Evidence for ecological causation of sexual dimorphism in a hummingbird

Science

Volumn 289, Issue 5478, 2000, Pages 441-443

  Temeles, Ethan J ^a   Pan, Irvin L ^a   Brennan, Jillian L ^a   Horwitt, Jedediah N ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECOLOGY; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; FLORAL TRAIT; POLLINATOR; SEXUAL DIMORPHISM;

ARTICLE; BIODIVERSITY; BIRD; ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEX DIFFERENCE;

ANIMALS; BEAK; BIRDS; BODY CONSTITUTION; ECOSYSTEM; EVOLUTION; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; MALE; PLANT COMPONENTS; SAINT LUCIA; SELECTION (GENETICS); SEX CHARACTERISTICS; ZINGIBERALES;

ANIMALIA; AVES; HELICONIA;

EID: 0034698206     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.289.5478.441     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. C. Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (John Murray, London, 1871).
2. A. V. Hedrick and E. J. Temeles, Trends Ecol. Evol. 4, 136 (1989).
3. M. Proctor, P. Yeo, A. Lack, The Natural History of Pollination (Timber Press, Portland, OR, 1996).
4. R. Shine, Quart. Rev. Biol. 64, 419 (1989).
5. R. K. Selander, in Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man, 1871-1971, B. Campbell Ed. (Aldine, Chicago, IL, 1972,) pp. 180-230.
6. Wings, bills, and weights of males were as follows (mean ± SE): wings, 75.6 ± 0.46 mm, n = 15; bills, 19.8 ± 0.36 mm, n = 13; and weight, 9.9 ± 0.22 g, n = 13 birds. The same measurements for females were as follows: wings, 69.6 ± 0.21, n = 33; bills, 26.6 ± 0.12, n = 36; and weight, 7.9 ± 0.09 g, n = 20 birds. These data are from (18).
7. This statement of extreme bill dimorphism is based on a comparison of E. jugularis to 107 hummingbird species from (23, 24).
8. R. Bleiweiss, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 65, 77 (1998). Hummingbird measurements were from (23).
9. Approximately 10 km of trails in Quilesse, 4.5 km in Des Cartiers, and 3 km each in Forestière and Barre de L'Isle Reserves were censused; for habitat descriptions, see (25, 26).
10. Corresponding to the cultivars "Purpurea" and "Emerald Forest" (27).
11. A dense patch consisted of 65 or more stalks of Heliconia and a sparse patch consisted of 13 or fewer stalks. Six watches at each patch type were conducted from approximately 0800 to 1400 hours. We recorded the species and sex of each hummingbird pollinator and whether the hummingbird fed from and defended flowers.
12. W. R. Rice, Evolution 43, 223 (1989).
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14. E. J. Temeles and W. M. Roberts, Oecologia 94, 87 (1993).
15. W. J. Kress, personal communication.
16. For both H. caribaea and the red-green morph, three of four cells in Table 3 deviate significantly from independence at P < 0.00001, and deviations of the remaining cells are either significant or approach significance (P < 0.02 for the red-green morph; P = 0.08 for H. caribaea). Only one of the four cells of the green morph deviated significantly from independence. For statistical methods, see (28).
17. This statement is based on measurements of bill lengths of specimens collected from the Lesser Antillean Islands of Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Kitts, and St. Lucia. Significant differences in the bill lengths of females, but not of males, were obtained for 6 of the 10 island pairs (Tukey multiple comparisons, P = 0.05 overall).
18. L. L. Wolf, Auk 92, 511 (1975).
19. K.-L. Schuchmann and G. Schuchmann-Wegert, Bonn. Zool. Beitr. 35, 327 (1984).
20. E. J. Temeles, I. L. Pan, J. L. Brennan, J. N. Horwitt, personal observations.
21. S. L. Pimm, M. L. Rosenzweig, W. A. Mitchell, Ecology 66, 798 (1985).
22. R. K. Colwell, Ibis 131, 548 (1989).
23. R. Ridgway, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., no. 50, part V (1911).
24. A. Wetmore, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 150, part 2 (1968).
25. A. W. Diamond, Ibis 115, 313 (1973).
26. A. R. Keith, The Birds of St. Lucia, West Indies (No. 15, British Ornithologists Union, London, 1997).
27. F. Berry and W. J. Kress, Heliconia: An Identification Guide (Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1991).
28. T. S. Whittam and D. Siegel-Causey, Ecology 62, 1515 (1981).
29. We thank D. Anthony and C. Cox of the St. Lucia Forestry Department for field assistance, E. and F. Louis-Femand for hospitality, V. Shingleton-Smithe and J. Kress for discussions of Heliconia taxonomy, S. Travers and Harvard University for bill measurements, H. Masonjones for comments, Opus Inc. for feeders, and Amherst College for financial assistance.