) Use of applicable biotechnical methods for diagnosing haemoparasites. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Proceedings of an expert consultation Uilenberg G Permin A, Hansen JW (eds) Merida, Mexico, 4-6 October 1993
11. Anosa VO, Isoun TT, Oladosu LA (1979) Splenectomy in sheep Zentralbl Veterinarmed. A 26: 327-336.
12. Anwar M (1974) Geographical distribution of protozoan blood parasites of domestic animals in Iran Bull Off Inter Epizoot 81: 793-798.
13. Arshadi M (1976). Control of tick-borne diseases in Iran (anaplasmoasis, piroplasmosis, and theileriosis). Bull Off Inter Epizoot 86: 45-53.
14. Assoko RKG (1979) A study of the incidence of blood-borne parasites of livestock in southern Ghana. Bull Anim Hlth Prod Afr 27: 29-39
15. Banerjee PK, Guha C, Gupta R (1987) A note on incidence of Babesia motasi infection in a goat in West Bengal. Indian Vet J 64: 71-73.
16. Barry DM, Van-Niekerk, C.H. (1990) Anaplasmosis in improved Boer goats in South Africa artificially infected with Anaplasma ovis Small Ruminant Res 3: 191-197
17. Battelli C (1966) Ovine babesiosis frequency in some districts of southern Italy Vet Ital 17: 604-605.
18. Beermann P (1987). Ubertragung von Babesia ovis durch Rhipicephalus turanicus und Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum. Thesis, Dr Med Vet, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
19. Bevan LEW (1912). Anaplasmosis of sheep Vet J 68 392-400.
20. Bhaskara-Rao P, Surendran NS, Ramachandra-Rao PV (1989). Study on outbreaks of babesiosis in sheep in Andhra Pradesh. Ind Vet J, 66: 348-351.
21. Brion A (1947). Les piroplasmoses des grands animaux en France metropolitains. Ann Parasitol 22: 296-313
22. Cakmak A, Dincer S, Karaer Z (1991). Studies on the serological diagnosis of Babesia ovis infection in sheep in the Samsun area. Vet Fakultesi Dergisi, Univ Ankara 38 242-251
23. Christensson D, Thunegard E (1981). Babesia motasi in sheep on the island of Gotland in Sweden Vet Parasitol 9: 99-106
24. Cuillé I, Darraspen E, Chelle P (1930) Contribution à létude des piroplasmoses du mouton. Rev Gén Méd Vét 39: 65-83
25. D'Arces J (1955). Note sur les piroplasmoses en Algérie. Bull Off Int Epizoot 43 114-116
26. D'yakonow LP (1970) Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung von Babesia ovis in Zecken und in Vertebratenwirt (in Russian). Trud Vses Inst Eksp Vet 38: 27-35.
27. Dalrymple BP, Casu RE, Peters JM, Dimmock CM, Gale KR, Böse R, Wright IG (1993). Characterisation of a family of multi-copy genes encoding rhoptry protein homologues in Babesia bovis, Babesia ovis and Babesia canis. Molecul Biochem Parasitol 57: 181-192.
28. De Acevedo MJB (1953) Babesia ovis em Evora Rev Cienc Vet (Lisboa) 48: 76-79
29. Delic S, Petrovic Z, Rukavina J (1957) Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Vorkommens der Zecken in Bosnien und Hercegovina (in Serbo-Croatian) Veterinaria (Sarajevo) 7 297-316.
30. Dschunkovsky E, Urodschevich V (1924). Theileriasis in goats, sheep, and cattle, with a description of Theileria hirci n. sp from Serbia Parasitology 16: 107-110.
31. Düzgün A, Wright IG, Waltisbuhl, DJ, Gale KR, Goodger BV, Dargie JD, Alabay M, Cerci H (1991). An ELISA for the diagnosis of Babesia ovis infection utilizing a synthetic, Babesia bows-derived antigen. Vet Parasitol 39: 225-231
32. Edelsten RM (1975). The distribution and prevalence of Nairobi sheep disease and other tick-borne infections of sheep and goats in Northern Somalia Trop Anim Hlth Prod 7: 29-34.
33. Encinas Grandes A (1986). Ticks of the province of Salamanca (Central/NW Spain) (1986). Ann Parasitol Hum. Comp 61: 95-107.
34. Endrejat E (1937). Uber die durch Babesia ovis hervorgerufene Schafpiroplasmose. Tierärztl Rdsch 3: 40-43
35. Enigk K (1956). Die Schafpiroplasmose in Deutschland Dtsch Tierärztl Wschr 63: 161-162.
36. Enigk K, Friedhoff KT (1962a) Zur Wirtsspezifität von Babesia divergens (Piroplasmidea). Zschr Parasitenk 21: 238-256.
37. Enigk K, Friedhoff KT (1962b). Babesia capreoli n. sp. beim Reh (Capreolus capreolus). Zschr. Tropen med Parasitol 13: 8-20.
38. Enigk K, Friedhoff KT, Wirahadiredja S (1964) Zur Wirtsspezifität von Babesia motasi und Babesia ovis (Piroplasmidea). Zschr Parasitenk 24: 309-318.
39. Euzéby J (1957). Ticks and tick-borne diseases in France. Bull Off Int Epizoot 47: 601-609
40. Euzéby J (1988). Les hémoprotozoonoses des ovins en France. Rev Méd Vét 139: 69-81
41. Euzéby J (1990). Protozoologie médicale comparée Vol. III Hémosporidioses, Fascicule 2, p 52. Ed. Fondation Mérieux, Lyon.
42. Friedhoff KT (1988) Transmission of Babesia In. Babesiosis of domestic animals and man Ristic M (edit) CRC Press, Inc, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 23-52.
43. Friedhoff KT, Smith RD (1981). Transmission of babesia by ticks. In. Babesiosis. Ristic M, Kreier JP (edits). Academic Press, New York, pp 267-321.
44. Ganiev IM (1963). Die Ixodidenfauna in Süd-Dagehestan und die Epizootiologie der Piroplasmosen der Haustiere (in Russian) (1963). Trud Vses Inst Eksp Vet 28: 77-85
45. Georgescu L (1963) Informationen über die Hamosporidiosen in der Volksrepublik Rumänien (in Russian). Trud Vses Inst Eksp Vet 28: 102-108
46. Georgescu L, Stoicea V (1961). Epidemiologische Daten über die Babesia ovis-Infektion in Rumanien (in Romanian) Probl Parazit Vet (Bucarest) 9: 69-72
47. Goff W, Stiller D, Jessup D, Msolla P, Boyce W, Foreyt W (1993). Characterization of an Anaplasma ovis isolate from desert bighorn sheep in southern California. J Wildlife Dis 29: 540-546
48. Gupta SL, Gautam OP, Chauhan HVS (1976). Use of fluorescent antibody technique for diagnosis of Anaplasma ovis infection in sheep. Haryana Agricult Univ J Res 6: 87-88
49. Guseinov MG (1982) Piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis of sheep and goats in the Apsheron region of Azerbaijan, USSR Current topics in protozoology (Sovremennye problemy protozoologit). Proceedings of the 3rd All-Union Congress of Protozoologists. Polyanski YI (edit) Akademiya Nauk, Vilnius, Lithuania, p 98
50. Habela M, Reina D, Navarrete I, Redondo E, Hernandez S (1991). Histopathological changes in sheep experimentally infected with Babesia ovis Vet Parasitol 38: 1-12
51. Habela M, Reina D, Nieto C, Navarrete I (1990) Antibody response and duration of latent infection in sheep following experimental infection with Babesia ovis Vet Parasitol 35: 1-10.
52. Hafez M, El-Refaii H, Michael SA (1980) Preliminary studies on some blood protozoa of Egyptian goats associated with two Rhipicephalus tick species. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 10: 393-398
53. Hawa NJ, Latif BMA, Ali SR (1981). Immunization of sheep against Theileria hirci infection with schizonts propagated in tissue culture. Vet Parasitol 9: 91-97
54. Hoffmann G, Hörchner F, Schein E, Gerber HC (1971) Saisonales Auftreten von Zecken und Piroplasmen bei Haustieren in den asiatischen Provinzen der Türkei. Berl Munch Tierärztl Wschr 84: 152-156.
55. Hooshmand-Rad P (1974) Blood protozoan diseases of ruminants. Bull Off Int Epiz 81: 779-792
56. Hooshmand-Rad P, Hawa NJ (1973a) Malignant theileriosis of sheep and goats. Trop Anim Hlth Prod 5: 97-102.
57. Hooshmand-Rad P, Hawa NJ (1973b) Transmission of Theileria hirci in sheep by Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. Trop Anim Hlth Prod 5: 103-109.
58. Hueli LE, Guevara Benitez DC, Garcia Fernandez P (1986). Oviposition de Rhipicephalus (Digineus) bursa Canestrini et Fanzago, 1877 (Acarina, Ixodidae) dans des conditons de laboratoire. Acarologia 27: 117-120
59. Ilemobade AA (1982) Blood parasites of African goats. Proc III Inter Conf on Goat Prod Dis, January 10-15 1982, Tuscon, Arizona, pp. 68-71.
60. Kocan KM, Stiller D (1992) Development of Anaplasma ovis (Rickettsiales. Anaplasmataceae) in male Dermacentor andersom (Acan. Ixodidae) transferred from infected to susceptible sheep J Med Ent 29: 98-107.
61. Koch U (1968) Einige klinische Befunde zur Babesia ovis-Infektion des Schafes Thesis, Dr Med Vet, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
62. Kuil H, Folkers C (1968) Studies on Anaplasma ovis infection I. Course of spontaneous infections in splenectomized Nigerian sheep and goats. Bull Epizoot Dis Africa 16: 65-70
63. Kyosev K (1973). Über die Ixodidenfauna und die Piroplasmen bei Nutztieren (in Bulgarian) Vet Med Nauk 10 29-36
64. Le Riche PD, Altan Y, Campbell JB, Efstathiou GC (1974). Ticks (Ixodoidea) of domestic animals in Cyprus Bull Ent Res 64: 53-63.
65. Leeflang P (1977) Tick-borne diseases of domestic animals in northern Nigeria. I. Historical review 1923-1966. Trop Anim Hlth Prod 9: 147-152
66. Lestoquard F (1924). Les piroplasmoses du mouton en Algérie Bull Soc Path Exo 17 122-128
67. Lestoquard F (1926). Les piroplasmoses du mouton et de la chèvre. Arch Inst Pasteur Algér 4 222-317.
68. Lewis D, Holman MR, Purnell RE, Young ER, Herbert IV, Bevan WJ (1981). Investigations on Babesia motasi isolated from Wales Res Vet Sci 31: 239-243.
69. Li PN, Ivanshin YD, Kashezhev Z. (1977) Blood parasites of sheep in the mountain zone of the Kabardino-Balkarskaya ASSR (in Russian). Byull Vses Inst Eksp Vet 31: 44-46
70. Liebisch A, Zukari M (1978). The occurrence of Boophilus, Rhipicephalus, and Hyalomma in Syria. In. Tick-borne diseases and their vectors Wilde JKH (edit) Univ Press, Edinburgh, pp. 150-161
71. Lu WS, Lu WX, Zhang QC, Dou HF, Yu F, Yin H, Ji ZD, Hu TY, Sun BG, Han JS, Gao DF, Bao YJ (1987). Study on anaplasmosis in goats. Identification of the pathogen and observation of the clinical signs (in Chinese). Chinese J Vet Sci Technol 3 5-8.
72. Lu WS, Zhang QC, Lu WX, Dou HF, Yu F Ji ZD, Hu TY, Song BG, Hang JY, Gao DF, Bao YT (1989) Studies on anaplasmosis in goat: distribution of Anaplasma ovis in northwest China (in Chinese). Chinese J Vet Sci Technol 21 3-5
73. Magureanu (1984) cf. Euzéby J (1990). Protozoologie médicale comparée Vol III. Hémosporidioses, Fascicule 2, p 52 Ed Fondation Mérieux, Lyon.
74. Mahin L, Dakkak A, Marzou A, Chadli M (1984). Clinical experience with haemolytic diseases of ruminants in Morocco Proceedings 13th World Congress on Diseases of Cattle, Durban, South-Africa 1: 495-500;
75. Majaro OM, Dipeolu OO (1986). Spontaneous infections of tick-borne blood parasites in splenectomized indigenous sheep and goats in Ibadan, Nigeria. Rev Elev Méd Vét Pays Trop 39: 189-191
76. Manickam R (1987) Epidemiological and clinical observations of acute anaplasmosis in sheep. Indian J Vet Med 7 159-160
77. Markov A (1958). Parasitic diseases of the blood in domestic animals (piroplasmosis, nuttalliosis, theileriosis, anaplasmosis) and the methods of their control in the USSR. Bull Off Intern Epizoot 49 96-113.
78. Marzak EH (1974) La lutte contre les tiques du betail au Maroc Thesis, École Nat Vét, Maison-Alfort
79. Mazlum Z (1970) Vectors of Theileria hirci in the south and southeast of Iran Ann Parasit 45 523-526
80. McHardy N, Woollon RM, Clampitt RB, James JA, Crawley RJ (1986). Efficacy, toxicity and metabolism of imidocarb dipropionate in the treatment of Babesia ovis infection in sheep. Res Vet Sci 41: 14-20
81. Micacic D (1965) Les piroplasmoses en Yougoslavie Bull Off Inter Epizoot 38 575-592.
82. Michael SA, El-Refaii AH (1982). The effect of imidocarb dipropionate on Babesia ovis infection in sheep Trop Anim Hlth Prod 14: 1-2.
83. Milic D (1964). Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Veränderungen im Blut und in don Geweben bei piroplasmose-kranken Schafen Acta Vet (Belgrade) 14 227-238.
84. Morel PC, Uilenberg G (1981). Sur la nomenclature de quelques Theileria (Sporozoa, Babesoidea) des ruminants domestiques. Rev Elev Méd Vét Pays Trop 34 139-143.
85. Morgan E (1931). Ovine piroplasmosis in Venezuela Vet J 87: 272-274.
86. Niak A (1975). Geographical distribution of blood parasites in ruminants in Iran Bull Off Inter Epizoot 81 779-792
87. Nierlich S (1990) Ein ELISA zur Serodiagnose von Babesia ows-Infektionen beim Schaf Thesis, Dr Med Vet, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
88. Obi TU, Akinboade OA (1984) West African Dwarf sheep clinical syndrome, packed cell volume, erythrocyte and haemoglobin levels in naturally-occurring babesiosis and anaplasmosis. Inter Goat Sheep Res, 2 197-201
89. Ökoc Ü, Onar E, Dogru C (1982) An investigation into the relationship between seasonal activity of Rhipicephalus bursa (Ixodoidea) and Babesia ovis infection and epidemiology in sheep in the Marmara region (in Turkish). Pendik Vet Mikrobiol Enst Derg, 14: 44-52
90. Opasina BA (1987) Haemoparasites of village goats in southwest Nigeria Bull Anim Hlth Prod Africa 35 130-133.
91. Osorno M, Vega C (1975) Presencia de babesiosis en vacunos, perros, borregos, caballos y humanos en el municipio de Hueytamalco, Puebla 12 Ann Res Meet Inst Nac Tecnica Pecuaria en Mexico 29: 94.
92. Papadopoulos B (1990) Les tiques des animaux domestiques et les hématozoaires qu'elles transmettent en Macedoine (Grèce).Thèse de Doctorat-ès-Sciences, Université de Neuchâtel, 248 pp
93. Pegram RG, Hoogstraal H, Wassef HY (1982) Ticks (Acari Ixodoidea) of the Yemen Arab Republic. I Species infesting livestock Bull Ent Res 72: 215-227
94. Petrovic Z (1953) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ausbreitung der ovinen Piroplasmose in den südöstlichen Teilen der Volksrepublik Serbien (in Serbo-Croatian) Vet Glas 7 23-32.
95. Petrovic Z (1955) Beitrag zur Zeckenfauna im Bezirk Niche und den angrenzenden Bezirken (in Serbo-Croatian). Vet Glas 9 99-102
96. Petrovic Z (1958) Beltrag zum Studium der Ausbreitung der Piroplasmose in der Volksrepublik Serbien (in Serbo-Croatian) Vet Glas 12 502-507
97. Pipano E (1991). Observations on the seasonal distribution of blood parasites in sheep in Israel Israel J Vet Med 46: 37-38
98. Postoyan SR, Ovnanyan GG (1979). New vector of anaplasmosis of sheep in Armenia XXI World Veterinary Congress, 1-7 July, 1979, Moscow. Summaries Volume 2, Section III: Parasitology, p 68
99. Prokhorova PK (1978) The duration of ovine piroplasmid infection in Rhipicephalus bursa fed on cattle (in Russian) Nauchnye Trudy Stavropol'skogo Sel'skokhozyaistvennogo Instituta 41 25-27
100. Purnell RE (1981) Tick-borne diseases Brit Vet J 137: 221-240
101. Purnell RE, Lewis D, Holman MR, Young ER (1981). Investigations on a Babesia isolated from Scottish sheep Parasitology 83 347-356
102. Rafyi A, Maghami G (1966) Contribution à l'étude des quelques parasites du sang du mouton et de la chévre en Iran et dans les pays voisins Bull Off Inter Epizoot 65: 1769-1783
103. Rafyi A, Niak A, Rak H (1974) Bref compte rendu sur les tiques, les maladies trans-mises par les tiques et le controle de ces parasites en Iran Bull Off Inter Epizoot 81: 1-7.
104. Rak H (1978) Tick-borne diseases and their vectors in Iran. In Tick-borne diseases and their vectors (Wilde JKH edit), Univ Press, Edinburgh, pp 163-165.
105. Rao VNA, Palaniswami KS, Ghellappa DJ, Joseph SA, Gnanabaranam JF (1991). A report of concurrent haemoprotozoan and rickettsial infections in sheep Indian Vet J 68: 487-488.
106. Robson J, Robb JM (1967) Ticks (Ixodoidea) of domestic animals in Iraq. Spring and early summer infestations in the Liwas of Baghdad, Kut. Amara, and Basra J Med Ent 4: 289-293
107. Robson J, Robb JM Hava NJ, Al-Wahayyib T (1969) Ticks (Ixodoidea) of domestic animals in Iraq Part 6: Distribution J Med Ent 6: 125-127
108. Rodriguez ON, Rodriguez P, Espaine L, Rivas A (1989) Incidencia de hemoparasitos en los ovinos de Cuba Rev. Cubana Ciencias Vet 20 57-70
109. Sanchez Botija R (1950) Sobre la presencia de la Babesia ovis en los ovidos de Espana. Trab Inst Biol Anim 9 255-258
110. Sasmal NK, Biswas SS, Bhattacharyya B, Banerjee CD, Maitra DN (1982) Incidence of Theileria hirci (Dschunkowsky, 1924) infection of sheep in India Indian J Anim Hlth 21 78
111. Schellhase W (1912) Beobachtungen über die Anaplasmosis der Schafe und Ziegen in Deutsch-Ostafrika Zschr Infektionskr Parasit Krankh Hyg Haustiere 13 349-352
112. Schellhase W (1912). Eine Beobachtung über das Vorkommen von Marginalpoints (Anaplasma marginale) im Blut von Schafen in Deutsch-Ostafrika Berl Tierarztl Wschr 28: 511-512.
113. Sherkov SN, El Rabie Y, Kokash L (1976). A survey of parasitic blood diseases "tick-borne fever" in domestic animals in Jordan Egypt J Vet Sci 13 29-35.
114. Simic T, Petrovic Z (1954) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der ovinen Piroplasmose im südlichen Banat (in Serbo-Croatian). Acta Vet (Belgrade) 4 3-9
115. Singh B, Gautam OP (1972). Anaplasmosis - V Experimental Anaplasma ovis infection in lambs Haranya Agric Univ J Res 2 54-58
116. Siso-dia RS (1981) Present status of sheep theileriasis in India - a review Livestock Adviser (4) 15-19
117. Sisodia RS,Gautam OP (1983). Experimental cases of Theileria hirci infection in sheep and goats Indian J Anim Sci 53: 162-166.
118. Spiegl A (1927). Zum Vorkommen der Piroplasmose bei Schafen in Deutschland. Arch. Wiss Prakt Tierheilk 56: 378-383
119. Splitter D, Johnson LW, Kuttler KL (1956). Anaplasma ovis in the United States' Experimental studies with sheep and goats Am J Vet Res 17: 487-491
120. Starcovici C (1893). Bemerkungen uber den durch Babes entdeckten Blutparasiten und die durch denselben hervorgebrachten Krankheiten, die seuchenhafte Hamoglobinurie des Rindes (Babes), das Texasfieber (Smith) und der Carceag der Schafe (Babes). Zentralbl. Bakter. Parasitenk 1 Abt 14 1-8
121. Stepanova NI (1957) Zur Frage der Epizootiologie der Babesiellose der Schafe (in Russian) Trud Vses Inst Eksp Vet 21 123.
122. Tasci S (1989) Relationship between tick species and tick-borne blood parasites (protozoa) of cattle and sheep in the Van region (in Turkish). Vet Fakult Dergisi, Ankara Univ 36 53-63
123. Tokin I, Nevenic V, Sibalic S, Cvetkovic L, Petrovic B (1955). Piroplasmose beim Schaf in Jugoslawien (in Serbo-Croatian) Vet Glas 9: 790-796.
124. Tomasevic T (1962) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Piroplasmosen der Haustiere und der Zeckenarten in der Volksrepublik Makedonien (in Serbo-Croatian) Acta Vet (Belgrade) 12: 64-72
125. Trifonov T, Liebisch A (1966). Epizootiologie der Ixodidae sowie der durch diese übertragenen Piro-und Anaplasmosen in Südost-Bulgarien. Beitr Trop Subtrop Landwirtsch Veterinärmed 4 307-317
126. Uilenberg G (1981). Theilerial species of domestic livestock. In: Advances in the control of theilenoses. Irvin AD, Cunningham MP, Young AS (edits) Martinus Nijhoff Publ, The Hague, pp 4-37.
127. Uilenberg G (1984). Ruminant babesiosis in the Netherlands: parasites - epidemiology - clinical data In: Agriculture Some important parasitic infections in bovines considered from economic and social (zoonosis) points of view Parasitological symposium, Lyons, 24-26 October 1983. Euzéby J, Góvrey J (edits) Commission of the European Communities, Luxemburg, 17-29
128. Uilenberg G, Rombach MC, Perie NM, Zwart D (1980) Blood parasites of sheep in the Netherlands II. Babesia motasi (Sporozoa, Babesiidae) Vet Quarterly 2: 3-14
129. Vergani F (1959) Presencia de la Babesia (Microbabesia) ovis en caprinos y ovinos de Venezuela Bol Inst Inv Vet 10/11: 35-39
130. Visser ES, Ambrosio RE. De-Waal DT (1991) An Anaplasma centrale DNA probe that differentiates between Anaplasma ovis and Anaplasma marginale DNA Vet Microbiol 28 313-325
131. Visser ES, McGuire, TC, Palmer GH, Davis WC, Shkap V, Piparo E, Knowles DP Jr (1992) The Anaplasma marginale msp5 gene encodes a 19-kilodalton protein conserved in all recognized Anaplasma species Inf Immun 60 5139-5144
132. Wiesenhütter E (1965) Coccidia and piroplasms in sheep and goats in Syria Berl Munch Tierärztl Wschr 78: 247-249
133. Yeruham I, Hadani A, Galker F, Rosen S, Schlien J (1992). A field study of haemoparasites in two flocks of sheep in Israel. Israel J Vet Med 47 107-111
134. Yousif YA, Dimitri RA, Dwivedi SK, Ahmed NJ (1983). Anaemia due to anaplasmosis in Iraqi goats I. Clinical and haematological features under field conditions. Indian Vet J 60: 576-578
135. Zaki AHH (1965) Piroplasmosis in Egyptian animals Bull Off Int Epizoot 64: 461-463.
136. Zolotarev HN (1956). Hemosporidioses of sheep and goats In Parasitology and parasitic diseases of livestock (in Russian). Ershov, VS (edit) State Publishing House for Agricultural Literature, Moscow, pp 408-417.
137. Zwart D, Buys J (1968). Studies on Anaplasma ovis infection. II. Pathogenicity of a Nigerian goat strain for Dutch sheep and goats Bull Epizoot Dis Africa 16: 73-80