A threshold in soil formation at Earth's arid-hyperarid transition

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

Volumn 70, Issue 21, 2006, Pages 5293-5322

  Ewing, Stephanie A ^a   Sutter, Brad ^b   Owen, Justine ^a   Nishiizumi, Kunihiko ^c   Sharp, Warren ^d   Cliff, Steven S ^e   Perry, Kevin ^f   Dietrich, William ^a   McKay, Christopher P ^b   Amundson, Ronald ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d BERKELEY GEOCHRONOLOGY CENTER   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL MASS BALANCE; MIOCENE; PEDOGENESIS; RAINFALL; SALT; SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY;

ATACAMA DESERT; CHILE; SOUTH AMERICA;

EID: 33750348978     PISSN: 00167037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2006.08.020     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Alpers C.N., and Brimhall G.H. Middle Miocene climatic change in the Atacama desert, northern Chile: evidence from supergene mineralization at La Escondida. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 100 (1988) 1640-1656
2. Amundson R. The carbon budget in soils. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 29 (2001) 535-562
3. Amundson R. Soil formation. In: Drever J.I. (Ed). Treatise on Geochemistry vol. 5, Surface and Ground Water Weathering and Soils (2004), Elsevier
4. Arévalo, C., 1995. Mapa Geológico de la Hoja Copiapó (1:100,000): Región de Atacama. Servicio Nacional de Gología y Minería, documentos de Trabajo No. 8.
5. Aydin A., and DeGraff J.M. Evolution of polygonal fracture patterns in lava flows. Science 239 (1988) 471-476
6. Bao H. Sulfate in modern playa settings and in ash beds in hyperarid deserts: implication for the origin of 17O-anomalous sulfate in an Oligocene ash bed. Chem. Geol. 214 (2005) 127-134
7. Bao H., Jenkins K.A., Khachaturyan M., and Chong Díaz G. Different sulfate sources and their post-depositional migration in Atacama soils. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 224 (2004) 577-587
8. Berger I.A., and Cooke R.U. The origin and distibution of salts on alluvial fans in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 22 (1997) 581-600
9. Bergin M.H., Jaffrezo J.L., Davidson C.I., Dibb J.E., Pandis S.N., Hillamo R., Maenaut W., Kuhns H.D., and Makela T. The Contribution of Snow, Fog, and Dry Deposition to the Summer Flux of Anions and Cations at Summit, Greenland. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 100 D8 (1995) 16275-16288
10. Betancourt J.L., Latorre C., Rech J.A., Quade J., and Rylander K.A. A 22,000-year record of monsoonal precipitation from northern Chile's Atacama Desert. Science 289 (2000) 1542-1546
11. Birkeland P. Soils and Geomorphology (1999), Oxford University Press, New York 430p
12. Böhlke J.K., Ericksen G.E., and Revesz K. Stable isotope evidence for an atmospheric origin of desert nitrate deposits in northern Chile and southern California, USA. Chem. Geol. 136 (1997) 135-152
13. Brimhall G.H., and Dietrich W.E. Constitutive mass balance relations between chemical composition, volume, density, porosity, and strain in metasomatic hydrochemical systems: results on weathering and pedogenesis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51 (1987) 567-587
14. Brimhall G.H., Chadwick O.A., Lewis C.J., Compston W., Williams I.S., Danti K.J., Dietrich W.E., Power M.W., Hendricks D., and Bratt J. Deformational mass transport and invasive processes in soil evolution. Science 255 (1992) 695-702
15. Butler J.N. Carbon Dioxide Equilibria and Their Applications (1982), Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA
16. Capo R.C., and Chadwick O.A. Sources of strontium and calcium in desert soil and calcrete. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 170 (1999) 61-72
17. Cereceda P., Osses P., Larrain H., Farías M., Lagos M., Pinto R., and Schemenauer R.S. Advective, orographic and radiation fog in the Tarapacá region, Chile. Atmos. Res. 64 (2002) 261-271
18. Chadwick O.A., Brimhall G.H., and Hendricks D.M. From a black box to a gray box-a mass balance interpretation of pedogenesis. Geomorphology 3 (1990) 369-390
19. Chadwick O.A., Derry L.A., Vitousek P.M., Huebert B.J., and Hedin L.O. Changing sources of nutrients during four million years of ecosystem development. Nature 397 (1999) 491-497
20. Chadwick O.A., Goldstein R.D., 2004. Control of dilation and collapse during weathering and soil formation on Hawaiian basalts. In: Conference on Water-Rock Interaction.
21. 2O. Nature 200 (1963) 463
22. Chuck A.L., Turner S.M., and Liss P.S. Direct evidence for a marine source of C1 and C2 alkyl nitrates. Science 297 (2002) 1151-1154
23. Clark A.H., Mortimer C., Sillitoe R.H., Cooke R.U., and Snelling N.J. Implications of isotopic ages of ignimbrite flows, southern Atacama Desert, Chile. Nature 215 (1967) 723-1967
24. Clark A.H., Tosdal R.M., Farrar E., and Plazolles E. Geomorphologic environment and age of supergene enrichment of the Cuajone, Quellaveco, and Toquepala porphyry copper deposits, southeastern Peru. Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econom. Geol. 85 (1990) 1604-1628
25. Clark B.C., Morris R.V., McLennan S.M., Gellert R., Jolliff B., Knoll A.H., Squyres S.W., Lowenstein T.K., Ming D.W., Tosca N.J., Yen A., Christensen P.R., Gorevan S., Bruckner J., Calvin W., Deibus G., Farrand W., Klingelhoefer G., Waenke H., Zipfel J., Bell J.F., Grotziner J., McSween H.Y., and Rieder R. Chemistry and mineralogy of outcrops at Meridiani Planum. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 240 (2005) 73-94
26. Darwin C. The Voyage of the Beagle (1906), J.M. Dent, New York
27. 39Ar dating of the Olorgesailie Formation, Southern Kenya Rift. J. Geophys. Res. 95 (1990) 8453-8470
28. Doner, H.E., Lynn, W.C., 1989 Carbonate, halide, sulfate and sulfide minerals. In: Dixon, J.B., Weed, S.B. (Eds.), Minerals in Soil Environments. Soil Science Society of America (SSSA Book Series: No. 1), pp 279-330.
29. Dong, H., Rech, J.A., Jiang, H., Sun, H., Buck, B.J., 2006. Endolithc cyanobacteria in soil sulfates from hyperarid environments on Earth. Geological Society of America annual meeting, paper no. 216-3.
30. Dunai T.J., Lopez G.A.G., and Juez-Larre J. Oligocene-Miocene age of aridity in the Atacama Desert revealed by exposure dating of erosion-sensitive landforms. Geology 33 (2005) 321-324
31. Eckardt F.D., Drake N., Goudie A.S., White K., and Viles H. The role of playas in pedogenic gypsum crust formation in the Central Namib Desert: a theoretical model. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 26 (2001) 1177-1193
32. Eckardt F.D., and Spiro B. The origin of sulphur in gypsum and dissolved sulphate in the Central Namib Desert, Namibia. Sediment.Geol. 123 3-4 (1999) 255-273
33. Ericksen, G.E., 1981. Geology and origin of the Chilean nitrate deposits. Geological Society Professional Paper 1188. Unites States Government Printing Office, Washington.
34. Ewing, S.A., Michalski, G., Wu, J., Amundson, R., Thiemens, M., McKay, C.P., 2005. Limited biology preserves atmospheric N in Atacama Desert soils. In: Abstracts of Papers of the Americal Chemical Society 229, U889-U889 046-GEOC Part 1, March 13, 2005 (oral presentation).
35. Ewing, S.A., Navarro-González, R., Amundson, R.G., Wu, J., McKay, C.P., 2004. A soil carbon cycle without life? The content and residence times of organic carbon in the Atacama Desert of Chile. Int. J. Astrobiol. Supplement, 71.
36. Galloway J.N., Dentener F.J., Capone D.G., Boyer E.W., Howarth R.W., Seitzinger S.P., Asner G.P., Cleveland C.C., Green P.A., Holland E.A., Karl D.M., Michaels A.F., Porter J.H., Townsend A.R., and Vorosmarty C.J. Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future. Biogeochemistry 70 (2004) 153-226
37. Gellert, R., Rieder, R., Anderson, R.C. Brückner, J., Clark, B.C., et al., 2004. Chemistry of rocks and soils in Gusev Crater from the alpha particle X-ray spectrometer. Science 305, 829-832.
38. Godoy, E., Lara, L., 1998. Hoja Quebrado Salitrosa, Región de Atacama. Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Mapas Geológicos No. 4 (1:100,000).
39. Goehring L., and Morris S.W. Order and disorder in columnar joints. Europhys. Lett. 69 (2005) 739-745
40. Harris D.C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis. 4th ed. (1995), W.H. Freeman and Company, New York 122 pp
41. Hartley A.J., and Chong G. Late Pliocene age for the Atacama Desert: implications for the desertification of western South America. Geology 31 (2002) 4346
42. Hartley A.J., Chong G., Houston J., and Mather A.E. 150 million years of climatic stability: evidence from the Atacama Desert, northern Chile. J. Geol. Soc. 162 (2005) 421-424
43. Hartley A.J., and Rice C.M. Controls on supergene enrichment of porphyry copper deposits in the central Andes: a review and discussion. Mineral. Deposita 40 (2005) 515-525
44. Holland E.A., Dentener F.J., Braswell B.H., and Sulzman J.M. Contemporary and pre-industrial global reactive nitrogen budgets. Biogeochemistry 46 (1999) 7-43
45. Houston J., and Hartley A.J. The central Andean west-slope rainshadow and its potential contribution to the origin of hyperaridity in the Atacama Desert. Int. J. Climatol. 23 (2003) 1453-1464
46. Jury W.A., Gardner W.R., and Gardner W.H. Soil Physics. 5th ed. (1991), John Wiley, New York
47. Kessler M.A., and Werner B.T. Self-organization of sorted patterned ground. Science 299 (2003) 380-383
48. Koch D., Jacob D., Tegen I., Rind D., and Chin M. Tropospheric sulfur simulation and sulfate direct radiative forcing in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 104 D19 (1999) 23799-23822
49. Kohl C.P., and Nishiizumi K. Chemical isolation of quartz for measurement of in situ produced cosmogenic nuclides. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56 (1992) 3583-3587
50. Kurtz A.C., Derry L.A., and Chadwick O.A. Accretion of Asian dust to Hawaiian soils: isotopic elemental and mineral mass balances. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 65 (2001) 1971-1983
51. Kurtz A.C., Derry L.A., Chadwick O.A., and Alfano M.J. Refractory element mobility in volcanic soils. Geology 28 (2000) 683-686
52. Lal D. Cosmic ray labeling of erosion surfaces: in situ nuclide production rates and erosion models. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 104 (1991) 421-439
53. Lamy F., Klump J., Hebbeln D., and Wefer G. Late Quaternary climate change in northern Chile. Terra Nova 12 (2000) 8-13
54. Lara, L., Godoy, E. (1998) Hojas Chañaral y Diego de Almagro, Región de Atacama. Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Mapas Geológicos Nos. 5-6 (1:100,000).
55. Larrain H., Velásquez F., Cereceda P., Espejo R., Pinto R., Osses P., and Schemenauer R.S. Fog measurements at the site "falda Verde" north of Chañaral compared with other fog stations of Chile. Atmos. Res. 64 (2002) 273-284
56. Latorre C., Betancourt J.L., Rylander K.A., and Quade J. Vegetation invasions into absolute desert: a 45,000 yr rodent midden record from the Calama-Salar de Atacama basins, northern Chile (lat 22°-24 degrS). Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 114 (2002) 349-366
57. Latorre C., Betancourt J.L., Rylander K.A., Quade J., and Matthei O. A vegetation history from the arid prepuna of northern Chile (22-23 degrS) over the last 13,500 years. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 194 (2003) 223-246
58. Marín V.H., and Olivares G.R. Estacionalidad de la productividad primaria en Bahía Mejillones del Sur (Chile): una aproximación proceso-funcional. Rev. Chilena Historia Nat. 72 (1999) 629-641
59. Marinovic, N., Smoje, I., Maksaev, V., Hervé, M., Mpodozis, C. (1992) Hoja Aguas Blancas, Región de Antofagasta. Servicio Nacional de Geologi{dotless}́a y Mineri{dotless}́a, Carta Geológica de Chile, No. 70.
60. Mather T.A., Allen A.G., Davison B.M., Pyle D.M., Oppenheimer C., and McGonigle A.J.S. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 218 (2004) 17-30
61. Mather, T.A., Tsanev, V.I., Pyle, D.M., McGonigle, A.J.S., Oppenheimer, C., Allen, A.G. 2004b. Characterization and evolution of tropospheric plumes from Lascar and Villarrica volcanoes, Chile. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 109, Art. No. D21303 Nov. 4, 2004.
62. Matthews S.J., Gardweg M.C., and Sparks R.S.J. The 1984 to 1996 cyclic activity of Lascar Volcano, northern Chile: cyles of dome growth, dome subsidence, degassing, and explosive eruptions. Bull. Volcanol. 59 (1997) 72-82
63. McFadden L.D., Wells S.G., and Jercinovich M.J. Influences of eolian and pedogenic proceses on the origen and evolution of desert pavements. Geology 15 (1987) 504-508
64. McKay C.P., Friedmann I., Gómez-Silva B., Cáceres-Villanueva L., Anderson D.T., and Landheim R. Temperature and moisture conditions for life in the extreme arid region of the Atacama Desert: four years of observation including the El Niño of 1997-1998. Astrobiology 3 (2003) 393-406
65. Michalski G., Böhlke J.K., and Thiemens M. Long term atmospheric deposition as the source of nitrate and other salts in the Atacama Desert, Chile: new evidence from mass-independent oxygen isotopic compositions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 68 (2004) 4023-4028
66. Mikhailov I.S. Exogenesis and soil formation in the Atacama region. Eurasian Soil Sci. 33 (2000) 1255-1262
67. Minagawa M., Winter D.A., and Kaplan I.R. Comparison of Kjeldahl and combustion methods for measurement of nitrogen isotope ratios in organic matter. Anal. Chem. 56 (1984) 1859-1861
68. Mintz Y., and Walker G.K. Global fields of soil moisture and land surface evapotranspiration derived from observed precipitation and surface air temperature. J. Appl. Meteorol. 32 (1992) 1305-1334
69. Moore, R.M., Blough, N.V., 2002, A marine source of methyl nitrate. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29. doi:10.1029/2002GL014989.
70. Moore J.K., Doney S.C., Glover D.M., and Fung I.Y. Iron cycling and nutrient limitation patterns in surface waters of the world ocean. Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Topical Studies Oceanog. 49 (2002) 463-507
71. Mortimer C. The Cenozoic history of the southern Atacama Desert, Chile. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 129 (1973) 505-526
72. Mortimer C. Drainage evolution in the Atacama desert of northern Chile. Revista Geológica de Chile 11 (1980) 3-28
73. Naranjo, J.A., Puig, A. (1984) Taltal y Chañaral. Servicio Nacional de Geologi{dotless}́a y Mineri{dotless}́a, Carta Geolóica de Chile, Nos. 62-63 (escala 1:250,000).
74. Navarro-Gonzalez R., Rainey F.A., Molina P., Bagaley D.R., Hollen B.J., de la Rosa J., Small A.M., Quinn R.C., Grunthaner F.J., Caceres L., Gomez-Silva B., and McKay C.P. Mars-like soils in the Atacama Desert, Chile, and the dry limit of microbial life. Science 302 5647 (2003) 1018-1021
75. 26Al in Antarctic rocks: exposure and erosion history. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 104 (1991) 440-454
76. Nishiizumi K., Caffee M.W., Finkel R.C., Brimhall G., and Mote G. Remnants of a fossil alluvial fan landscape of Miocene age in the Atacama Desert of northern chile using cosmogenic nuclide exposure age dating. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 237 (2005) 499-507
77. Owen, J., Nishiizumi, K., Sharp, W., Sutter, B., Ewing, S., Amundson, R., 2003. Investigations into the Numerical Ages of post-Miocene Fluvial Landforms in the Atacama Desert, Chile. Eos Trans. AGU, 84, Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T31C-0857.
78. Perry K.D., Cliff S.S., and Jimenez-Cruz M.P. Evidence for hygroscopic mineral dust particles from the Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation Experiment, J. Geophys. Res. 109 (2004) D23S28 10.1029/2004JD004979
79. Pueyo J.J., Chong G., and Vega M. Mineralogy and parental brine evolution in the Pedro de Valdivia nitrate deposit, Antofagasta, Chile. Revista Geologica de Chile 25 (1998) 3-15
80. Quade J., Chivas A.R., and McCulloch M.T. Strontium and carbon isotope tracers and the origins of soil carbonate in South Australia and Victoria. Palaeogeogr, Palaeoclimatol., Palaelecol. 113 (1995) 103-117
81. Quinn R.C., Zent A.P., Grunthaner F.J., Ehrenfreund P., Taylor C.L., and Garry J.R.C. Detection and characterization of oxidizing acids in the Atacama Desert using the Mars Oxidation Instrument. Planet. Space Sci. 53 13 (2005) 1376-1388
82. Ravelo A.C., Andreasen D.H., Lyle M., Lyle A.O., and Wara M.W. Regional climate shifts caused by gradual global cooling in the Pliocene epoch. Nature 429 (2004) 263-267
83. Rech J.A., Quade J., and Hart W.S. Isotopic evidence for the source of Ca and S in soil gypsum, anhydrite and calcite in the Atacama Desert, Chile. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67 (2003) 575-586
84. Reheis M.C., and Kihl R. Dust deposition in southern Nevada and California, 1984-1989 - relations to climate, source area, and source lithology. J. Geophys. Res. Atmosph. 100 D5 (1995) 8893-8918
85. Riebe C.S., Kirchner J.W., and Finkel R.C. Long-term chemical weathering rates and physical erosion from cosmogenic nuclides and geochemical mass balance. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67 22 (2003) 4411-4427
86. Riebe C.S., Kirchner J.W., and Finkel R.C. Erosional and climatic effects on long-term chemical weathering rates in granitic landscapes spanning diverse climate regimes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 224 (2004) 547-562
87. Riebe C.S., Kirchner J.W., Granger D.E., and Finkel R.C. Strong tectonic and weak climatic control of long-term chemical weathering rates. Geology 29 6 (2001) 51-514
88. 39Ar dating. Chem. Geol. 145 1-2 (1998) 117-152
89. Retallack G.J. Pedogenic carbonate proxies for amount and seasonality of precipitation in paleosols. Geology 33 4 (2005) 333-336
90. Rojas C.M., Figueroa L., Hanssens K.H., Van Espen P.E., Adams F.C., and Van Greiken R.E. The elemental composition of airborne particulate matter in the Atacama Desert, Chile. Sci. Tot. Env. 91 (1990) 251-267
91. Schaeffer S.M., and Evans R.D. Pulse additions of soil carbon and nitrogen affect soil nitrogen dynamics in an arid Colorado Plateau shrubland. Oecologia 145 (2005) 425-433
92. Schemenauer R.S., and Cereceda P. the quality of fog water collected for domestic and agricultural use in Chile. J. Appl. Meteorol. 31 (1992) 275-290
93. Searl A., and Rankin S. A preliminary petrographic study of the Chilean nitrates. Geol. Mag. 130 (1993) 319-333
94. Seinfeld J.H., and Pandis S.N. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: from Air Pollution to Climate Change (1998), John Wiley
95. Soil Survey Staff . 1999. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Pocahontas Press Inc, Blacksburg, VA.
96. Spiro B., and Eckardt F.D. The origin of sulphur in gypsum and dissolved sulphate in the Central Namib Desert, Namibia. Sediment. Geol. 123 (1999) 255-273
97. Stonestrom D.A., White A.F., and Akstin K.C. Determining rates of chemical weathering in soils-solute tanport versus profile evolution. J. Hydrol. 209 (1998) 331-345
98. Thiemens M.H., Savarino J., Farquhar J., and Bao H.M. Mass-independent isotopic compositions in terrestrial and extraterrestrial solids and their applications. Accounts Chem. Res. 34 (2001) 645-652
99. Torres A.L., and Thompson A.M. Nitric oxide in the equatorial Pacific boundary layer: SAGA 3 measurements. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 98 (1993) 16949-16954
100. Toramaru A., and Matsumoto T. Columnar joint morphology and cooling rate: a starch-water mixture experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 109 (2004) 1-10
101. Tyler S.W., Chapman J.B., Conrad S.H., Hammermeister D.P., Blout D.O., and Ginanni J.M. Soil-water flux in the southern Great Bain, United States: temporal and spatial variations over the last 120,000 years. Water Resources Res. 32 (1996) 1481-1499
102. UNEP/GRID (United Nations Environment Program/Global Resource Information Database) (1991) Global digital data sets for land degradation studies: a GIS approach. Prepared by U. Deichmann and L. Eklundh. GRID Case Study Series No. 4. UNEP/GEMS and GRID. Nairobi, Kenya.
103. Vuille M., and Keimig F. Interannual variability of summertime convective cloudiness and precipitation in the central Andes derived from ISCCP-B3 data. J. Climate 17 (2004) 3334-3348
104. Walvoord M.A., Phillips F.M., Stonestrom D.A., Evans R.D., Hartsough P.C., Newman B.D., and Striegl R.G. A reservoir of nitrate beneath desert soils. Science 302 (2003) 1021-1024 (and supporting online material)
105. Warren-Rhodes, K., Rhodes, K.L., Pointing, S.B., Ewing, S., Lacap, D.C., Gómez-Silva, B., Amundson, R., Friedmann, E.I., McKay, C.P., 2006. The influence of water availability on cyanobacterial community ecology and the dry limit to photosynthetic life in the Atacama Desert, Chile. Microbial Ecol.
106. Wara M.W., Ravelo A.C., and Delaney M.L. Permanent El Niño like conditions during the Pliocene warm period. Science 309 (2005) 758-761
107. Whittig, L.D., Allardice, W.R., 1986. X-ray diffraction techniques. p. 331-362. In ed. A. Klute. Methods of Soil analysis part 1: Physical and mineralogical methods. 2nd ed. ASA, SSSA, Madison, WI.
108. Wierzchos J., Ascaso C., and McKay C.P. Endolithic cyanobacteria in halite rocks from the hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert. Astrobiology 6 3 (2006) 415-422
109. Yen A., Gellert R., Schroder C., Morris R.V., Bell III J.F., Knudson A.T., Clark B.C., Ming D.W., Crisp J.A., Arvidson R.E., Blaney D., Bruckner J., Christensen P.R., DesMarais D.J., de Souza P.A.Jr., Economou T.E., Ghosh A., Hahn B.C., Herkenhoff K.E., Haskin L.A., Hurowitz J.A., Joliff B.L., Johnson J.R., Klingelhofer G., Madsen M.B., McLennan S.M., McSween H.Y., Richter L., Rieder R., Rodionov D., Soderblom L., Squyres S.W., Tosca N.J., Wang A., Wyatt M., and Zipfel J. An integrated view of the chemistry and mineralogy of martian soils. Nature 436 (2005) 49-54 10.1038/nature03637
110. Yvon S.A., and Saltzman E.S. Atmospheric sulfur cycling in the tropical Pacific marine boundary layer (12 degrees S, 135 degrees W): a comparison of field data and model results. 2. Sulfur dioxide. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 101 (1996) 6911-6918
111. Zhang Q., and Anastasio C. Conversion of fogwater and aerosol organic nitrogen to ammonium, nitrate, and NOx during exposure to simulated sunlight and ozone. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 16 (2003) 3522-3530