메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 37, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 221-233

Sexual selection as the possible underlying force in calopterygid wing pigmentation: Comparative evidence with Hetaerina and Calopteryx (Zygoptera: Calopterygidae)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLOPATRY; DAMSELFLY; SEXUAL SELECTION; WING;

EID: 51649110207     PISSN: 03750183     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (3)

References (58)
  • 1
    • 0004134698 scopus 로고
    • Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton
    • ANDERSSON, M., 1994. Sexual selection. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton.
    • (1994) Sexual selection
    • ANDERSSON, M.1
  • 2
    • 0027039427 scopus 로고
    • Spatial variation in selective regimes: Sexual selection in the water strider Gerris odontogaster
    • ARNQVIST, G., 1992. Spatial variation in selective regimes: sexual selection in the water strider Gerris odontogaster. Evolution 46: 914-929.
    • (1992) Evolution , vol.46 , pp. 914-929
    • ARNQVIST, G.1
  • 3
    • 0033710312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of sexual dimorphism in the house finch. 1. Population divergence in morphological covariance structure
    • BADYAEV, A.V. & G.E. HILL, 2000. The evolution of sexual dimorphism in the house finch. 1. Population divergence in morphological covariance structure. Evolution 54: 1784-1794.
    • (2000) Evolution , vol.54 , pp. 1784-1794
    • BADYAEV, A.V.1    HILL, G.E.2
  • 4
    • 0033911593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual dimorphism in relation to current selection in the house finch
    • BADYAEV, A.V. & T.E. MARTIN, 2000. Sexual dimorphism in relation to current selection in the house finch. Evolution 54: 987-997.
    • (2000) Evolution , vol.54 , pp. 987-997
    • BADYAEV, A.V.1    MARTIN, T.E.2
  • 5
    • 3042841208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complexity and integration in sexual ornamentation: An example with carotenoid and melanin plumage pigmentation
    • BADYAEV, A.V. & R.L. YOUNG, 2004. Complexity and integration in sexual ornamentation: an example with carotenoid and melanin plumage pigmentation. J. Evol. Biol. 17: 1317-1327.
    • (2004) J. Evol. Biol , vol.17 , pp. 1317-1327
    • BADYAEV, A.V.1    YOUNG, R.L.2
  • 6
    • 0034496745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in the house finch. 2. Population divergence in relation to local selection
    • BADYAEV, A.V. G.E. HILL, A.M. STOEHR, P.M. NOLAN & K. McGRAW, 2000. The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in the house finch. 2. Population divergence in relation to local selection. Evolution 54: 2134-2144.
    • (2000) Evolution , vol.54 , pp. 2134-2144
    • BADYAEV, A.V.G.E.H.1    STOEHR, A.M.2    NOLAN, P.M.3    McGRAW, K.4
  • 7
    • 0043108174 scopus 로고
    • Fall emigration of the dragonfly Anax junius
    • BAGG, A.M., 1958. Fall emigration of the dragonfly Anax junius. Maine Field Nat. 14: 2-13.
    • (1958) Maine Field Nat , vol.14 , pp. 2-13
    • BAGG, A.M.1
  • 8
    • 0002646339 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of bird coloration
    • BAKER, R.R. & G.A. PARKER, 1979. The evolution of bird coloration. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (B) 287: 63-130.
    • (1979) Phil. Trans. R. Soc , vol.287 , Issue.B , pp. 63-130
    • BAKER, R.R.1    PARKER, G.A.2
  • 9
    • 84928086866 scopus 로고
    • Character displacement
    • BROWN, W.L. & E.O. WILSON, 1956. Character displacement. Syst. Zool. 5: 49-64.
    • (1956) Syst. Zool , vol.5 , pp. 49-64
    • BROWN, W.L.1    WILSON, E.O.2
  • 10
    • 0003146207 scopus 로고
    • Is the size that counts? Palp morphology, sperm storage, and egg hatching frequency in Nephyla clavipes (Araneae, Araneidae)
    • COHN, J., 1990. Is the size that counts? Palp morphology, sperm storage, and egg hatching frequency in Nephyla clavipes (Araneae, Araneidae). J. Arachnol. 18: 59-71.
    • (1990) J. Arachnol , vol.18 , pp. 59-71
    • COHN, J.1
  • 12
    • 0036057263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wing pigmentation in male territorial damselflies, Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis: A possible relation to sexual selection
    • CÓRDOBA-AGUILAR, A., 2002. Wing pigmentation in male territorial damselflies, Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis: a possible relation to sexual selection. Anim. Behav. 63: 759-766.
    • (2002) Anim. Behav , vol.63 , pp. 759-766
    • CÓRDOBA-AGUILAR, A.1
  • 13
    • 33646015667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wing pigmentation, immune ability and fat reserves in males of the rubyspot damselfly, Hetaerina americana
    • CONTRERAS-GARDUÑO, J., J. CANALES-LAZCANO & A. CÓRDOBA-AGUILAR, 2006. Wing pigmentation, immune ability and fat reserves in males of the rubyspot damselfly, Hetaerina americana. J. Ethol. 24: 165-173.
    • (2006) J. Ethol , vol.24 , pp. 165-173
    • CONTRERAS-GARDUÑO, J.1    CANALES-LAZCANO, J.2    CÓRDOBA-AGUILAR, A.3
  • 14
  • 15
    • 34249995002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution and ecology of Calopterygidae (Zygoptera: Odonata): status of knowledge and research perspectives
    • CÓRDOBA-AGUILAR, A. & A. CORDERO RIVERA, 2005. Evolution and ecology of Calopterygidae (Zygoptera: Odonata): status of knowledge and research perspectives. Neotrop. Ent. 34: 861-879.
    • (2005) Neotrop. Ent , vol.34 , pp. 861-879
    • CÓRDOBA-AGUILAR, A.1    CORDERO RIVERA, A.2
  • 17
    • 0000275307 scopus 로고
    • Breaking the Calopteryx-bottleneck: Taxonomy and range of Calopteryx splendens waterstoni Schneider, 1984 and of C. splendens tschaldirica Bartenef, 1909 (Zygoptera: Calopterygidae)
    • DUMONT, H.J., A. DEMIRSOY & D. VERSCHUREN, 1987. Breaking the Calopteryx-bottleneck: taxonomy and range of Calopteryx splendens waterstoni Schneider, 1984 and of C. splendens tschaldirica Bartenef, 1909 (Zygoptera: Calopterygidae). Odonatologica 16: 239-247.
    • (1987) Odonatologica , vol.16 , pp. 239-247
    • DUMONT, H.J.1    DEMIRSOY, A.2    VERSCHUREN, D.3
  • 18
    • 0029660869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual selection and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in the waterstrider, Aquarius remigis
    • FAIRBAIRN, D.J. & R.F. PREZIOSI, 1996. Sexual selection and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in the waterstrider, Aquarius remigis. Evolution 50:1501-1511.
    • (1996) Evolution , vol.50 , pp. 1501-1511
    • FAIRBAIRN, D.J.1    PREZIOSI, R.F.2
  • 19
    • 0033856123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male-male competition and large size mating advantage in European earwigs, Forficula auricularia
    • FORSLUND, P., 2000. Male-male competition and large size mating advantage in European earwigs, Forficula auricularia. Anim. Behav. 59: 753-762.
    • (2000) Anim. Behav , vol.59 , pp. 753-762
    • FORSLUND, P.1
  • 20
    • 0029659224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual selection and survival selection on wing coloration and body size in the rubyspot damselfly Hetaerina americana
    • GRETHER, G.F., 1996a. Sexual selection and survival selection on wing coloration and body size in the rubyspot damselfly Hetaerina americana. Evolution 50: 1939-1948.
    • (1996) Evolution , vol.50 , pp. 1939-1948
    • GRETHER, G.F.1
  • 21
    • 0029659222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intersexual competition alone favours a sexually dimorphic ornament in the rubyspot damselfly Hetaerina americana
    • GRETHER, G.F., 1996b. Intersexual competition alone favours a sexually dimorphic ornament in the rubyspot damselfly Hetaerina americana. Evolution 50: 1949-1957.
    • (1996) Evolution , vol.50 , pp. 1949-1957
    • GRETHER, G.F.1
  • 22
    • 0039167169 scopus 로고
    • Étude du comportment reproducteur et analyse des mechanism déclencheur innés (MDI) optiques chez les Calopterygidae (Odon., Zygoptera).
    • HEYMER, A., 1973. Étude du comportment reproducteur et analyse des mechanism déclencheur innés (MDI) optiques chez les Calopterygidae (Odon., Zygoptera). Annls Soc. ent. fr. (N.S.) 9: 219-255.
    • (1973) Annls Soc. ent. fr. (N.S.) , vol.9 , pp. 219-255
    • HEYMER, A.1
  • 23
    • 0040623771 scopus 로고
    • Individual recognition of mates and non-mates by male Calopteryx splendens xanthostoma (Charpentier) (Zygoptera: Calopterygidae)
    • HOOPER, R.W., 1995. Individual recognition of mates and non-mates by male Calopteryx splendens xanthostoma (Charpentier) (Zygoptera: Calopterygidae). Odonatologica 24: 347-352.
    • (1995) Odonatologica , vol.24 , pp. 347-352
    • HOOPER, R.W.1
  • 24
    • 12944252046 scopus 로고
    • The relation of American dragonfly-eating birds to their prey
    • KENNEDY, C.H., 1950. The relation of American dragonfly-eating birds to their prey. Ecol. Monogr. 20: 103-143.
    • (1950) Ecol. Monogr , vol.20 , pp. 103-143
    • KENNEDY, C.H.1
  • 25
    • 0034864994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-specific behavior and habitat selection of adult male damselflies Calopteryx maculata (Odonata: Calopterygidae)
    • KIRKTON, S.D. & T.D. SCHULTZ, 2001. Age-specific behavior and habitat selection of adult male damselflies Calopteryx maculata (Odonata: Calopterygidae). J. Insect Behav. 14: 545-555.
    • (2001) J. Insect Behav , vol.14 , pp. 545-555
    • KIRKTON, S.D.1    SCHULTZ, T.D.2
  • 26
    • 0037267078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acoustic preference functions and sexual selection on the male calling song in the grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus
    • KLAPPERT, K. & K. REINHOLD, 2003. Acoustic preference functions and sexual selection on the male calling song in the grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus. Anim. Behav. 65: 225-233.
    • (2003) Anim. Behav , vol.65 , pp. 225-233
    • KLAPPERT, K.1    REINHOLD, K.2
  • 27
    • 0021560077 scopus 로고
    • Chick growth and prey quality in the European bee-eater (Merops apiaster)
    • KREBS, J.R. & M.I. AVERY, 1984. Chick growth and prey quality in the European bee-eater (Merops apiaster). Oecologia 64: 363-368.
    • (1984) Oecologia , vol.64 , pp. 363-368
    • KREBS, J.R.1    AVERY, M.I.2
  • 28
    • 1542650564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunocompetence and resource holding potential in the damselfly, Calopteryx virgo L
    • KÖSKIMÄKI, J., M.J. RANTALA, J. TASKINEN, K. TYNKKYNEN & J. SUHONEN, 2004. Immunocompetence and resource holding potential in the damselfly, Calopteryx virgo L. Behav. Ecol. 15: 169-173.
    • (2004) Behav. Ecol , vol.15 , pp. 169-173
    • KÖSKIMÄKI, J.1    RANTALA, M.J.2    TASKINEN, J.3    TYNKKYNEN, K.4    SUHONEN, J.5
  • 29
    • 51649122267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LINDEBOOM, M. 1993. How about Calopteryx hybrids? Abstr. Pap. 12th Int. Symp. Odonatol., Osaka, p. 21.
    • LINDEBOOM, M. 1993. How about Calopteryx hybrids? Abstr. Pap. 12th Int. Symp. Odonatol., Osaka, p. 21.
  • 30
    • 0027073631 scopus 로고
    • Reinforcement and reproductive character displacement in Gastrophryne carolinensis and G. olivacea (Anura: Microhylidae): a reexamination
    • LOFTUS-HILLS, J.J. & M.J. LITTLEJOHN, 1992. Reinforcement and reproductive character displacement in Gastrophryne carolinensis and G. olivacea (Anura: Microhylidae): a reexamination. Evolution 46: 896-906.
    • (1992) Evolution , vol.46 , pp. 896-906
    • LOFTUS-HILLS, J.J.1    LITTLEJOHN, M.J.2
  • 31
  • 32
    • 0025206099 scopus 로고
    • Escalated territorial contests are energetic wars of attrition
    • MARDEN, J.H. & J.K. WAAGE, 1990. Escalated territorial contests are energetic wars of attrition. Anim. Behav. 39: 954-959.
    • (1990) Anim. Behav , vol.39 , pp. 954-959
    • MARDEN, J.H.1    WAAGE, J.K.2
  • 33
    • 0030251212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual selection and a secondary sexual character in two Drosophila species
    • MARKOW, T.A., D. BUSTOZ & S. PITNICK, 1996. Sexual selection and a secondary sexual character in two Drosophila species. Anim. Behav. 52: 759-766.
    • (1996) Anim. Behav , vol.52 , pp. 759-766
    • MARKOW, T.A.1    BUSTOZ, D.2    PITNICK, S.3
  • 34
    • 18844468186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Condition dependence, multiple sexual signals, and immunocompetence in peacocks
    • MØLLER, A.P. & M. PETRIE, 2002. Condition dependence, multiple sexual signals, and immunocompetence in peacocks. Behav. Ecol. 13: 248-253.
    • (2002) Behav. Ecol , vol.13 , pp. 248-253
    • MØLLER, A.P.1    PETRIE, M.2
  • 35
    • 0000420157 scopus 로고
    • Aggressive behaviour and territoriality in a population of Calopteryx virgo L. (Odon., Calopterygidae)
    • PAJUNEN, I.V., 1966. Aggressive behaviour and territoriality in a population of Calopteryx virgo L. (Odon., Calopterygidae). Annls zool. fenn.3: 201-214.
    • (1966) Annls zool. fenn , vol.3 , pp. 201-214
    • PAJUNEN, I.V.1
  • 36
    • 0030441380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energetic constrains and male mate-securing tactics in the damselfly Calopteryx splendens xanthostoma (Charpentier)
    • PLAISTOW, S. & M.T. SIVA-JOTHY, 1996. Energetic constrains and male mate-securing tactics in the damselfly Calopteryx splendens xanthostoma (Charpentier). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B) 263: 1233-1239.
    • (1996) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B) , vol.263 , pp. 1233-1239
    • PLAISTOW, S.1    SIVA-JOTHY, M.T.2
  • 37
    • 0034882231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual selection of multiple handicaps in the Red-collared Widowbird: Female choice of tail length but not carotenoid display
    • PRYKE, S.R., S. ANDERSSON & M.J. LAWES, 2001. Sexual selection of multiple handicaps in the Red-collared Widowbird: female choice of tail length but not carotenoid display. Evolution 55: 1452-1463.
    • (2001) Evolution , vol.55 , pp. 1452-1463
    • PRYKE, S.R.1    ANDERSSON, S.2    LAWES, M.J.3
  • 38
    • 0034619885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunocompetence, developmental stability and wing spot size in the damselfly Calopteryx splendens L
    • RANTALA, M.J., J. KOSKIMÄKI, J. TASKINEN, K. TYNKKYNEN & J. SUHONEN, 2000. Immunocompetence, developmental stability and wing spot size in the damselfly Calopteryx splendens L. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B) 267: 2453-2457.
    • (2000) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B) , vol.267 , pp. 2453-2457
    • RANTALA, M.J.1    KOSKIMÄKI, J.2    TASKINEN, J.3    TYNKKYNEN, K.4    SUHONEN, J.5
  • 39
    • 0035107302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual selection and tail-length dimorphism in Scissor-tailed Flycatchers
    • REGOSIN, J.V. & S. PRUETT-JONES, 2001. Sexual selection and tail-length dimorphism in Scissor-tailed Flycatchers. Auk 118: 167-175.
    • (2001) Auk , vol.118 , pp. 167-175
    • REGOSIN, J.V.1    PRUETT-JONES, S.2
  • 41
    • 16544385826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection in insect immunity in the wild
    • ROLFF, J. & M.T. SIVA-JOTHY, 2004. Selection in insect immunity in the wild. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B) 271: 2157-2160.
    • (2004) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B) , vol.271 , pp. 2157-2160
    • ROLFF, J.1    SIVA-JOTHY, M.T.2
  • 43
    • 34250010870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual size dimorphism in the American Rubyspot: Male body size predicts male competition and mating success
    • SERRANO-MENESES, M.A., A. CÓRDOBA-AGUILAR, V. MÉNDEZ, S.J. LAYEN & T. SZÉKELY, 2007. Sexual size dimorphism in the American Rubyspot: male body size predicts male competition and mating success. Anim. Behav. 73: 987-997.
    • (2007) Anim. Behav , vol.73 , pp. 987-997
    • SERRANO-MENESES, M.A.1    CÓRDOBA-AGUILAR, A.2    MÉNDEZ, V.3    LAYEN, S.J.4    SZÉKELY, T.5
  • 44
    • 2642583210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smithson. Inst. Press, Washington, D.C
    • SILSBY, J., 2001. Dragonflies of the World. Smithson. Inst. Press, Washington, D.C.
    • (2001) Dragonflies of the World
    • SILSBY, J.1
  • 45
    • 0033261062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male wing pigmentation may affect reproductive success via female choice in a calopterygid damselfly (Zygoptera)
    • SIVA-JOTHY, M.T., 1999. Male wing pigmentation may affect reproductive success via female choice in a calopterygid damselfly (Zygoptera). Behaviour 136: 1365-1377.
    • (1999) Behaviour , vol.136 , pp. 1365-1377
    • SIVA-JOTHY, M.T.1
  • 46
    • 0034704048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mechanistic link between parasite resistance and expression of a sexually selected trait in a damselfly
    • SIVA-JOTHY, M.T., 2000. A mechanistic link between parasite resistance and expression of a sexually selected trait in a damselfly. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B) 267: 2523-2527.
    • (2000) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B) , vol.267 , pp. 2523-2527
    • SIVA-JOTHY, M.T.1
  • 47
    • 0032720630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A fitness cost of eugregarine parasitism in a damselfly
    • SIVA-JOTHY, M.T. & S. PLAISTOW, 1999. A fitness cost of eugregarine parasitism in a damselfly. Ecol. Ent. 24: 465-470.
    • (1999) Ecol. Ent , vol.24 , pp. 465-470
    • SIVA-JOTHY, M.T.1    PLAISTOW, S.2
  • 48
    • 7044223210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular population divergence and sexual selection in morphology in the banded demoiselle (Calopteryx splendens)
    • SVENSSON, E.I., L.K. KRISTOFFERSEN, K. OSKARSSON & S. BENSCH, 2004. Molecular population divergence and sexual selection in morphology in the banded demoiselle (Calopteryx splendens). Heredity 93: 423-433.
    • (2004) Heredity , vol.93 , pp. 423-433
    • SVENSSON, E.I.1    KRISTOFFERSEN, L.K.2    OSKARSSON, K.3    BENSCH, S.4
  • 49
    • 0034698206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for ecological causation of sexual dimorphism in a hummingbird
    • TEMELES, E.J., I.L. PAN, J.L. BRENNAN & J.N. HORWITT, 2000. Evidence for ecological causation of sexual dimorphism in a hummingbird. Science 289: 441-443.
    • (2000) Science , vol.289 , pp. 441-443
    • TEMELES, E.J.1    PAN, I.L.2    BRENNAN, J.L.3    HORWITT, J.N.4
  • 50
    • 0004178570 scopus 로고
    • Benjamin/Cumming Publs, Menlo Park
    • TRIVERS, R.L., 1985. Social evolution. Benjamin/Cumming Publs, Menlo Park.
    • (1985) Social evolution
    • TRIVERS, R.L.1
  • 51
    • 2942616866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of eugregarine parasites on adult longevity in the polymorphic damselfly Mnais costalis Selys
    • TSUBAKI, Y. & R.E. HOOPER, 2004. Effects of eugregarine parasites on adult longevity in the polymorphic damselfly Mnais costalis Selys. Ecol. Ent. 29: 361-366.
    • (2004) Ecol. Ent , vol.29 , pp. 361-366
    • TSUBAKI, Y.1    HOOPER, R.E.2
  • 52
    • 3042822570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interspecific aggression and character displacement in the damselfly Calopteryx splendens
    • TYNKKYNEN, K., M. RANTALA & J. SUHONEN. 2004. Interspecific aggression and character displacement in the damselfly Calopteryx splendens. J. evol. Biol. 17: 759-767.
    • (2004) J. evol. Biol , vol.17 , pp. 759-767
    • TYNKKYNEN, K.1    RANTALA, M.2    SUHONEN, J.3
  • 53
    • 24644438107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interspecific aggression causes negative selection in sexual characters
    • TYNKKYNEN, K., J.S. KOTIAHO, M. LUOJUMÄKI & J. SUHONEN. 2005. Interspecific aggression causes negative selection in sexual characters. Evolution 59: 1838-1843.
    • (2005) Evolution , vol.59 , pp. 1838-1843
    • TYNKKYNEN, K.1    KOTIAHO, J.S.2    LUOJUMÄKI, M.3    SUHONEN, J.4
  • 54
    • 0001957205 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive isolation and the potential for character displacement in the damselflies Calopteryx maculata and C. aequabilis (Odonata: Calopterygidae)
    • WAAGE, J.K., 1975. Reproductive isolation and the potential for character displacement in the damselflies Calopteryx maculata and C. aequabilis (Odonata: Calopterygidae). Syst. Zool. 24: 24-36.
    • (1975) Syst. Zool , vol.24 , pp. 24-36
    • WAAGE, J.K.1
  • 55
    • 0000179365 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive character displacement in Calopteryx
    • WAAGE, J.K., 1979. Reproductive character displacement in Calopteryx. Evolution 33: 104-116.
    • (1979) Evolution , vol.33 , pp. 104-116
    • WAAGE, J.K.1
  • 56
    • 0027059944 scopus 로고
    • Sexual selection and male characteristics in the blue-head wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum: Mating site acquisition, mating site defense, and female choice
    • WARNER, R.R., & E.T. SCHULTZ, 1992. Sexual selection and male characteristics in the blue-head wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum: mating site acquisition, mating site defense, and female choice. Evolution 46: 1421-1442.
    • (1992) Evolution , vol.46 , pp. 1421-1442
    • WARNER, R.R.1    SCHULTZ, E.T.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.