Cranial morphology of Javanese Homo erectus: New evidence for continuous evolution, specialization, and terminal extinction

Journal of Human Evolution

Volumn 55, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 551-580

  Kaifu, Yousuke ^a,b   Aziz, Fachroel ^c   Indriati, Etty ^d   Jacob, Teuku ^d   Kurniawan, Iwan ^c   Baba, Hisao ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY   (Japan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

^c Geological Museum   (Indonesia)

^d GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY   (Indonesia)

Author keywords

Autapomorphy; Ngandong; Sambungmacan; Sangiran

Indexed keywords

CRANIUM; EVOLUTION; EXTINCTION; HOMINID; MORPHOLOGY; MORPHOTYPE; SPECIALIZATION;

ASIA; EURASIA; GREATER SUNDA ISLANDS; JAVA; MALAY ARCHIPELAGO; SOUTHEAST ASIA; SUNDA ISLES;

CRANIA; HOMO ERECTUS;

EID: 51349166556     PISSN: 00472484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.05.002     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Andrews P. An alternative interpretation of characters used to define Homo erectus. Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg. 69 (1984) 167-175
2. Antón S.C. Developmental age and taxonomic affinity of the Mojoketro child, Java, Indonesia. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 102 (1997) 497-514
3. Antón S.C. Cranial growth in Homo erectus: how credible are the Ngandong juveniles?. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 108 (1999) 223-236
4. Antón S.C. Evolutionary significance of cranial variation in Asian Homo erectus. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 118 (2002) 301-323
5. Antón S.C. Cranial growth in Homo erectus. In: Minugh-Purvis N., and McNamara K.J. (Eds). Human Evolution through Developmental Change (2002), The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 349-380
6. Antón S.C. Natural history of Homo erectus. Yearb. Phys. Anthropol. 46 (2003) 126-170
7. Antón S.C., and Franzen J.L. The occipital torus and developmental age of Sangiran-3. J. Hum. Evol. 33 (1997) 599-610
8. Antón S.C., Márquez S., and Mowbray K. Sambungmacan 3 and cranial variation in Asian Homo erectus. J. Hum. Evol. 43 (2002) 555-562
9. Antón S.C., and Swisher III C.C. Early dispersal of Homo from Africa. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 33 (2004) 271-296
10. Arif J., Kaifu Y., Baba H., Suparka M.E., Zaim Y., and Setoguchi T. Preliminary observation of a new cranium of Homo erectus (Tjg-1993.05) from Sangiran, Central Jawa. Anthropol. Sci. 110 (2002) 165-177
11. Asfaw B., Gilbert W.H., Beyene Y., Hart W.K., Renne P.R., WoldeGabriel G., Vrba E.S., and White T.D. Remains of Homo erectus from Bouri, Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 416 (2002) 317-320
12. Aziz F., Baba H., and Watanabe H. Morphological study on the Javanese Homo erectus Sangiran 17 skull based upon the new reconstruction. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Paleontol. Ser. 8 (1996) 11-25
13. Aziz F., Kaifu Y., Baba H., Jacob T., and Narasaki S. Discovery of Sambungmacan hominin fossils and its contribution to the study of human evolution in Australasia. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 38 Suppl. (2004) 56-57
14. Baba H. Osteometry. In: Etoh S. (Ed). Anthropology, suppl vol. 1 (1991), Yuzankaku, Tokyo 158-358 (in Japanese)
15. Baba H., Aziz F., Kaifu Y., Suwa G., Kono R.T., and Jacob T. New Homo erectus calvarium from the Pleistocene of Java. Science 299 (2003) 1384-1388
16. Bland J.M., and Altman D.G. Multiple significance tests: the Bonferroni method. Br. Med. J. 310 (1995) 170
17. Brace C.L., and Montagu A. Human Evolution. second ed. (1977), Macmillan, New York
18. Bräuer G. Osteometrie. In: Martin R., and Knussman R. (Eds). Anthropologie (1988), Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 160-232
19. Bräuer G. How different are Asian and African Homo erectus?. Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg. 171 (1994) 301-318
20. Bräuer G., and Mbua E. Homo erectus features used in cladistics and their variability in Asian and African hominins. J. Hum. Evol. 22 (1992) 79-108
21. Ciochon R., and Olsen J.W. Paleoanthropological and archaeological research in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. J. Hum. Evol. 15 (1986) 623-633
22. Clarke R.J. The significance of the Swartkrans Homo to the Homo erectus problem. Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg. 171 (1994) 185-193
23. Delson E., Harvati K., Reddy D., Marcus L.F., Mowbray K., Sawyer G.J., Jacob T., and Márquez S. The Sambungmacan 3 Homo erectus calvaria: a comparative morphometric and morphological analysis. Anat. Rec. 262 (2001) 380-397
24. Demeter F., Bacon A.-M., Nguyen K.T., Long V.T., Duringer P., Roussé S., Coppens Y., Matsumura H., Dodo Y., Nguyen M.H., and Anezaki T. Discovery of a second human molar and cranium fragment in the late middle to late Pleistocene cave of Ma U'Oi (Northern Vietnam). J. Hum. Evol. 48 (2005) 393-402
25. Demeter F., Bacon A.-M., Nguyen K.T., Long V.T., Matsumura H., Ha H.N., Schuster M., Nguyen M.H., and Coppens Y. An archaic Homo molar from northern Vietnam. Curr. Anthropol. 45 (2004) 535-541
26. De Vos J., Sondaar P.Y., Van den Bergh G.D., and Aziz F. The Homo bearing deposits of Java and its ecological context. Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg. 171 (1994) 129-140
27. Durband A.C. Squamotympanic fissure in the Ngandong and Sambungmacan hominins: a reply to Delson, et al. Anat. Rec. 266 (2002) 138-141
28. Durband, A.C., 2004. A test of the multiregional hypothesis of modern human origins using basicranial evidence from Indonesia and Australia. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Tennessee.
29. Durband A.C., Kidder J.H., and Jantz R.L. A multivariate examination of the Hexian calvaria. Anthropol. Sci. 113 (2005) 147-154
30. Gilbert W.H., White T.D., and Asfaw B. Homo erectus, Homo ergaster, Homo "cepranensis," and the Daka cranium. J. Hum. Evol. 45 (2003) 255-259
31. Grimaud-Hervé D. The parietal bone of Indonesian Homo erectus. J. Hum. Evol. 1 (1986) 167-182
32. Grimaud-Hervé D., Widianto H., and Jacob T. Two new human fossil remains discovered in Sangiran (Central Java, Indonesia). Acta Anthropol. Sin. 19 Suppl. (2000) 41-45
33. Groves C.P. A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution (1989), Oxford University Press, Oxford
34. Grün R., and Thorne A.G. Dating the Ngandong humans. Science 276 (1997) 1575
35. Hagaman R.M., and Morbeck M.E. Data transformations in multivariate morphometric analyses. J. Hum. Evol. 13 (1984) 225-245
36. Hasibuan F., Mano K., Susanto E.E., and Batu U.L. Geology of Sragen area. In: Sudijono, Mano K., and Wikarno R. (Eds). Geology of Quaternary Environment of the Solo-Madiun area, Central-East Jawa. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Spec. Publ. 17 (1995) 30-33
37. Hlusko L.J. Integrating the genotype and phenotype in hominin paleontology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101 (2004) 2653-2657
38. Hochberg Y. A sharper Bonferroni procedure for multiple tests of significance. Biometrika 75 (1988) 800-802
39. Holloway R.L. Indonesian "Solo" (Ngandong) endocranial reconstructions: some preliminary observations and comparisons with Neandertal and Homo erectus groups. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 53 (1980) 285-295
40. Holloway R.L., Broadfield D.C., and Yuan M.S. The Human Fossil Record. Brain Endocasts: The Paleoneuological Evidence 3 (2004), Wiley-Liss, New Jersey
41. Howells W.W. Cranial Variation in Man. A Study by Multivariate Analysis of Pattern of Difference among Recent Populations. Paper of the Peabody Museum, Archaeology and Ethnology 67 (1973), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
42. Hyodo M., Nakaya H., Urabe A., Saegusa H., Shunrong X., Jiyun Y., and Xuepin J. Paleomagnetic dates of hominin remains from Yuanmou, China, and other Asian sites. J. Hum. Evol. 43 (2002) 27-41
43. Hyodo M., Watanabe N., Sunata W., Susanto E.E., and Wahyono H. Magnetostratigraphy of hominin fossil bearing formations in Sangiran and Mojokerto, Java. Anthropol. Sci. 101 (1993) 157-186
44. Indriati E. Indonesian fossil hominin discoveries from 1889-2003: problems and catalogue. Nat. Sci. Mus. Monogr. 24 (2004) 163-177
45. Indriati E. Cranial lesions on the late Pleistocene Indonesian Homo erectus Ngandong 7. In: Oxenham M., and Tayles N. (Eds). Bioarchaeology of Southeast Asia (2006), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 290-308
46. Itihara M., SudijonoKadar D., Shibasaki T., Kumai H., Yoshikawa S., Aziz F., Soeradi T., WikarnoKadar A.P., Hashibuan F., and Kagemori Y. Geology and stratigraphy of the Sangiran area. In: Watanabe N., and Kadar D. (Eds). Quaternary Geology of the Hominin Fossil Bearing Formations in Java. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Spec. Publ. (1985) 11-43
47. Jacob T. The sixth skull cap of Pithecanthropus erectus. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 25 (1966) 243-260
48. Jacob, T., 1973a. New finds of Lower and Middle Pleistocene hominines from Indonesia and an examination of their antiquity. Paper presented at the Conference on Early Palaeolithic of East Asia, Montreal.
49. Jacob T. Palaeoanthropological discoveries in Indonesia with special reference to the finds of the last two decades. J. Hum. Evol. 2 (1973) 473-485
50. Jacob T. Morphology and paleoecology of early man in Java. In: Tuttle R.H. (Ed). Paleoanthropology, Morphology and Paleoecology (1975), Mouton, The Hague 311-325
51. Jacob T. Early populations in the Indonesian region. In: Kirk R.L., and Thorne A.G. (Eds). The Origin of the Australians (1976), Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra 81-93
52. Jacob T. Solo man and Peking man. In: Simon B.A., and Cybulski J.S. (Eds). Homo erectus. Papers in honor of Davidson Black (1981), University of Toronto Press, Toronto 87-104
53. Jacob T., Soejono R.P., Freeman L.G., and Brown F.H. Stone tools from Mid-Pleistocene sediments in Java. Science 202 (1978) 885-887
54. Kaifu Y. Advanced dental reduction in Javanese Homo erectus. Anthropol. Sci. 114 (2006) 35-43
55. Kaifu Y., Aziz F., and Baba H. Hominin mandibular remains from Sangiran: 1952-1986 collection. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 128 (2005) 497-519
56. Kaifu Y., Arif J., Yokoyama K., Baba H., Suparka E., and Gunawan H. A new Homo erectus molar from Sangiran. J. Hum. Evol. 52 (2007) 222-226
57. Kaifu Y., Baba H., Aziz F., Indriati E., Schrenk F., and Jacob T. Taxonomic affinities and evolutionary history of the early Pleistocene hominins of Java: dentognathic evidence. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 128 (2005) 709-726
58. Kaifu, Y., Indriati, E., Aziz, F., Kurniawan, I., Jacob, T., Baba, H. Cranial morphology and variation of the earliest Indonesian hominins. In: Norton, C.J., Braun D.R. (Eds.), Asian Paleoanthropology: From Africa to China and Beyond. Springer, in press.
59. Kennedy G.E. On the autapomorphic traits of Homo erectus. J. Hum. Evol. 20 (1991) 375-412
60. Kidder J.H., and Durband A.C. A re-evaluation of the diversity within Homo erectus. J. Hum. Evol. 46 (2004) 299-315
61. Kimbel W.H., and Rak Y. Functional morphology of the asterionic region in extant hominoids and fossil hominins. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 66 (1985) 31-54
62. Kramer A. Human taxonomic diversity in the Pleistocene: does Homo erectus represent multiple hominin species?. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 91 (1993) 161-171
63. 39Ar ages for Bapang Formation hominins, Central Jawa, Indonesia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98 (2001) 4866-4871
64. LeGros Clark W.E. The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution. third ed. (1978), University of Chicago Press, Chicago
65. Liu W., Zhang Y., and Wu X. Middle Pleistocene human cranium from Tangshan (Nanjing), southeast China: a new reconstruction and comparisons with Homo erectus from Eurasia and Africa. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 127 (2005) 253-262
66. Mann A., and Trinkaus E. Neandertal and Neandertal-like fossils from the upper Pleistocene. Yearb. Phys. Anthropol. 17 (1973) 169-193
67. Manzi G. Human evolution at the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary. Evol. Anthropol. 13 (2004) 11-24
68. Manzi G., Bruner E., and Passarello P. The one-million-year-old Homo cranium from Bouri (Ethiopia): a reconsideration of its H. erectus affinities. J. Hum. Evol. 44 (2003) 731-736
69. Márquez S., Mowbray K., Sawyer G.J., Jacob T., and Silvers A. New fossil hominin calvaria from Indonesia-Sambungmacan 3. Anat. Rec. 262 (2001) 344-368
70. Matsu'ura S. A chronological framing for the Sangiran hominins: fundamental study by the fluorine dating method. Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo Ser D 8 (1982) 1-53
71. Matsu'ura S., Kondo M., Azoz F., Sudijono, Narasaki S., and Watanabe N. First known tibia of an early Javanese hominin. Curr. Anthropol. 41 (2000) 297-300
72. Matsu'ura S., Kondo M., Hyodo M., Danhara T., Takeshita Y., Kamishima Y., Kaneda T., Aziz F., Sudijono, and Kumai H. Toward the reliable age determination of the youngest homind-fossil bearing layers at Sangiran, Java. Anthropol. Sci. 114 (2006) 243
73. Matsu'ura S., Kondo M., Takeshita Y., Kumai H., Hyodo M., Kamishima Y., Kaneda T., and Aziz F. Probable source horizon of the Pithechanthropus II (Sangiran 2) calotte and its possible palaeoanthropological implications. Anthropol. Sci. 113 (2005) 323
74. Perneger T.V. What's wrong with Bonferroni adjustments. Br. Med. J. 316 (1998) 1236-1238
75. Rightmire G.P. The Evolution of Homo erectus: Comparative Anatomical Studies of an Extinct Human Species (1990), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
76. Rightmire G.P. The relationship of Homo erectus to later middle Pleistocene hominins. Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg. 171 (1994) 319-325
77. Rightmire G.P. Evidence from facial morphology for similarity of Asian and African representatives of Homo erectus. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 106 (1998) 61-85
78. Rightmire G.P., Lordkipanidze D., and Vekua A. Anatomical descriptions, comparative studies and evolutionary significance of the hominin skulls from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia. J. Hum. Evol. 50 (2006) 115-141
79. Sankoh A.J., Huque M.F., and Dubey S.D. Some comments on frequently used multiple endpoint adjustment methods in clinical trials. Stat. Med. 16 (1997) 2529-2542
80. Santa Luca A.P. The Ngandong fossil hominins: a comparative study for a Far Eastern Homo erectus group. Yale Univ. Pub. Anthrop. 78 (1980) 1-175
81. Sartono S. Implications arising from Pithecanthropus VIII. In: Tuttle R.H. (Ed). Paleoanthropology, Morphology and Paleoecology (1975), Mouton, The Hague 326-360
82. Sartono S., and Grimaud-Hervé D. Les Pariétaux de l'homininé Sangiran 31. L'Anthropologie (Paris) 87 (1983) 465-468
83. Schwartz J.H., and Tattersall I. What constitutes Homo erectus?. Acta Anthrop. Sin. 19 Suppl. (2000) 18-22
84. Schwartz J.H., and Tattersall I. The Human Fossil Record. Craniodental Morphology of Genus Homo (Africa and Asia) 2 (2003), Wiley-Liss, New Jersey
85. Schwartz J.H., and Tattersall I. The Human Fossil Record. Craniodental Morphology of Early Hominins (Genera Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Orrorin), and Overview 4 (2005), Wiley-Liss, New Jersey
86. Sémah F. La position stratigraphique du site de Ngebung 2 (dôme de Sangiran, Java Central, Indonésia). In: Sémah F., Falguères C., Grimaud-Hervé D., and Sémah A.-M. (Eds). Origine des Peuplements et Chronologie des Cultures Paléolithiques dans le Sud-Est Asiatique (2001), Semenanjung, Paris 299-329
87. Storm P. The evolutionary history of humans in Australasia from an environmental perspective. Anthropol. Sci. 108 (2000) 225-260
88. Stringer C.B. The definition of Homo erectus and the existence of the species in Africa and Europe. Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg. 69 (1984) 131-143
89. Susanto E.E., Mano K., Sudijono, Sihombing T., and Aziz F. Geology and the middle course of the Solo River between Sambungmacan and Ngawi. In: Sudijono, Mano K., and Wikarno R. (Eds). Geology of Quaternary Environment of the Solo-Madiun area, Central-East Jawa. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Spec. Publ. 17 (1995) 39-44
90. Swisher III C.C., Curtis G.H., Jacob T., Getty A.G., Suprijo A., and Widiasmoro. Latest Homo erectus of Java: potential contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia. Science 274 (1996) 1870-1874
91. Terhune C.E., Kimbel W.H., and Lockwood C.A. Variation and diversity in Homo erectus: a 3D geometric morphometric analysis of the temporal bone. J. Hum. Evol. 53 (2007) 41-60
92. Thorne A.G., and Wolpoff M.H. Regional continuity in Australasian Pleistocene hominin evolution. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 55 (1981) 337-349
93. Tougard C., Jaeger J.-J., Chaimanee Y., Suteethorn V., and Triamwichanon S. Discovery of a Homo sp. tooth associated with a mammalian cave fauna of late middle Pleistocene age, northern Thailand. J. Hum. Evol. 35 (1998) 47-54
94. Van den Bergh G.D., de Vos J., and Sondaar P.Y. The late Quaternary palaeogeography of mammal evolution in the Indonesian Archipelago. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 171 (2001) 385-408
95. Van den Bergh G.D., de Vos J., Sondaar P.Y., and Aziz F. Pleistocene zoogeographic evolution of Java (Indonesia) and glacio-eustatic sea level fluctuations: a background for the presence of Homo. Indo-Pacific Prehist. Assoc. Bull. 14 (1996) 7-21
96. Villmoare B. Metric and nonmetric randomization methods, geographic variation, and the single-species hypothesis for Asian and African Homo erectus. J. Hum. Evol. 49 (2005) 680-701
97. Von Koenigswald G.H.R. Introduction. Anthropol. Pap. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 43 (1951) 211-221
98. Weidenreich F. The skull of Sinanthropus pekinensis: a comparative study on a primitive hominin skull. Paleont. Sin., New Ser. D 10 (1943) 1-484
99. Weidenreich F. Morphology of Solo man. Anthropol. Pap. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 43 (1951) 205-290
100. Westaway M., Jacob T., Aziz F., Otsuka H., and Baba H. Faunal taphonomy and biostratigraphy at Ngandong, Java, Indonesia and its implications for the late survival of Homo erectus. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 36 Suppl. (2003) 222-223
101. Widianto H., and Grimaud-Hervé D. Un nouveau crane humain fossile dans le dôme de Sangiran (Java, Indonésie). C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 330 (2000) 883-888
102. Widianto H., and Zeitoun V. Morphological description, biometry, and phylogenetic position of the skull of Ngawi 1 (East Java, Indonesia). Int. J. Osteoarchaeol. 13 (2003) 339-351
103. Wolpoff M.H. Paleoanthropology. second ed. (1999), McGraw-Hill, Boston
104. Wood B.A. The origin of Homo erectus. Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg. 69 (1984) 99-111
105. Wood B.A. Koobi Fora Research Project. Hominin Cranial Remains from Koobi Fora vol. 4 (1991), Clarendon Press, Oxford
106. Wood B.A. Taxonomy and evolutionary relationship of Homo erectus. Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg. 171 (1994) 159-165