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Vertebrate fossils recovered from the Sm 4 findspot vary in preservation, suggesting a mixed assemblage composed of fossils from multiple sources upstream. Outcrops that we identified, within 6 km upstream of the find, include those that belong to the traditional Kabuh Formation of this area. On the basis of its adhering matrix, Sm 4 is likely to have derived from this series.
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Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online.
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Our micro-CT analysis of Ngandong 12 revealed a damaged divus and missing dorsum sellae, tuberculum sellae, and planum sphenoideum regions. This precludes a numerical evaluation of its cranial base flexion. The entire region from the sella turcica to the planum sphenoideum is missing in Sangiran 17. However, the floor of the sella turdca is preserved in Ngandong 12, and the clivus in Sangiran 17, allowing a comparison of approximate alignments with Sm 4 (Fig. 2, G and H). This suggests a cranial base, in both Ngandong 12 and Sangiran 17, that is broadly compatible with the Sm 4 condition of flexion. As far as we are aware, no account of cranial base flexion of Ngandong 7 has been published.
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In Sm 4, the anterior temporal pole outline intersects the midline cranial base profile close to the tuberculum sellae, whereas the same intersection in modern humans occurs at a position approximately at the middle of the planum sphenoideum (Fig. 2, I and J).
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0242580744
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We thank Darsono for the recovery of Sm 4; Sudijono, T. Sihombing I. Kumiawan, A. Hikmat, E. Indriati, A. Suprijo, P. H. Sulistyarto, R. A. Suriyanto, J. M. Susanto, and people of Mlale and Cemeng for fieldwork; J. Arif for access to Tjg-1993.05; H. Otsuka for stratigraphic interpretations; T. Suzuki for observations of possible traumatic bone alteration on Sm 4; F. Spoor for comments on H. erectus cranial base lengths and flexion; S. Matsukawa and M. Chubachi for assistance; and T. White and E. Delson for suggestions. We thank the Geological Research and Development Centre, Bandung, for permission and support. This work was supported by the National Science Museum, Tokyo, and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
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