Palaeoenvironments and palaeotectonics of the arid to hyperarid intracontinental latest Permian- late Triassic Solway basin (U.K.)

Sedimentary Geology

Volumn 210, Issue 1-2, 2008, Pages 27-47

  Brookfield, Michael E ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF EARTH SCIENCES   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Basin; Hyperarid; Palaeoenvironments; Palaeotectonics; Permian; Solway; Triassic

Indexed keywords

ARID REGION; DESERT SOIL; DUNE; EOLIAN DEPOSIT; FINE GRAINED SEDIMENT; LITHOFACIES; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PALEOLATITUDE; PERMIAN; PLAYA; REGOLITH; SABKHA; SANDSTONE; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; TECTONIC SETTING; TRIASSIC; UNCONFORMITY;

EURASIA; EUROPE; SOLWAY BASIN; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 51349138651     PISSN: 00370738     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2008.06.003     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. Aigner T. Storm Depositional Systems. Lecture Notes in Earth Science vol. 3 (1985), Springer Verlag, Berlin
2. Akhurst M.C., Chadwick R.A., Holliday D.W., McCormack M., McMillan A.A., Millward D., and Young B. Geology of the west Cumbria district (1997), British Geological Survey 138 p.
3. Allen J.R.L. Sedimentary structures: their character and physical basis vol. 1 (1982), Elsevier, Amsterdam 593 p.
4. Allen J.R.L. Studies in fluviatile sedimentation: bars, bar complexes and sandstone sheets (low-sinuosity braided streams) in the Brownstones (L. Devonian), Welsh Borders. Sedimentary Geology 33 (1983) 237-293
5. Alley N.F. Cainozoic stratigraphy, palaeoenvironments and geological evolution of the Lake Eyre Basin. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 144 (1998) 239-263
6. Alsharhan A.S., and Kendall C.G.St.C. Holocene coastal carbonates and evaporites of the southern Arabian Gulf and their ancient analogues. Earth- Science Reviews 61 (2003) 191-243
7. Arthurton R.S. The Permian evaporites of the Langwathby Borehole, Cumberland. Institute of Geological Sciences Report 71/17 (1971), Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London 18 p.
8. Arthurton R.S., and Hemingway J.E. The St. Bees evaporites - a carbonate- evaporite formation of Upper Permian age in west Cumberland, England. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 38 (1972) 565-592
9. Arthurton R.S., and Wadge A.J. Geology of the country around Penrith. Geological Survey of Great Britain Memoir for 1:50,000 geological sheet vol. 24 (1981), Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London 177 p.
10. Barnes R.P., Ambrose K., Holliday D.W., and Jones N.S. Lithostratigraphical Subdivision of the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group in west Cumbria. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 50 (1994) 51-60
11. Barrett B.H. The Triassic rocks of the Annan basin, Dumfriesshire. Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow 20 (1942) 161-179
12. Benton M.J., Tverdokhlebov V.P., and Surkov M.V. Ecosystem remodeling among vertebrates at the Permian-Triassic boundary in Russia. Nature 432 (2004) 97-100
13. Best J. The fluid dynamics of small-scale alluvial bedforms. In: Carling P.A., and Dawson M.R. (Eds). Advances in fluvial dynamics and stratigraphy (1996), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 67-125
14. Bourke M.C., and Pickup G. Fluvial form and variability in arid central Australia. In: Miller A.J., and Gupta A. (Eds). Varieties of Fluvial Form (1999), John Wiley, New York 249-271
15. Bray R.J., Green P.F., and Duddy I.R. Thermal history reconstruction using apatite fission track analysis and vitrinite reflectance: a case study from the UK East Midlands and Southern North Sea. Geological Society Special Publication 67 (1992) 3-25
16. Brayshaw A.C., Reid I., and Frostick L.E. The hydrodynamics of particle clusters and sediment entrainment in coarse alluvial channels. Sedimentology 30 (1983) 137-143
17. Bridge J.S. The interaction between channel geometry, water flow, sediment transport and deposition in braided rivers. Special Publication of the Geological Society of London 75 (1993) 13-71
18. Bristow C. Reconstructing fluvial channel morphology from sedimentary sequences. In: Carling P.A., and Dawson M.R. (Eds). Advances in fluvial dynamics and stratigraphy (1996), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 351-371
19. Brookfield M.E. Anatomy of a Lower Permian aeolian sandstone complex. Scottish Journal of Geology 15 (1979) 81-96
20. Brookfield M.E. Permian intermontane basin sedimentation in southern Scotland. Sedimentary Geology 27 (1980) 176-194
21. Brookfield M.E. Eolian systems. In: Walker R.G., and James N.P. (Eds). Facies Models (1992), Geological Association of Canada, St Johns, Newfoundland 143-156
22. Brookfield M.E. The enigma of fine-grained alluvial basin fills: the Permo-Triassic (Cumbrian Coastal and Sherwood Sandstone Groups) of the Solway Basin, NW England and SW Scotland. International Journal of Earth Sciences 93 (2004) 282-296
23. Bryant R.G., Sellwood B.W., Millington A.C., and Drake N.A. Marine-like potash evaporite formation on a continental playa: case study from Chott el Djerid, southern Tunisia. Sedimentary Geology 90 (1994) 269-291
24. Bull W.B. Discontinuous ephemeral streams. Geomorphology 19 (1997) 227-276
25. Burgess I.C. The Permo-Triassic rocks. around Kirkby Stephen, Westmorland. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 35 (1965) 91-101
26. Burgess I.C., and Holliday D.W. The Permo-Triassic rocks of the Hilton borehole, Westmoreland. Bulletin of the geological Survey of Great Britain 46 (1974) 1-34
27. Burke K. The Chad Basin: an active intra-continental basin. Tectonophysics 36 (1976) 197-206
28. Bye J.A.T., Dillon P.J., Vandenberg J.G., and Will G.D. Bathymetry of Lake Eyre. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 102 (1978) 85-89
29. Chadwick R.A., Holliday D.W., Holloway S., and Hulbert A.G. The structure and evolution of the Northumberland-Solway basin. Subsurface Memoir of the British Geological Survey (1995), HMSO, London 90 p.
30. Chen F., Li J., and Zhang W. Loess stratigraphy of the Lanzhou profile and its comparison with deep-sea sediment and ice core record. GeoJournal 21 (1991) 201-209
31. Chumakov N.M., and Zharkov M.A. Climate during the Permian-Triassic biosphere reorganizations. Article 2. Climate of the Late Permian and Early Triassic: General inferences. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 11 (2003) 361-375
32. Clarke R.F.A. British saccate and monosulcate miospores. Palaeontology 8 (1965) 322-354
33. Clemmensen L.B. Alternating aeolian, sabkha and shallow lake deposits from the Middle Triassic Gipsdalen Formation, Scoresby Land, East Greenland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 24 (1978) 111-135
34. Clemmensen L.B. Desert sand plain and sabkha deposits from the Bunter Sandstone Formation (L. Triassic) at the northern margin of the German Basin. Geologische Rundschau 74 (1985) 519-536
35. Cohen A.S. Paleolimnology: the history and evolution of lake basins (2003), Oxford University Press, Oxford 500 p.
36. Colter V.S., and Barr K.W. Recent developments in the geology of the Irish Sea and Cheshire Basin. In: Woodland A.W. (Ed). Petroleum and the Continental Shelf of North West Europe (1975), Applied Science Publishers, London 61-75
37. Costelloe J.F., Powling J., Reid J.R.W., Shiel R.J., and Hudson P. Algal diversity and assemblages in arid zone rivers of the Lake Eyre basin, Australia. River Research and Applications 21 (2005) 337-349
38. Cowan G. Identification and significance of aeolian deposits within the dominantly fluvial Sherwood Sandstone Group of the East Irish Sea basin, U.K. Geological Society Special Publication 73 (1993) 231-245
39. Dade W.B., and Friend P.F. Grain-size, sediment-transport regime, and channel slope in alluvial rivers. Journal of Geology 106 (1998) 661-675
40. DeVogel S.B., Magee J.W., Manley W.F., and Gifford H.M. A GIS-based reconstruction of late Quaternary paleohydrology: Lake Eyre, arid central Australia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 204 (2004) 1-13
41. Dewey J.F. Plate tectonics and the evolution of the British Isles. Journal of the Geological Society of London 139 (1982) 371-412
42. Dobruskina I.A. Phytogeography of Eurasia during the early Triassic. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 58 (1987) 75-86
43. Durand A. Sediments quaternaires et changements climatiques au Sahel central (Niger et Tchad). Africa Geoscience Review 2 (1995) 323-614
44. El-Baz F., Mainguet M., and Robinson C. Fluvio-aeolian dynamics in the north- eastern Sahara: the relationship between fluvial/aeolian systems and ground- water concentration. Journal of Arid Environments 44 (2000) 173-183
45. Eugster H.P., and Maglione G. Brines and evaporites of the Lake Chad basin, Africa. Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta 43 (1979) 973-981
46. Ewing S.A., Sutter B., Amundson R., Owen J., Nishiizumi K., Sharp W., Cliff S.S., Perry K., Dietrich W.E., and McKay C.P. A threshold in soil formation at Earth's arid-hyperarid transition. Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta, 70 (2006) 5293-5322
47. FitzPatrick E.A. Soil microscopy and micromorphology (1993), John Wiley & Sons, NewYork 304 pp.
48. Fluteau F., Besse J., Broutin J., and Ramstein G. The Late Permian climate. What can be inferred from climate modeling concerning Pangaea scenarios and Hercynian range altitude. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 167 (2001) 39-71
49. Fraser A.J., and Gawthorpe R.L. Tectono-stratigraphic development and hydrocarbon habitat of the Carboniferous in Northern England. In: Hardman R.F.P., and Brooks J. (Eds). Tectonic events responsible for Britain=s Oil and Gas Reserves 55 (1990), Geological Society of London Special Publication 49-86
50. Fryberger S.G. Dune forms and wind regime. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1052 (1979) 137-169
51. Gaupp R., Gast R., and Forster C. Late Permian playa lake deposits of the southern Permian basin (Central Europe). American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology 46 (2000) 75-86
52. Golonka J., and Ford D. Pangaean (Late Carboniferous - Middle Jurassic) paleoenvironment and lithofacies. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 161 (2000) 1-34
53. Goudie A.S., and Middleton N.J. Saharan dust storms: nature and consequences. Earth-Science Reviews 56 (2001) 179-204
54. Gradstein F.M., Ogg J.G., and Smith A.G. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 (2004), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
55. Green P.F. On the thermo-tectonic evolution of Northern England from fission track analysis. Geological Magazine 123 (1986) 493-506
56. Greenwood P.J., and Habesch S.M. Diagenesis of the Sherwood Sandstone Group in the southern East Irish Sea Basin (blocks 110/13, 110/14 and 110/14): constraints from preliminary isotopic and fluid inclusion studies. Geological Society of London Special Publication 124 (1997) 353-371
57. Grove A.T. The geography of semi-arid lands. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B278 (1977) 457-475
58. Hartley R.W., and Allen P.A. Interior cratonic basins of Africa: relation to continental break-up and role of mantle convection. Basin Research 6 (1994) 95-113
59. Herries R.D., and Cowan G. Challenging the 'sheetflood' myth: the role of water-table-controlled sabkha deposits in redefining the depositional model for the Ormskirk Sandstone Formation (Lower Triassic), East Irish Sea Basin. Geological Society Special Publication 124 (1997) 253-276
60. Holliday D.W., Warrington G., Brookfield M.E., McMillan A.A., and Holloway S. Permo-Triassic rocks in boreholes in the Annan-Canonbie area, Dumfries and Galloway, southern Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology, 37 (2001) 97-113
61. Holliday D.W., Holloway S., McMillan A.A., Jones N.S., Warrington G., and Akhurst M.C. The evolution of the Carlisle Basin, NW England and SW Scotland. Proceedings of the Yorkshire geological Society 55 (2004) 1-19
62. Hounslow M.W., and McIntosh G. Magnetostratigraphy of the Sherwood Sandstone Group (Lower and Middle Triassic), south Devon, U.K.: detailed correlation of the marine and non-marine Anisian. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 193 (2003) 325-348
63. Hunter R.E. Basic types of stratification in small eolian dunes. Sedimentology 24 (1977) 361-387
64. Ivimey-Cook H.C., Warrington G., Worley N.E., Holloway S., and Young B. Rocks of Late Triassic and Early Jurassic age in the Carlisle Basin, Cumbria (north-west England). Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 50 (1995) 305-316
65. Jackson III R.G. Hierarchical attributes and a unifying model of bed forms composed of cohesionless material and produced by shearing flows. Geological Society of America Bulletin 86 (1975) 1523-1533
66. Jackson D.I., and Mulholland P. Tectonic and stratigraphic aspects of the East Irish Sea Basin and adjacent areas: contrasts in their post-Carboniferous structural styles. In: Parker J.R. (Ed). Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 4th Conference (1993), The Geological Society, London 791-808
67. Jackson D.I., Mulholland P., Jones S.M., and Warrington G. The geological framework of the East Irish Sea basin. In: Brooks J., and Glennie K. (Eds). Petroleum Geology of North-west Europe (1987), Graham and Trotman, London 191-203
68. Jackson D.I., Jackson A.A., Evans D., Wingfield R.T.R., Barnes R.P., and Arthur M.J. The geology of the Irish Sea. British Geological Survey United Kingdom Offshore Regional Report (1995), Her Majesties Stationery Office, London 123 p.
69. Jeans C.V. Clay mineralogy of the Permo-Triassic strata of the British Isles: onshore and offshore. Clay Minerals 41 (2006) 309-354
70. Jones N.S., and Ambrose K. Triassic sandy braidplain and aeolian sedimentation in the Sherwood Sandstone Group of the Sellafield area, west Cumbria. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 50 (1994) 61-76
71. Kent D.V., and Olsen P.E. Magnetic polarity stratigraphy and paleolatitude of the Triassic-Jurassic Blomidon Formation in the Fundy basin (Canada): implications for early Mesozoic tropical climate gradients. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 179 (2000) 311-324
72. Kidder D.L., and Worseley T.R. Causes and consequences of extreme Permo- Triassic warming to globally equable climate and relation to Permo-Triassic extinction and recovery. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 203 (2004) 207-237
73. Knipe R., Cowan G., and Balendran V.S. The tectonic history of the East Irish Sea Basin with reference to the Morecambe Fields. In: Parker J.R. (Ed). Petroleum Geology of North West Europe. Proceedings of the 4th Conference (1993), Geological Society of London, London 857-868
74. Knott S.D., Burchell M.T., Jolley E.J., and Fraser A.J. Mesozoic to Cenozoic plate reconstructions and the North Atlantic and hydrocarbon plays of the Atlantic margin. In: Parker J.R. (Ed). Petroleum Geology of North West Europe. Proceedings of the 4th Conference (1993), Geological Society of London, London 953-974
75. Kotwicki V. Floods of Lake Eyre (1986), Engineering and Waster Supply Department, Adelaide, South Australia 99 p.
76. Kusnir, I., 1995. Geologie, Ressources Minerales et Rassources en eau du bassin du lac Tchad. Travaux et Documents de L'O.R.S.T.M., Paris, Connaissance du Tchad no. 1, 115 p.
77. Labandeira C.C., and Sepkoski Jr. J.J. Insect diversity in the Fossil record. Science 262 (1993) 310-315
78. Lewis C.L.E., Green P.F., Carter A., and Hurford A.J. Elevated K/T palaeotemperatures throughout Northwest England: three kilometres of Tertiary erosion. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 112 (1992) 131-145
79. Looy C.V., Bruggman W.A., Dilcher D.L., and Visscher H. The delayed Resurgence of equatorial forests after the Permian-Triassic ecologic crisis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 96 (1999) 13857-13862
80. Lopez-Gomez J., and Arche A. Architecture of the Canizar fluvial sheet sandstones, early Triassic, Iberian range, eastern Spain. Special Publication of the International Association of Sedimentologists 17 (1993) 363-381
81. Louis, P., 1970. Contribution geophysique a la connaissance du bassin du Lac Tchad. O.R.S.T.M. Paris Memoires No. 42:. 311 p.
82. Luttrell P.R. Basinwide sedimentation and continuum of paleoflow in an ancient river system: Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic), central portion Colorado Plateau. Sedimentary Geology 85 (1993) 411-434
83. Madden C.P., McEvoy P.K., Taylor D.J., Tsymbal V., Venus T.A., and Goonan P.M. Macroinvertebrates of watercourses in the Lake Eyre Basin, South Australia. Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 28 (2002) 291-600
84. Magee J.W. Quaternary lacustrine events and chronology in the Lake Eyre Basin. Quaternary Australia 11 (1993) 67-68
85. Magee J.W., and Miller G.H. Lake Eyre paleohydrology from 60 ka to the present: beach ridges and glacial maximum aridity. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 144 (1998) 307-329
86. Magee J.W., Bowler J.M., Miller G.H., and Williams D.L.G. Stratigraphy, sedimentology, chronology and palaeohydrology of Quaternary lacustrine deposits at Madigan Gulf, Lake Eyre, South Australia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 113 (1995) 3-42
87. Maley, J., 1981. Etudes palynologiques dans le bassin du Tchad et paleoclimatologie de L'Afrique nord-tropicale de 30,000 ans a l'epoque actuelle. Travaux et Documents de L'O.R.S.T.M., Paris no. 129, and 586p.
88. Maley J. Last Glacial maximum lacustrine and fluviatile Formations in the Tibesti and other Saharan mountains and large-scale climatic teleconnections linked to the activity of the Subtropical Jet Stream. Global and Planetary Change 26 (2000) 121-136
89. Manspeizer W. Triassic-Jurassic rifting and the opening of the Atlantic: an overview. In: Manspeizer W. (Ed). Triassic-Jurassic rifting; continental breakup, and the origin of the Atlantic Ocean and passive margins (1988), Elsevier, New York 41-79
90. Mantz P.A. Bedforms produced by fine, cohesionless, granular and flakey sediments under subcritical water flows. Sedimentology 25 (1978) 83-103
91. Martin A.J. Flaser and wavy bedding in ephemeral streams: a modern and an ancient example. Sedimentary Geology 136 (2000) 1-5
92. Maxwell T.A., and Haynes Jr. C.V. Sand sheet dynamics and Quaternary landscape evolution of the Selima Sand Sheet, southern Egypt. Quaternary Science Reviews 20 (2000) 1623-1647
93. McKee E.D., and Weir G.W. Terminology for stratification and cross- stratification in sedimentary rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin 64 (1953) 381-389
94. McKee E.D., Crosby E.J., and Berryhill Jr. H.L. Flood deposits, Bijou Creek, Colorado, June, 1965. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 37 (1967) 829-851
95. McKenzie D.P. Some remarks on the development of sedimentary basins. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 40 (1978) 25-32
96. Meadows N.S. The correlation and sequence architecture of the Ormskirk Sandstone Formation in the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group of the East Irish Sea Basin, NW England. Geological Journal 41 (2006) 93-122
97. Meadows N.S., and Beach A. Structural and climatic controls on facies distribution in a mixed fluvial and aeolian reservoir: the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone in the Irish Sea. Geological Society Special Publication 73 (1993) 247-264
98. Menning M. A numerical time scale for the Permian and Triassic periods: an integrated time analysis. In: Scholle P.A., Peryt T.M., and Ulmer-Scholle D.S. (Eds). The Permian of Northern Pangaea. Paleogeography, Paleoclimates, Stratigraphy vol. 1 (1995), Springer-Verlag, Berlin 77-97
99. Meyer H.O. Revision of the stratigraphy of the Permian evaporites and associated strata in north-western England. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 35 (1965) 71-89
100. Miall A.D. A review of the braided river depositional environment. Earth-Science Reviews 13 (1977) 1-62
101. Miall A.D. Architecture-element analysis: a new method of facies analysis applied to fluvial deposits. Earth-Science Reviews 22 (1985) 261-308
102. Miall A.D. Architectural elements and bounding surfaces in fluvial deposits: anatomy of the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic), southwest Colorado. Sedimentary Geology 55 (1988) 233-262
103. Miall A.D. The architecture of fluvial-deltaic sequences in the Upper Mesaverde Group (Upper Cretaceous), Book Cliffs, Utah. Geological Society of London Special Publication 75 (1988) 305-332
104. Miall A.D. The geology of fluvial deposits (1996), Springer-Verlag, Berlin 582 p.
105. Miller M.C., McCave I.N., and Komar P.D. Threshold of sediment motion under unidirectional currents. Sedimentology 24 (1977) 507-527
106. Mitchie U.McL., and Bowden R.A. UK NIREX geological investigations at Sellafield. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 50 (1994) 5-9
107. Mountney N.P., and Thompson D.B. Stratigraphic evolution and preservation of aeolian dune and damp/wet interdune strata: an example from the Triassic Helsby Sandstone Formation, Cheshire Basin, UK. Sedimentology 49 (2002) 805-833
108. Musgrove F.W., Murdoch L.M., and Lenehan T. The Variscan fold-thrust belt and its control on early Mesozoic extension and deposition: a method to predict the Sherwood Sandstone. Geological Society of London Special Publication 93 (1995) 81-100
109. Mutti M., and Weissert H. Triassic monsoonal climate and its signature in Ladinian-Carnian carbonates platforms (Southern Alps, Italy). Journal of Sedimentary Research B65 (1995) 357-367
110. Nanson G.C., Rust B.R., and Taylor G. Coexisting mud braids and anastomosing channels in an arid-zone river: Cooper Creek, central Australia. Geology 14 (1986) 175-178
111. Newman P.J. The geology and hydrocarbon potential of the Peel and Solway Basins, East Irish Sea. Journal of Petroleum Geology 22 (1999) 305-324
112. Noffke N., Gerdes G., and Klenke T. Benthic cyanobacteria and their influence on the sedimentary dynamics of peritidal depositional systems (siliciclastic, evaporitic salty and evaporitic carbonate). Earth-Science Reviews 62 (2003) 163-176
113. North C.P. The prediction and modeling of subsurface fluvial stratigraphy. In: Carling P.A., and Dawson M.R. (Eds). Advances in fluvial dynamics and stratigraphy (1996), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 395-508
114. North C.P., and Taylor K.S. Ephemeral-fluvial deposits: integrated outcrop and simulation studies reveal complexity. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 80 (1996) 811-830
115. Orfeo O. Sedimentological characteristics of small rivers with loessic headwaters in the Chaco, South America. Quaternary International 62 (1999) 69-74
116. Olivry J.-C., Chouret A., Vuillaume G., Lemoalle J., and Bricquet J.P. Hydrologie du lac Chad (1996), ORSTOM editions, Paris 266 p.
117. Ovtcharova M., Bucher H., Schaltegger U., Galfetti T., Brayard A., and Guex J. New Early to Middle Triassic U-Pb ages from South China: calibration with ammonoid biochronozones and implications for the timing of the Triassic biotic recovery. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 243 (2006) 463-475
118. Park L.E., and Gierlowski-Kordesch E.H. Paleozoic lake faunas: establishing aquatic life on land. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 249 (2007) 160-179
119. Pattison J. A review of the marine fossils from the Upper Permian rocks of Northern Ireland and north-west England. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Great Britain 32 (1970) 126-163
120. Penn L.E. Larne No. 2 Geological Well Completion Report. British Geological Survey Deep Geology Unit Report 81/6 (1981)
121. Pickup G. Event frequency and landscape stability on the floodplain systems of arid central Australia. Quaternary Science Reviews 10 (1991) 463-473
122. Pye K. Aeolian dust and dust deposits (1987), Academic Press, London 334 pp.
123. Quirk F.G., Roy S., Knott I., Redfern J., and Hill L. Petroleum Geology and future hydrocarbon potential of the Irish Sea. Journal of Petroleum Geology 22 (1999) 243-260
124. Reid I., and Frostick L.E. Flow dynamics and suspended sediment properties in arid zone flash floods. Hydrological Processes 1 (1987) 239-253
125. Reid I., and Frostick L.E. Channel form, flows and sediments in deserts. In: Thomas D.S.G. (Ed). Arid Zone Geomorphology: process, form and change in drylands. 2nd ed. (1997), Wiley, Chichester 205-229
126. Reineck H.-E., and Wunderlich F. Classification and origin of flaser and lenticular bedding. Sedimentology 11 (1968) 99-104
127. Retallack G.J. Permian-Triassic life crisis on land. Science 267 (1995) 77-80
128. Retallack G.J. Post-apocalyptic greenhouse paleoclimate revealed by earliest Triassic paleosols in the Sydney Basin, Australia. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 111 (1999) 52-70
129. Retallack G.J. Pedogenic carbonate proxies for amount and seasonality of precipitation in paleosols. Geology 33 (2005) 333-336
130. Retallack G.J., Veevers J.J., and Morante R. Global coal gap between Permian- Triassic extinction and Middle Triassic recovery of peat-forming plants. Geological Society of America Bulletin 108 (1996) 195-207
131. Rowley E., and White N. Inverse modeling of extension and denudation in the East Irish Sea and surrounding areas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 161 (1998) 57-71
132. Rubin D.M. Cross-bedding, bedforms, and paleocurrents. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Concepts in Sedimentology and Paleontology 1 (1987) 1-187
133. Ruffell A., and Shelton R. The control of sedimentary facies by climate during phases of crustal extension: examples from the Triassic of onshore and offshore England and Northern Ireland. Journal of the Geological Society of London 156 (1999) 779-789
134. Russell M., and Gurnis M. The planform of epeirogeny: vertical motions of Australia during the Cretaceous. Basin Research 6 (1994) 63-76
135. Schreiber B.C., and El Tabakh M. Deposition and early alteration of evaporites. Sedimentology 47 supplement 1 (2000) 215-238
136. Schuster M., Roquin C., Duringer P., Brunel M., Caugy M., Fontugne M., Mackaye H.T., ignaud P., and Ghienne J.-F. Holocene Lake Mega-Chad palaeoshorelines from space. Quaternary Science Reviews 24 (2005) 1821-1827
137. Shelton R. Tectonic evolution of the Larne basin. In: Hardman M., and Cowan G. (Eds). Petroleum geology of the Irish Sea and adjacent areas 147 (1997), Geological Society of London Special Publication 109-129
138. Sholokhov V.V., and Tiunov K.V. The first finding of armored mud balls in Turkmenistan. Lithology and Mineral Resources 37 (2002) 93
139. Simpson E.L., and Loope D.B. Amalgamated interdune deposits in the White Sands, New Mexico. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 55 (1985) 361-365
140. Stanistreet I.G., and Stollhofen H. Hoanib River flood deposits of Namib Desert interdunes as analogues for thin permeability barrier mudstone layers in aeolianite reservoirs. Sedimentology 49 (2002) 719-736
141. Steel R.J., and Thompson D.B. Structures and textures in Triassic braided stream conglomerates (>Bunter' Pebble Beds) in the Sherwood Sandstone Group, North Staffordshire, England. Sedimentology 30 (1983) 341-367
142. Stephens M. Architectural element analysis within the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) using ground-probing radar and sedimentological profiling, southwestern Colorado. Sedimentary Geology 90 (1994) 179-211
143. Stoneley H.M.M. The Upper Permian flora of England. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 3 (1958) 293-337
144. Strong G.E. Diagenesis of Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group rocks, Preston, Lancashire, U.K.: a possible evaporitic cement precursor to secondary porosity?. Geological Society of London Special Publication 73 (1993) 279-289
145. Strong G.E., Milodowski A.E., Pearce J.M., Kemp S.J., Prior S.V., and Morton A.C. The petrology and diagenesis of Permo-Triassic rocks of the Sellafield area, Cumbria. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 50 (1994) 77-89
146. Stuart I.A. The geology of the North Morecambe Gas Field, East Irish Sea Basin. In: Parker J.R. (Ed). Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 4th Conference (1993), The Geological Society, London 883-895
147. Sweet M.L. Interaction between aeolian, fluvial and playa environments in the Permian Upper Rotliegend Group, UK southern North Sea. Sedimentology 46 (1999) 171-187
148. Swezey C.S. The role of climate in the creation and destruction of continental stratigraphic records: an example from the northern margin of the Sahara desert. Society of Economic Palaeontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 77 (2003) 207-225
149. Talbot M.R., Holm K., and Williams M.A.J. Sedimentation in low-gradient desert margin systems: a comparison of the Late Triassic of northwest Somerset (England) and the late Quaternary of east-central Australia. Geological Society of America Special Paper 289 (1994) 97-117
150. Thompson J., and Meadows N.S. Clastic sabkhas and diachroneity at the top of the Sherwood Sandstone Group: East Irish Sea Basin. Geological Society Special Publication 124 (1997) 237-251
151. Timms B.V. Large freshwater lakes in arid Australia: a review of their limnology and threats to their future. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management 6 (2001) 183-196
152. Todd S.P. Process deduction from fluvial sedimentary structures. In: Carling P.A., and Dawson M.R. (Eds). Advances in fluvial dynamics and stratigraphy (1996), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 299-350
153. Tooth S. Floodouts in Central Australia. In: Miller A.J., and Gupta A. (Eds). Varieties of Fluvial Form (1999), John Wiley, New York 219-247
154. Tooth S. Process, form and change in dryland rivers: a review of recent research. Earth-Science Reviews 51 (2000) 67-107
155. Tunbridge I.P. Sandy high-energy flood sedimentation - some criteria for recognition, with an example from the Devonian of S.W. England. Sedimentary Geology 28 (1981) 79-95
156. Ulicny D. A drying-upward aeolian system of the Bohdasin Formation (Early Triassic), Sudetes of NE Czech Republic: record of seasonality and long-term palaeoclimate change. Sedimentary Geology 167 (2004) 17-39
157. UNEP, 1992. World Atlas of desertification. Edward Arnold, Severnoaks, U.K. Veevers, J.J. and Rundle, A.S., 1979. Channel country fluvial sands and associated facies of central-eastern Australia: modern analogues of Mesozoic desert sands of South America. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 26, 1--16.
158. Vecsei A., and Mandau T. Redbeds from the Middle Muschelkalk (Middle Triassic) of the SW Germanic Basin: arid environments from Pangaea's interior. International Journal of Earth Sciences 91 (2002) 111-122
159. Ward P.D., Montgomery D.R., and Smith R. Altered river morphology in South Africa related to the Permian-Triassic extinction. Science 289 (2000) 1740-1743
160. Warren-Rhodes K.A., Rhodes K., Pointing S., Ewing S., Lacap D., Gomez-Silva B., Amundson R., Friedmann E.I., and McKay C.P. Hypolithic cyanobacteria, dry limit of photosynthesis and microbial ecology in the hyperarid Atacama desert. Microbial Ecology 52 (2006) 389-398
161. Warrington G., Audley-Charles M.G., Elliot R.E., Evans W.B., Ivimey-Cook H.C., Kent P.E., Robinson P.L., Shotton F.W., and Taylor F.M. A correlation of Triassic rocks in the British Isles. Special report of the Geological Society of London 13 (1980) 1-78
162. Wartes M.A., Carroll A.R., Greene T.J., Cheng K., and Ting H. Permian lacustrine deposits of northwest China. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology 46 (2000) 123-132
163. Wells R.T., and Callen R.A. The Lake Eyre Basin - Cainozoic sediments, fossil vertebrates and plants, landforms, silcretes and climatic implications. Australian Sedimentologists Group Field Guide Series vol. 4 (1986), Geological Society of Australia, Sydney 76 pp.
164. Williams G.E. Flood deposits of the sand-bed ephemeral streams of central Australia. Sedimentology 17 (1971) 1-40
165. Williams W.D., De Deckker P., and Shiel R.J. The limnology of Lake Torrens, an episodic salt lake of central Australia, with particular reference to unique events in 1989. Hydrobiologia 384 (1998) 101-110
166. Willis B.J. Interpretation of bedding geometry within ancient point-bar deposits. Special Publication of the International Association of Sedimentologists 17 (1993) 101-114
167. Wills L.J. The Triassic succession in the central Midlands. Geological Society of London Journal 126 (1970) 225-283
168. Ziegler P.A. Geological Atlas of western and central Europe. 2nd ed. (1990), Shell International Petroleum Maatschappij B.V., The Hague 239 pp.