The role of biomimetism in developing nanostructured inorganic matrices for drug delivery

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery

Volumn 5, Issue 8, 2008, Pages 861-877

  Roveri, Norberto ^a   Palazzo, Barbara ^a,b   Iafisco, Michele ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PIEDMONT   (Italy)

Author keywords

Apatite; Biomimetism; Controlled release; Nanostructures; Silica

Indexed keywords

ALENDRONIC ACID; APATITE; BIOMIMETIC MATERIAL; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCIUM PHOSPHATE; CALCIUM PHOSPHATE CERAMIC; CALCIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC; CARBONIC ACID; CISPLATIN; HEPARIN; HYDROXYAPATITE; MEDRONIC ACID; NANOCRYSTAL; NANOMATERIAL; PHOSPHATE; POLYAMINE; SILICA GEL; SILICON DIOXIDE;

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG RELEASE; ENCAPSULATION; NONHUMAN; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; REVIEW; SURFACE CHARGE; TISSUE ENGINEERING; X RAY DIFFRACTION;

APATITES; BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; NANOPARTICLES; NANOSTRUCTURES; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; SILICON DIOXIDE; SURFACE PROPERTIES;

EID: 52049094853     PISSN: 17425247     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.8.861     Document Type: Review

References (153)

1. Park K. Nanotecnology: what it can do for drug delivery? J Control Release 2007;120:1-3
2. Vallet-Regì M, Balas F, Arcos D. Mesoporous materials for drug delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed 2007;46:7548-58
3. Palazzo B, Iafisco M, La forgia M, et al. Biomimetic hydroxyapatite-drug nanocrystals as potential bone substitutes with antitumor drug delivery properties. Adv Funct Mater 2007;17:2180-8
4. Habraken WJEM, Wolke JGC, Jansen JA. Ceramic composites as matrices and scaffolds for drug delivery in tissue engineering. Adv Drug Del Rev 2007;59:234-48
5. Palazzo B, Sidoti MC, Roveri N, et al. Controlled drug delivery from porous hydroxyapatite grafts: An experimental and theoretical approach. Mater Sci Eng C 2005;C25:207-13
6. Tampieri A, Celotti G, Landi E, et al. Porous phosphate-gelatin composite as bone graft with drug delivery function. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2003;14:623-7
7. Barroug A, Kuhn LT, Gerstenfeld LC, Glimcher MJ. Interactions of cisplatin with calcium phosphate nanoparticles: in vitro controlled adsorption and release. J Orthop Res 2003;22:703-8
8. Mann S. Biomimetic materials chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 1997
9. Sarikaya M, Aksay I. Biomimetics design and processing of materials. Woodbury, Connecticut: AIP; 1995
10. Bensatude-Vincent B, Arribart H, Boulligand Y, Sanchez C. Chemists and the school of nature. New J Chem 2002;26:1-5
11. Sanchez C, Hervé Arribart H, Guille MMG. Biomimetism and bioinspiration as tools for the design of innovative materials and systems. Nat Mater 2005;4:277-88
12. Tamerler C, Sarikaya M. Molecular biomimetics: utilizing nature's molecular ways in practical engineering. Acta Biomater 2007;3:289-99
13. Weiner S, Addadi L. Strategies in mineralized biological materials. J Mater Chem 1997;7:689-702
14. Sarikaya M, Tamerler C, Jen AKY et al. Molecular biomimetics: nanotechnology through biology. Nat Mater 2003;2:577-85
15. Vriezema DM, Aragonès MC, Elemans JAAW, et al. Self-assembled nanoreactors. Chem Rev 2005;105:1445-89
16. Mann S, Ozin GA. Synthesis of inorganic materials with complex form. Nature 1996;382:313-8
17. Soler-Illia GJAA, Sanchez C, Lebeau B, Patarin J. Chemical strategies to design textured materials: from microporous and mesoporous oxides to nanonetworks and hierarchical structures. Chem Rev 2002;102:4093-138
18. Van Bommel KJC, Friggeri A, Shinkai S. Organic templates for the generation of inorganic materials. Angew Chem Int Ed 2003;42:980-99
19. Kresge CT, Leonowicz ME, Roth WJ, et al. Ordered mesoporous molecular sieves synthesized by a liquid-crystal template mechanism. Nature 1992;359:710-2
20. Monnier A, et al. Cooperative formation of inorganic-organic interfaces in the synthesis of silicate mesostructures. Science 1993;261:1299-303
21. Qisheng Huo DI, et al. Generalized synthesis of periodic surfactant/ inorganic composite materials. Nature 1994;368:317-21
22. Yang H, Ozin GA, Kresge CT. The role of defects in the formation of mesoporous silica fibers, films, and curved shapes. Adv Mater 1998;10:883-7
23. Stupp SI, Braun PV. Molecular manipulation of microstructures: biomaterials, ceramics and semiconductors. Science 1999;277:1242-8
24. Göltner CG, Antonietti M. Mesoporous materials by templating of liquid crystalline phase. Adv Mater 1997;9:431-6
25. Sayari A, Liu P. Non-silica periodic mesostructured materials: recent progress. Micropor Mater 1997;12:149-77
26. Sanchez C, et al. Designed hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposites from functional nanobuilding blocks. Chem Mater 2001;13:3061-83
27. Ozin GA, Yang H, Coombs N. Morphogenesis of shapes and surface patterns in mesoporous silica. Nature 1997;386:692-5
28. Tolbert SH, Firouzi A, Stucky GD, Chmelka BF. Magnetic field alignment of ordered silicate-surfactant composites and mesoporous silica. Science 1997;278:264-8
29. Schmidt-Winkel P, Yang P, Margolese DI, et al. Fluoride-induced hierarchical ordering of mesoporous silica in aqueous acidsyntheses. Adv Mater 1999;11:303-7
30. Whitesides GM, Ismagilov RF. Complexity in chemistry. Science 1999;284:89-92
31. Sanchez C, Soler-Illia GJAA, Ribot F, Grosso D. Design of functional nano-structured materials through the use of controlled hybrid organic-inorganic interfaces. C R Chimie 2003;6:1131-51
32. Sedon AM, Patel HM, Burkett SL, Mann S. Chiral templating of silica-lipid lamellar mesophase with helical tubular architecture. Angew Chem Int Ed 2002;41:2988-91
33. Shenton W, Douglas T, Young M, et al. Inorganic-organic nanotube composites from template mineralization of tobacco mosaic virus. Adv Mater 1999;11:253-6
34. Li M, Mann S. DNA-directed assembly of multifunctional nanoparticle networks using metallic and bioinorganic building blocks. J Mater Chem 2004;14:2260-3
35. Crocker JC. Three-dimensional nanoparticle arrays are likely to be the foundation of future optical and electronic materials. A promising way to assemble them is through the transient pairings of complementary DNA strands. Nature 2008;451:528-9
36. Li M, Schnablegger H, Mann S. Coupled synthesis and self-assembly of nanoparticles to give structures with controlled organization. Nature 1999;402:393-5
37. Li M, Lebeau B, Mann S. Synthesis of aragonite nanofilament networks by mesoscale self-assembly and transformation in reverse microemulsions. Adv Mater 2003;15:2032-5
38. Hartgerink JD, Beniash E, Stupp S. Peptide-amphiphile nanofibers: a versatile scaffold for the preparation of self-assembling materials. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:5133-8
39. Ma XP. Biomimetic materials for tissue engineering. Adv Drug Del Rev 2008;60:184-98
40. Roveri N, Palazzo B. Tissue, cell and organ engineering. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2006
41. Tampieri A, Celotti G, Landi E. From biomimetic apatites to biologically inspired composites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005;381:568-76
42. Tampieri A, Celotti C, Sprio S, et al. Porosity-graded hydroxyapatite ceramics to replace natural bone. Biomaterials 2001;22:1365-70
43. Bakos D, Soldan M, Hernandez-Fuentes I. Hydroxyapatite-collagen-hyaluronic acid composite. Biomaterials 1999;20:191-5
44. Cherng A, Takagi S, Chow LC. Effects of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and other gelling agents on the handling properties of calcium phosphate cement. J Biomed Mater Res 1997;35:273-7
45. Kalita SJ, Bhardwaj A, Bhatt HA. Nanocrystalline calcium phosphate ceramics in biomedical engineering. Mater Sci Eng C 2007;27:441-9
46. Walsh D, Arcelli L, Swinerd V, et al. Aerosol-mediated fabrication of porous thin films using ultrasonic nebulization. Chem Mater 2007;19:503-8
47. Villacampa A, García-Ruiz JM. Synthesis of a new hydroxyapatite-silica composite material. J Cryst Growth 2000;211:111-5
48. Vallet-Regí M, Gonzales Calbet JM. Calcium phosphates as substitution of bone tissue. Prog Solid State Chem 2004;32:1-31
49. Vallet-Regí M, Ràmila A, del Real RP, Pèrez-Pariente J. A new property of MCM-41: drug delivery system. Chem Mater 2001;13:308-11
50. Rodriguez-Lorenzo LM, Vallet-Regi M, Ferreira JMF, et al. Hydroxyapatite ceramic bodies with tailored mechanical properties for different applications. J Biomed Mater Res 2002;60:159-66
51. Ben-Nissan B, Milev A, Vago R. Morphology of sol-gel derived nano-coated coralline hydroxyapatite. Biomaterials 2004;25:4971-5
52. Vallet-Regì M. Revisiting ceramics for medical applications. Dalton Trans 2006;44:5211-20
53. Kralj M, Pavelic K. Medicine on a small scale. EMBO Rep 2003;4:1008-12
54. Quintana A, et al. Design and function of a dendrimer-based therapeutic nanodevice targeted to tumor cells through the folate receptor. Pharm Res 2002;19:1310-6
55. Lehn JM. Supamolecular chemistry: from molecular information towards self-organization and complex matter. Rep Prog Phys 2004;67:249-65
56. Lee SH, Shin H. Matrices and scaffolds for delivery of bioactive molecules in bone and cartilage tissue engineering. Adv Drug Del Rev 2007;59:339-59
57. Tao SL, Desai AT. Microfabricated drug delivery systems; from particles to pores. Adv Drug Del Rev 2003;55:315-28
58. Veis A. The chemistry and biology of mineralized connective tissues. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1981
59. Lowestan HA, Weiner S. On biomineralization. New York: Oxford University Press; 1989
60. Driessens FMC. Formation and stability of calcium phosphates in relation to the phase composition of the mineral in calcified tissues. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press; 1983
61. Rey C, Renugopalakrishnan V, Collins B, Glimcher M. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of the carbonate ions in bone mineral during aging. Calcif Tissue Int 1991;49:251-8
62. Burnell JM, Teubner EJ, Miller AG. Normal maturational changes in bone matrix, mineral, and crystal size in the rat. Calcif Tissue Int 1980;31:13-9
63. Rey C, Collins B, Goehl T, et al. The carbonate environment in bone mineral: a resolution-enhanced Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study. Calcif Tissue Int 1989;45:157-64
64. Legeros R, Balmain N, Bonel G. Age-related changes in mineral of rat and bovine cortical bone. Calcif Tissue Int 1987;41:137-44
65. Handschin RG, Stern WB. Crystallographic and chemical analysis of human bone apatite (Crista Iliaca). Clin Rheumatol 1994;13:75-90
66. Posner AS. Crystal chemistry of bone mineral. Physiol Rev 1969;49:760-2
67. Sikavitsas VL, Temenoff JS, Mikos AG. Biomaterials and bone mechano-transduction. Biomaterials 2001;22:2581-93
68. Anderson HC. Mineralization by matrix vesicles. Scan Electron Microsc 1984;(Pt 2):953-64
69. Posner AS. The mineral of bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1985;200:87-99
70. Rodan AG. Introduction to bone biology. Bone 1992;13(Suppl 1):S3-6
71. Anderson HC. Molecular biology of matrix vesicles. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1995;314:266-80
72. Anderson AC. Matrix vesicles and calcification. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2003;5:222-6
73. Du C, Falini G, Fermani S, et al. Supramolecular assembly of amelogenin nanospheres into birefringent microribbons. Science 2005;307:1450-4
74. Gazzaniga G, Roveri N, Rimondini L, et al. Biologically active nanoparticles of a carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite process for their preparation and compositions incorporating the same WO2007137606; 2007
75. Rimondini L, Palazzo B, Iafisco M, et al. The remineralizing effect of carbonate-hydroxyapatite nanocrystals on dentine. Mater Sci Forum 2007;539:602-5
76. Roveri N, Palazzo B, Iafisco M, et al. Synthetic biomimetic carbonate-hydroxyapatite nanocrystals for enamel remineralization. Mater Sci Forum 2008;47:821-4
77. Nimni ME. Collagen. Biochemistry, biomechanics, biotechnology. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press; 1988
78. Weiner S, Wagner HD. The material bone: structure-mechanical function relations. Ann Rev Mat Sci 1998;28:271-98
79. Ascenzi A, Bonucci E, Ripamonti A, Roveri N. X-Ray diffraction and electron microscope study of osteons during calcification. Calcif Tiss Res 1978;25:133-43
80. Ascenzi A, Bonucci E, Generali P. et al. Orientation of apatite in single osteon samples as studied by pole figures. Calcif Tissue Int 1979;29:101-5
81. Ascenzi A, Bigi A, Ripamonti A, Roveri N. X-ray diffraction analysis of transversal osteonic lamellae. Calcif Tissue Int 1983;35:279-83
82. Ascenzi A, Bigi A, Koch MHJ, et al. A low-angle X-Ray diffraction analysis of osteonic inorganic phase using synchrotron radiation. Calcif Tissue Int 1985;37:659-64
83. Simpson TL. Silicon and siliceous structures in biological systems. New York: Springer Verlag; 1981
84. Coradin T, Lopez PJ. Biogenic silica patterning: simple chemistry or subtle biology? ChemBioChem 2003;4:251-9
85. Beck JS, Vartuli JC, Roth W, et al. A new family of mesoporous molecular sieves prepared with liquid crystal templates. J Am Chem Soc 1992;114:10834-43
86. Baeuerlein E. Biomineralization. From biology to biotechnology and medical application. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2000
87. Perry CC, Keeling-Tucker T. Biosilicification: the role of the organic matrix in structure control. J Biol Inorg Chem 2000;5:537-50
88. Zaremba CM, Stucky GD. Biosilicates and biomimetic silicate synthesis. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 1996;1:425-9
89. Westall F, Boni L, Guerzoni E. The experimental silicification of microorganisms. Palaeontology 1995;38:495-528
90. Fortin D, Beveridge TJ. Role of the bacterium Thiobacillus in the formation of silicates in acidic mine tailings. Chem Geol 1997;141:235-46
91. Mera MU, Beveridge TJ. Mechanism of silicate binding to the bacterial cell wall in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 1993;175:1936-45
92. Cha JN, Shimizu K, Zhou Y, et al. Silicatein filaments and subunits from a marine sponge direct the polymerization of silica and silicones in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:361-5
93. Levi C, Barton JL, Guillemet C, et al. A remarkably strong natural glassy rod: the anchoring spicule of the Monorhaphis sponge. J Mater Sci Lett 1989;8:337-9
94. Aizenberg J, Weaver JC, Thanawala MS, et al. Skeleton of Euplectella sp.: structural hierarchy from the nanoscale to the macroscale. Science 2005;309:275-8
95. Sundar VC, Yablon AD, Grazul JL, et al. Fiber-optical features of a glass sponge. Nature 2003;424:899-900
96. Meyers MA, Chen PY, Yu-Min Lin A, Seki Y. Biological materials: structure and mechanical properties. Prog Mater Sci 2008;53:1-206
97. Shimizu K, Cha J, Stucky GD, Morse DE. Silicatein: cathepsin L-like protein in sponge biosilica. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:6234-8
98. Cha JN, Stucky GD, Morse ED, Deming TJ. Biomimetic synthesis of ordered silica structures mediated by block copolypeptides. Nature 2000;403:289-92
99. Krasko A, Lorenz B, Batel R, et al. Expression of silicatein and collagen genes in the marine sponge Suberites domuncula is controlled by silicate and myotrophin. Eur J Biochem 2000;267:4878-87
100. Crawford SA, Higgins MJ, Mulvaney P, Wetherbee R. Nanostructure of the diatom frustule as revealed by atomic force and scanning electron microscopy. J Phycol 2001;37:543-54
101. Noll F, Sumper M, Hampp N. Nanostructure of diatom silica surfaces and of biomimetic analogues. Nano Lett 2002;2:91-5
102. Vrieling EG, Beelen TPM, van Santen RA, Gieskes WWC. Nanoscale uniformity of pore architecture in diatomaceous silica: a combined small and wide angle x-ray scattering study. J Phycol 2000;36:146-59
103. Brzezinski MA, Olson RJ, Chisholm SW. Silicon availability and cell-cycle progression in marine diatoms. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 1990;67:83-96
104. Tanaka HK, Miyajima K, Nakagaki M, Shimabayashi S. Interactions of aspartic acid, alanine and lysine with hydroxyapatite. Chem Pharm Bull 1989;37:2897-901
105. Koutsopoulos S. Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite crystals: a review study on the analytical methods. J Biomed Mater Res 2002;62:600-12
106. Manara S, Paolucci F, Palazzo B, et al. Electrochemically-assisted deposition of biomimetic hydroxyapatite-collagen coatings on titanium plate. Inorg Chim Acta 2008;361:1634-45
107. Rodriguez-Lorenzo LM, Vallet-Regi M, Ferreira JMF. Fabrication of hydroxyapatite bodies by uniaxial pressing from a precipitated powder. Biomaterials 2001;22:583-8
108. Tadic D, Beckmann F, Schwarz K, Epple M. A novel method to produce hydroxyapatite objects with interconnecting porosity that avoids sintering. Biomaterials 2004;25:3335-40
109. Padilla S, Roman J, Vallet-Regi M. Synthesis of porous hydroxyapatites by combination of gelcasting and foams burn out methods. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2002;13:1193-7
110. Roy DM, Linnehan SK. Hydroxyapatite formed from coral skeletal carbonate by hydrothermal exchange. Nature 1974;247:220-2
111. Ben-Nissan B. Natural bioceramics: from coral to bone and beyond. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 2003;7:283-8
112. 2-polymer composites for biomedical applications. J Biomed Mater Res 1997;35:129-34
113. Wang M, Kokubo T, Bonfield W. Bioceramics. Oxford: Pergamon; 1996
114. Kikuchi M, Sato K, Suetsugu Y, Tanaka J. Bioceramics. New York: World Scientific; 1998
115. Molle P, Lienard A, Gramsik A, et al. Apatite as an interesting seed to remove phosphorus from wastewater in constructed wetlands. Water Sci Technol 2005;51:193-203
116. Akawa T, Kobayashi M, Yoshida M, et al. Improved liquid chromatographic separation of different proteins by designing functional surfaces of cattle bone-originated apatite. J Chromatogr A 1999;862:217-20
117. Addadi L, Weiner S. Biomineralization: chemical and biochemical perspectives. New York: VCH; 1989
118. Boskey AL. Cell mediated calcification and matrix vesicles. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1986
119. Meister A. Biochemistry of amino acids. New York: Academic Press; 1965
120. Lehninger AL. Biochemistry. New York: Worth Publishing; 1975
121. Kandori K, Fudo A, Ishikawa T. Adsorption of myoglobin onto various synthetic hydroxyapatite particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2000;2:2015-20
122. Jack KS, Vizcarra TG, Trau M. Characterization and surface properties of amino-acid-modified carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite particles. Langmuir 2007;23:12233-42
123. Palazzo B, Walsh D, Iafisco M, Bianchi CL. Amino acids for the synergistic coupling of biomimetic apatite nano-crystals synthesis and surface functionalization [Submitted]. Cryst Eng Comm
124. Bajpai AK. Blood protein adsorption onto a polymeric biomaterial of polyethylene glycol and poly[(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-co-acrylonitrile] and evaluation of in vitro blood compatibility. Polym Int 2005;54:304-15
125. Kondo A, Mihara J. Comparison of adsorption and conformation of hemoglobin and myoglobin on various inorganic ultrafine particles. J Colloid Interface Sci 1996;177:214-21
126. Boix T, Gomez-Morales J, Torrent-Burgue J, et al. Adsorption of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein rhBMP-2m onto hydroxyapatite. J Inorg Biochem 2005;99:1043-50
127. Ouizat S, Barroug A, Legrouri A, Rey C. Adsorption of bovine serum albumin on poorly crystalline apatite: influence of maturation. Mater Res Bull 1999;34:2279-89
128. Hughes Wassell DT, Hall RC, Embery G. Adsorption of bovine serum albumin onto hydroxyapatite. Biomaterials 1995;16:697-702
129. Barroug A, Lernoux E, Lemaitre L, Rouxhet P. Adsorption of succinylated lysozyme on hydroxyapatite. J Colloid Interface Sci 1997;189:37-42
130. Moreno E, Kresak M, Hay DI. Adsorption of molecules of biological interest onto hydroxyapatite. Calcif Tissue Int 1984;36:48-59
131. Sabatino P, Foresti E, Iafisco M, et al. Adsorption of serum albumin on synthetic biomimetic hydroxyapatite nanocrystals. XXII Congresso Nazionale della Società; 10 - 15 September 2006; Chimica Italiana Firenze
132. Iafisco M, Palazzo B, Falini G, et al. Adsorption and conformational change of myoglobin on biomimetic hydroxyapatite nanocrystals functionalized with alendronate. Langmuir 2008;24:4924-30
133. Brinker CJ, Scherer GW. Sol-Gel science. The physics and chemistry of sol-gel processing. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1989
134. Turova NY, Turevskaya EP, Kessler VG, Yanovskaya MI. The chemistry of metal alkoxides. Norwell: Kluwer Academic Press; 2002
135. Wright JD, Sommerdjik NAJM. Sol-Gel materials. Chemistry and applications. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers; 2001
136. Zhao XS, Lu GQ. Modification of MCM-41 by Surface silylation with trimethylchlorosilane and adsorption study. J Phys Chem B 1998;102:1556-61
137. Mercier L, Pinnavaia TJ. Design and properties of hierarchically organized hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposites. Chem Mater 2000;12:188-96
138. Burkett SL, Sims SD, Mann S. Synthesis of hybrid inorganic-organic mesoporous silica by co-condensation of siloxane and organosiloxane precursors. Chem Commun 1996;11:1367-8
139. Chong MAS, Zhao XS. Functionalization of SBA-15 with APTES and characterization of functionalized materials. J Phys Chem B 2003;107:12650-7
140. Morpurgo M, Teoli D, Palazzo B, et al. Influence of synthesis and processing conditions on the release behavior and stability of sol-gel derived silica xerogels embedded with bioactive compounds. Il Farmaco 2005;60:675-83
141. Beck JS, Vartuli JC. Recent advances in the synthesis, characterization and applications of mesoporous molecular sieves. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 1996;1:227-32
142. Hoffmann F, Cornelius M, Morell J, Froeba M. Silica-based mesoporous organic-inorganic hybrid materials. Angew Chem Int Ed 2006;45:3216-51
143. Barbè C, Bartlett J, Kong L, et al. Silica particles: a novel drug delivery system. Adv Mater 2004;16:1959-66
144. Wen LX, Ding HM, Wang JX, Chen JF. Porous hollow silica nanoparticles as carriers for controlled delivery of ibuprofen to small intestine. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2006;6:3139-44
145. Trewyn BG, Slowing II, Giri S, et al. Synthesis and functionalization of a mesoporous silica nanoparticle based on the sol-gel process and applications in controlled release. Acc Chem Res 2007;40:846-53
146. Roveri N, Morpurgo M, Palazzo B, et al. Silica xerogels as a delivery system for the controlled release of different molecular weight heparins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005;381:601-6
147. Doadrio C, Sousa EMB, Izquierdo-Barba I, et al. Functionalization of mesoporous materials with long alkyl chains as a strategy for controlling drug delivery pattern. J Mater Chem 2006;16:462-7
148. Margiotta N, Ostuni R, Teoli D, et al. Bisphosphonate complexation and calcium doping in silica xerogels as a combined strategy for local and controlled release of active platinum antitumor compounds. Dalton Trans 2007;29:3131-9
149. Chang H, Shim CH, Kim BJ, et al. Bicontinuous, thermoresponsive, L3-phase silica nanocomposites and their smart drug-delivery applications. Adv Mater 2005;17:634-7
150. Giri S, Trewyn BG, Stellmaker MP, Lin VSY. Stimuli-responsive controlled-release delivery system based on mesoporous silica nanorods capped with magnetic nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed 2005;44:5038-44
151. Descalzo AB, Martinez-Manes R, Sancenon F, et al. The supramolecular chemistry of organic-inorganic hybrid materials. Angew Chem Int Ed 2006;45:5924-48
152. Radu DR, Lai CY, Huang J, et al. Fine-tuning the degree of organic functionalization of mesoporous silica nanosphere materials via an interfacially designed co-condensation method. Chem Commun 2005;10:1264-6
153. Trewyn BG, Giri S, Slowing II, Lin VSY. Mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based controlled release, drug delivery, and biosensor systems. Chem Commun 2007;31:3236-45