Clinical use of therapies targeting tumor vasculature and stroma

Current Cancer Drug Targets

Volumn 8, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 498-508

  Davis, Ian D ^a   Desai, Jayesh ^b  

^a AUSTIN HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b ROYAL MELBOURNE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Cancer; Stroma; Therapy; Tumor; Vasculature

Indexed keywords

AFLIBERCEPT; ANASTROZOLE; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ANGIOPOIETIN; ANGIOSTATIN; AROMATASE INHIBITOR; BEVACIZUMAB; CARBOPLATIN; CEDIRANIB; COMBRETASTATIN A4 PHOSPHATE; DENOSUMAB; DOXORUBICIN; ENDOSTATIN; EXEMESTANE; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; GEMCITABINE; IMATINIB; IRINOTECAN; LETROZOLE; PACLITAXEL; PAZOPANIB; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; SORAFENIB; SUNITINIB; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR; VATALANIB; VEGF TRAP; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

ADIPOCYTE; ANGIOGENESIS; ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; BLOOD VESSEL; BONE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CANCER THERAPY; CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; COLORECTAL CANCER; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ENZYME INHIBITION; FIBROBLAST; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HUMAN; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; MACROPHAGE; MICROENVIRONMENT; MONOTHERAPY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OSTEOCLAST; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; REVIEW; STROMA; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR; TUMOR BLOOD FLOW; TUMOR STROMA; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; STROMAL CELLS;

EID: 51349152868     PISSN: 15680096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/156800908785699388     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. Jain, R. K. Vascular and interstitial barriers to delivery of therapeutic agents in tumors. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1990, 9, 253-266.
2. Hanahan, D.; Weinberg, R. A. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 2000, 100, 57-70.
3. Tannock, I. F.; Lee, C. M.; Tunggal, J. K.; Cowan, D. S.; Egorin, M. J. Limited penetration of anticancer drugs through tumor tissue: a potential cause of resistance of solid tumors to chemotherapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 2002, 8, 878-884.
4. Folkman, J. Angiogenesis: an organizing principle for drug discovery? Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2007, 6, 273-286.
5. Semenza, G. L. Involvement of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in human cancer. Intern. Med. 2002, 41, 79-83.
6. Heldin, C. -H.; Rubin, K.; Pietras, K.; Ostman, A. High interstitial fluid pressure - an obstacle in cancer therapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2004, 4, 806-813.
7. Jain, R. K. Transport of molecules in the tumor interstitium: A review. Cancer Res. 1987, 47, 3039-3051.
8. Pietras, K.; Stumm, M.; Hubert, M.; Buchdunger, E.; Rubin, K.; Heldin, C. -H.; McSheehy, P.; Wartmann, M.; Ostman, A. STI571 enhances the therapeutic index of epothilone B by a tumorselective increase of drug uptake. Clin. Cancer Res. 2003, 9, 3779-3787.
9. Pietras, K.; Rubin, K.; Sjoblom, T.; Buchdunger, E.; Sjoquist, M.; Heldin, C. -H.; Ostman, A. Inhibition of PDGF receptor signaling in tumor stroma enhances antitumor effect of chemotherapy. Cancer Res. 2002, 62, 5476-5484.
10. Curnis, F.; Sacchi, A.; Corti, A. Improving chemotherapeutic drug penetration in tumors by vascular targeting and barrier alteration. J. Clin. Invest. 2002, 110, 475-482.
11. Milosevic, M.; Fyles, A.; Hedley, D.; Pintilie, M.; Levin, W.; Manchul, L.; Hill, R. Interstitial Fluid Pressure Predicts Survival in Patients with Cervix Cancer Independent of Clinical Prognostic Factors and Tumor Oxygen Measurements. Cancer Res. 2001, 61, 6400-6405.
12. Less, J. R.; Posner, M. C.; Boucher, Y.; Borochovitz, D.; Wolmark, N.; Jain, R. K. Interstitial Hypertension in Human Breast and Colorectal Tumors. Cancer Res. 1992, 52, 6371-6374.
13. Hanahan, D.; Folkman, J. Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell 1996, 86, 353-364.
14. Hurwitz, H.; Fehrenbacher, L.; Novotny, W.; Cartwright, T.; Hainsworth, J.; Heim, W.; Berlin, J.; Baron, A.; Griffing, S.; Holmgren, E.; Ferrara, N.; Fyfe, G.; Rogers, B.; Ross, R.; Kabbinavar, F. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 350, 2335-2342.
15. Giantonio, B. J.; Catalano, P. J.; Meropol, N. J.; O'Dwyer, P. J.; Mitchell, E. P.; Alberts, S. R.; Schwartz, M. A.; Benson, A. B., III. Bevacizumab in Combination With Oxaliplatin, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin (FOLFOX4) for Previously Treated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Results From the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E3200. J. Clin. Oncol. 2007, 25, 1539-1544.
16. Sandler, A.; Gray, R.; Perry, M. C.; Brahmer, J.; Schiller, J. H.; Dowlati, A.; Lilenbaum, R.; Johnson, D. H. Paclitaxel-carboplatin alone or with bevacizumab for non-small-cell lung cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006, 355, 2542-2550.
17. Johnson, D. H.; Fehrenbacher, L.; Novotny, W. F.; Herbst, R. S.; Nemunaitis, J. J.; Jablons, D. M.; Langer, C. J.; DeVore, R. F., 3rd; Gaudreault, J.; Damico, L. A.; Holmgren, E.; Kabbinavar, F. Randomized phase II trial comparing bevacizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel with carboplatin and paclitaxel alone in previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2004, 22, 2184-2191.
18. Drevs, J.; Hofmann, I.; Hugenschmidt, H.; Wittig, C.; Madjar, H.; Muller, M.; Wood, J.; Martiny-Baron, G.; Unger, C.; Marme, D. Effects of PTK787/ZK 222584, a specific inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, on primary tumor, metastasis, vessel density, and blood flow in a murine renal cell carcinoma model. Cancer Res. 2000, 60, 4819-4824.
19. Wood, J. M.; Bold, G.; Buchdunger, E.; Cozens, R.; Ferrari, S.; Frei, J.; Hofmann, F.; Mestan, J.; Mett, H.; O'Reilly, T.; Persohn, E.; Rosel, J.; Schnell, C.; Stover, D.; Theuer, A.; Towbin, H.; Wenger, F.; Woods-Cook, K.; Menrad, A.; Siemeister, G.; Schirner, M.; Thierauch, K. H.; Schneider, M. R.; Drevs, J.; Martiny-Baron, G.; Totzke, F. PTK787/ZK 222584, a novel and potent inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, impairs vascular endothelial growth factor-induced responses and tumor growth after oral administration. Cancer Res. 2000, 60, 2178-2189.
20. Thomas, A. L.; Morgan, B.; Horsfield, M. A.; Higginson, A.; Kay, A.; Lee, L.; Masson, E.; Puccio-Pick, M.; Laurent, D.; Steward, W. P. Phase I study of the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of PTK787/ZK 222584 administered twice daily in patients with advanced cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2005, 23, 4162-4171.
21. Lee, L.; Sharma, S.; Morgan, B.; Allegrini, P.; Schnell, C.; Brueggen, J.; Cozens, R.; Horsfield, M.; Guenther, C.; Steward, W. P.; Drevs, J.; Lebwohl, D.; Wood, J.; McSheehy, P. M. Biomarkers for assessment of pharmacologic activity for a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor inhibitor, PTK787/ZK 222584 (PTK/ZK): translation of biological activity in a mouse melanoma metastasis model to phase I studies in patients with advanced colorectal cancer with liver metastases. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2006, 57, 761-771.
22. Morgan, B.; Thomas, A. L.; Drevs, J.; Hennig, J.; Buchert, M.; Jivan, A.; Horsfield, M. A.; Mross, K.; Ball, H. A.; Lee, L.; Mietlowski, W.; Fuxuis, S.; Unger C.; O'Byrne, K.; Henry, A.; Cherryman, G. R.; Laurent, D.; Dugan, M.; Marme, D.; Steward, W. P. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging as a biomarker for the pharmacological response of PTK787/ZK 222584, an inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, in patients with advanced colorectal cancer and liver metastases: results from two phase I studies. J. Clin. Oncol. 2003, 21, 3955-3964.
23. Druker, B. J.; Sawyers, C. L.; Kantarjian, H.; Resta, D. J.; Reese, S. F.; Ford, J. M.; Capdeville, R.; Talpaz, M. Activity of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in the blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the Philadelphia chromosome. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001, 344, 1038-1042.
24. Druker, B. J.; Talpaz, M.; Resta, D. J.; Peng, B.; Buchdunger, E.; Ford, J. M.; Lydon, N. B.; Kantarjian, H.; Capdeville, R.; Ohno-Jones, S.; Sawyers, C. L. Efficacy and safety of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in chronic myeloid leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001, 344, 1031-1037.
25. Demetri, G. D.; von Mehren, M.; Blanke, C. D.; Van den Abbeele, A. D.; Eisenberg, B.; Roberts, P. J.; Heinrich, M. C.; Tuveson, D. A.; Singer, S.; Janicek, M.; Fletcher, J. A.; Silverman, S. G.; Silberman, S. L.; Capdeville, R.; Kiese, B.; Peng, B.; Dimitrijevic, S.; Druker, B. J.; Corless, C.; Fletcher, C. D. M.; Joensuu, H. Efficacy and safety of imatinib mesylate in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002, 347, 472-480.
26. George, S.; Desai, J.; Paul Eder, J.; Manola, J.; Ryan, D. P.; Appleman, L. J.; Demetri, G. D. Selective kinase inhibition with daily imatinib intensifies toxicity of chemotherapy in patients with solid tumours. Eur. J. Cancer 2006, 42, 864-870.
27. Denekamp, J. Vascular attack as a therapeutic strategy for cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1990, 9, 267-282.
28. Denekamp, J. Review article: angiogenesis, neovascular proliferation and vascular pathophysiology as targets for cancer therapy. Br. J. Radiol. 1993, 66, 181-196.
29. Thorpe, P. E.; Chaplin, D. J.; Blakey, D. C. The first international conference on vascular targeting: meeting overview. Cancer Res. 2003, 63, 1144-1147.
30. Tozer, G. M.; Kanthou, C.; Baguley, B. C. Disrupting tumour blood vessels. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2005, 5, 423-435.
31. Blakey, D. C.; Westwood, F. R.; Walker, M.; Hughes, G. D.; Davis, P. D.; Ashton, S. E.; Ryan, A. J. Antitumor activity of the novel vascular targeting agent ZD6126 in a panel of tumor models. Clin. Cancer Res. 2002, 8, 1974-1983.
32. Ching, L. M.; Goldsmith D.; Joseph, W. R.; Korner, H.; Sedgwick, J. D.; Baguley, B. C. Induction of intratumoral tumor necrosis factor (TNF) synthesis and hemorrhagic necrosis by 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) in TNF knockout mice. Cancer Res. 1999, 59, 3304-3307.
33. Huang, X.; Molema, G.; King, S.; Watkins, L.; Edgington, T. S.; Thorpe, P. E. Tumor infarction in mice by antibody-directed targeting of tissue factor to tumor vasculature. Science 1997, 275, 547-550.
34. Tozer, G. M.; Kanthou, C.; Parkins, C. S.; Hill, S. A. The biology of the combretastatins as tumour vascular targeting agents. Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 2002, 83, 21-38.
35. Herbst, R. S.; Mullani, N. A.; Davis, D. W.; Hess, K. R.; McConkey, D. J.; Charnsangavej, C.; O'Reilly, M. S.; Kim, H. W.; Baker, C.; Roach, J.; Ellis, L. M.; Rashid, A.; Pluda, J.; Bucana, C.; Madden, T. L.; Tran, H. T.; Abbruzzese, J. L. Development of biologic markers of response and assessment of antiangiogenic activity in a clinical trial of human recombinant endostatin. J. Clin. Oncol. 2002, 20, 3804-3814.
36. Shackleton, M.; Vaillant, F.; Simpson, K. J.; Stingl, J.; Smyth, G. K.; Asselin-Labat, M. L.; Wu, L.; Lindeman, G. J.; Visvader, J. E. Generation of a functional mammary gland from a single stem cell. Nature 2006, 439, 84-88.
37. DeCosse, J. J.; Gossens, C. L.; Kuzma, J. F.; Unsworth, B. R. Breast cancer: induction of differentiation by embryonic tissue. Science 1973, 181, 1057-1058.
38. Medina, D.; Shepherd, F.; Gropp, T. Enhancement of the tumorigenicity of preneoplastic mammary nodule lines by enzymatic dissociation. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1978, 60, 1121-1126.
39. Santner, S. J.; Pauley, R. J.; Tait, L.; Kaseta, J.; Santen, R. J. Aromatase activity and expression in breast cancer and benign breast tissue stromal cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997, 82, 200-208.
40. Miki, Y.; Suzuki, T.; Tazawa, C.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Kitada, K.; Honma, S.; Moriya, T.; Hirakawa, H.; Evans, D. B.; Hayashi, S. -i.; Ohuchi, N.; Sasano, H. Aromatase localization in human breast cancer tissues: Possible interactions between intratumoral stromal and parenchymal cells. Cancer Res. 2007, 67, 3945-3954.
41. Gibson, L. J.; Dawson, C. K.; Lawrence, D. H.; Bliss, J. M. Aromatase inhibitors for treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2007, (1), CD003370.
42. Welt, S.; Divgi, C. R.; Scott, A. M.; Garin-Chesa, P.; Finn, R. D.; Graham, M.; Carswell, E. A.; Cohen, A.; Larson, S. M.; Old, L. J. Antibody targeting in metastatic colon cancer: a phase I study of monoclonal antibody F19 against a cell-surface protein of reactive tumor stromal fibroblasts. J. Clin. Oncol. 1994, 12, 1193-1203.
43. Fassnacht, M.; Lee, J.; Milazzo, C.; Boczkowski, D.; Su, Z.; Nair, S.; Gilboa, E. Induction of CD4+ and CD8+ T-Cell Responses to the Human Stromal Antigen, Fibroblast Activation Protein: Implication for Cancer Immunotherapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 2005, 11, 5566-5571.
44. Kaminski, A.; Hahne, J. C.; Haddouti, el-M.; Florin, A.; Wellmann, A.; Wernert, N. Tumour-stroma interactions between metastatic prostate cancer cells and fibroblasts. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2006, 18, 941-950.
45. Kondo, T.; Zheng, L.; Liu, W.; Kurebayashi, J.; Asa, S. L.; Ezzat, S. Epigenetically controlled fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 signaling imposes on the RAS/BRAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway to modulate thyroid cancer progression. Cancer Res. 2007, 67, 5461-5470.
46. Hill, R.; Song, Y.; Cardiff, R. D.; Van Dyke, T. Selective evolution of stromal mesenchyme with p53 loss in response to epithelial tumorigenesis. Cell 2005, 123, 1001-1011.
47. Cunha, G. R.; Hayward, S. W.; Wang, Y. Z.; Ricke, W. A. Role of the stromal microenvironment in carcinogenesis of the prostate. Int. J. Cancer 2003, 107, 1-10.
48. Taylor, R. A.; Cowin, P. A.; Cunha, G. R.; Pera, M.; Trounson, A. O.; Pedersen, J.; Risbridger, G. P. Formation of human prostate tissue from embryonic stem cells. Nat. Methods 2006, 3, 179-181.
49. Rich, J. N. Cancer Stem Cells in Radiation Resistance. Cancer Res. 2007, 67, 8980-8984.
50. Sato, E.; Olson, S. H.; Ahn, J.; Bundy, B.; Nishikawa, H.; Qian, F.; Jungbluth, A. A.; Frosina, D.; Gnjatic, S.; Ambrosone, C.; Kepner, J.; Odunsi, T.; Ritter, G.; Lele, S.; Chen, Y. T.; Ohtani, H.; Old, L. J.; Odunsi, K. Intraepithelial CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and a high CD8+/regulatory T cell ratio are associated with favorable prognosis in ovarian cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 18538-18543.
51. Mihm, M. C. J.; Clemente, C. G.; Cascinelli, N. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in lymph node melanoma metastases: a histopathologic prognostic indicator and an expression of local immune response. Lab. Invest. 1996, 74, 43-47.
52. Mantovani, A.; Allavena, P.; Sozzani, S.; Vecchi, A.; Locati, M.; Sica, A. Chemokines in the recruitment and shaping of the leukocyte infiltrate of tumors. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2004, 14, 155-160.
53. Mantovani, A. Tumor-associated macrophages in neoplastic progression: a paradigm for the in vivo function of chemokines. Lab. Invest. 1994, 71, 5-16.
54. Dorsch, M.; Hock, H.; Kunzendorf, U.; Diamantstein, T.; Blankenstein, T. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene transfer into tumor cells induces macrophage infiltration but not tumor suppression. Eur. J. Immunol. 1993, 23, 186-190.
55. Mantovani, A.; Sozzani, S.; Locati, M.; Allavena, P.; Sica, A. Macrophage polarization: tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes. Trends Immunol. 2002, 23, 549-555.
56. Van Ginderachter, J. A.; Movahedi, K.; Hassanzadeh Ghassabeh, G.; Meerschaut, S.; Beschin, A.; Raes, G.; De Baetselier, P. Classical and alternative activation of mononuclear phagocytes: picking the best of both worlds for tumor promotion. Immunobiology 2006, 211, 487-501.
57. Guiducci, C.; Vicari, A. P.; Sangaletti, S.; Trinchieri, G.; Colombo, M. P. Redirecting in vivo elicited tumor infiltrating macrophages and dendritic cells towards tumor rejection. Cancer Res. 2005, 65, 3437-3446.
58. Sandel, M. H.; Dadabayev, A. R.; Menon, A. G.; Morreau, H.; Melief, C. J. M.; Offringa, R.; van der Burg, S. H.; Janssen-van Rhijn, C. M.; Ensink, N. G.; Tollenaar, R. A.; van de Velde, C. J. H.; Kuppen, P. J. K. Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells in colorectal cancer: Role of maturation status and intratumoral localization. Clin. Cancer Res. 2005, 11, 2576-2582.
59. Liakou, C. I.; Narayanan, S.; Tang, D. N.; Logothetis, C. J.; Sharma, P. Focus on TILs: Prognostic significance of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in human bladder cancer. Cancer Immun. 2007, 7, 10.
60. Kunkel, E. J.; Butcher, E. C. Chemokines and the tissue-specific migration of lymphocytes. Immunity 2002, 16, 1-4.
61. Bagai, R.; Valujskikh, A.; Canaday, D. H.; Bailey, E.; Lalli, P. N.; Harding, C. V.; Heeger, P. S. Mouse endothelial cells cross-present lymphocyte-derived antigen on class I MHC via a TAP1- and proteasome-dependent pathway. J. Immunol. 2005, 174, 7711-7715.
62. Galea, I.; Bernardes-Silva, M.; Forse, P. A.; van Rooijen, N.; Liblau, R. S.; Perry, V. H. An antigen-specific pathway for CD8 T cells across the blood-brain barrier. J. Exp. Med. 2007, 204, 2023-2030.
63. Nicholaou, T.; Ebert, L.; Davis, I. D.; Robson, N.; Klein, O.; Maraskovsky, E.; Chen, W.; Cebon, J. Directions in the immune targeting of cancer: lessons learned from the cancer-testis Ag NY-ESO-1. Immunol. Cell Biol. 2006, 84, 303-317.
64. Gilcrease, M. Z. Integrin signaling in epithelial cells. Cancer Lett. 2007, 247, 1-25.
65. Hehlgans, S.; Haase, M.; Cordes, N. Signalling via integrins: implications for cell survival and anticancer strategies. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2007, 1775, 163-180.
66. Jain, S.; Chakraborty, G.; Bulbule, A.; Kaur, R.; Kundu, G. C. Osteopontin: an emerging therapeutic target for anticancer therapy. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets 2007, 11, 81-90.
67. Humphries, J. D.; Byron, A.; Humphries, M. J. Integrin ligands at a glance. J. Cell Sci. 2006, 119, 3901-3903.
68. Wei, C.; Guomin, W.; Yujun, L.; Ruizhe, Q. Cancer stem-like cells in human prostate carcinoma cells DU145: The seeds of the cell line? Cancer Biol. Ther. 2007, 6, 763-768.
69. Koistinen, P.; Ahonen, M.; Kähäri, V. -M.; Heino, J. aV integrin promotes in vitro and in vivo survival of cells in metastatic melanoma. Int. J. Cancer 2004, 112, 61-70.
70. Gocheva, V.; Joyce, J. A. Cysteine cathepsins and the cutting edge of cancer invasion. Cell Cycle 2007, 6, 60-64.
71. Crippa, M. P. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2007, 39, 690-694.
72. Lopez-Otin, C.; Matrisian, L. M. Emerging roles of proteases in tumour suppression. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2007, 7, 800-808.
73. Przybylo, J. A.; Radisky, D. C. Matrix metalloproteinase-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition: tumor progression at Snail's pace. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2007, 39, 1082-1088.
74. Schwarz, E. M.; Ritchlin, C. T. Clinical development of anti-RANKL therapy. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2007, 9(Suppl. 1), S7.
75. Virk, M. S.; Lieberman, J. R. Tumor metastasis to bone. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2007, 9(Suppl 1), S5.
76. Rauner, M.; Sipos, W.; Pietschmann, P. Osteoimmunology. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2007, 143, 31-48.
77. Quintas-Cardama, A.; Kantarjian, H.; Cortes, J. Flying under the radar: the new wave of BCR-ABL inhibitors. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2007, 6, 834-848.
78. Cortes, J.; Jabbour, E.; Kantarjian, H.; Yin, C. C.; Shan, J.; O'Brien, S.; Garcia-Manero, G.; Giles, F.; Breeden, M.; Reeves, N.; Wierda, W. G.; Jones, D. Dynamics of BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations in chronic myeloid leukemia after sequential treatment with multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Blood 2007, 110, 4005-4011.
79. Shah, N. P.; Skaggs, B. J.; Branford, S.; Hughes, T. P.; Nicoll, J. M.; Paquette, R. L.; Sawyers, C. L. Sequential ABL kinase inhibitor therapy selects for compound drug-resistant BCR-ABL mutations with altered oncogenic potency. J. Clin. Invest. 2007, 117, 2562-2569.
80. Kantarjian, H. M.; Giles, F.; Gattermann, N.; Bhalla, K.; Alimena, G.; Palandri, F.; Ossenkoppele, G. J.; Nicolini, F. E.; O'Brien, S. G.; Litzow, M.; Bhatia, R.; Cervantes, F.; Haque, A.; Shou, Y.; Resta, D. J.; Weitzman, A.; Hochhaus, A.; le Coutre, P. Nilotinib (formerly AMN107), a highly selective BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is effective in patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase following imatinib resistance and intolerance. Blood 2007, 110, 3540-3546.
81. Sosman, J. A.; Puzanov, I.; Atkins, M. B. Opportunities and Obstacles to Combination Targeted Therapy in Renal Cell Cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2007, 13, 764s-769s.
82. Faivre, S.; Demetri, G.; Sargent, W.; Raymond, E. Molecular basis for sunitinib efficacy and future clinical development. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2007, 6, 734-745.
83. Escudier, B.; Eisen, T.; Stadler, W. M.; Szczylik, C.; Oudard, S.; Siebels, M.; Negrier, S.; Chevreau, C.; Solska, E.; Desai, A. A.; Rolland, F.; Demkow, T.; Hutson, T. E.; Gore, M.; Freeman, S.; Schwartz, B.; Shan, M.; Simantov, R.; Bukowski, R. M.; the TARGET Study Group. Sorafenib in Advanced Clear-Cell Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007, 356, 125-134.
84. Benjamin, R. S.; Choi, H.; Macapinlac, H. A.; Burgess, M. A.; Patel, S. R.; Chen, L. L.; Podoloff, D. A.; Charnsangavej, C. We should desist using RECIST, at least in GIST. J. Clin. Oncol. 2007, 25, 1760-1764.
85. Choi, H.; Charnsangavej, C.; Faria, S. C.; Macapinlac, H. A.; Burgess, M. A.; Patel, S. R.; Chen, L. L.; Podoloff, D. A.; Benjamin, R. S. Correlation of computed tomography and positron emission tomography in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor treated at a single institution with imatinib mesylate: proposal of new computed tomography response criteria. J. Clin. Oncol. 2007, 25, 1753-1759.
86. Reya, T.; Morrison, S. J.; Clarke, M. F.; Weissman, I. L. Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature 2001, 414, 105-111.
87. Li, L.; Neaves, W. B. Normal stem cells and cancer stem cells: The niche matters. Cancer Res. 2006, 66, 4553-4557.