Paleozoic lake faunas: Establishing aquatic life on land

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 249, Issue 1-2, 2007, Pages 160-179

  Park, Lisa E ^a   Gierlowski Kordesch, Elizabeth H ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AKRON   (United States)

^b OHIO UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Diversity; Estuary effect; Evolution; Lake

Indexed keywords

AQUATIC ORGANISM; BIODIVERSITY; BIOLOGICAL INVASION; DEVONIAN-CARBONIFEROUS BOUNDARY; EVOLUTION; FOSSIL RECORD; LACUSTRINE DEPOSIT; LAKE ECOSYSTEM; LAKE EVOLUTION; NUTRIENT CYCLING; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOECOLOGY; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PALEOZOIC; TROPHIC STRUCTURE; VASCULAR PLANT;

EMBRYOPHYTA; TRACHEOPHYTA;

EID: 34248223578     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.01.008     Document Type: Article

References (210)

1. Algeo T.J., and Scheckler S.E. Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B 353 (1998) 113-130
2. Almond J.E. The Silurian-Devonian fossil record of the Myriapoda. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London. B 309 (1985) 227-237
3. Anderson R.R. Keweenawan Supergroup clastic rocks in the Midcontinent rift of Iowa. In: Ojakangas R.W., Dickas A.B., and Green J.C. (Eds). Middle Proterozoic to Cambrian Rifting, Central North America. Geological Society of America Special Paper vol. 312 (1997) 211-230
4. Archer A.W., Calder J.H., Gibling M.E., Naylor R.D., Reid D.R., and Wightman W.G. Invertebrate trace fossils and agglutinated foraminifera as indicators of marine influence within the classic Carboniferous section at Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32 (1995) 2027-2039
5. Armstrong M., and Paterson I.B. The Lower Old Red Sandstone of the Strathmore Region. Institute of Geological Sciences Report No 70/13. HMSO (1970)
6. Awramik S.M., Kidder D.L., and Zieg J. Collenia undosa, Charles Walcott, and lacustrine stromatolites. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs vol. 25 (1993) A357 no. 6
7. Babcock L., Miller M.F., Isbell J.W., Collinson J.W., and Hasiotis S.T. Paleozoic-Mesozoic crayfish from Antarctica: earliest evidence of freshwater decapod crustaceans. Geology 26 (1998) 539-542
8. Baird D. Revision of the Pennsylvanian and Permian footprints Limnopus, Allopus, and Baropus. Journal of Paleontology 26 (1952) 832-840
9. Baird G.C., Sroka S.D., Shabica C.W., and Beard T.L. Mazon Creek-type fossil assemblages in the U.S. midcontinent Pennsylvanian: their recurrent character and palaeoenvironmental significance. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London. B 311 (1985) 87-99
10. In: Barlow J.A. (Ed). The Age of the Dunkard. Proceedings of the First I.C. White Memorial Symposium, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Morgantown (1975) 352 pp.
11. Barnes R.S.K. What, if anything, is a brackish-water fauna?. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Earth Sciences 80 (1989) 235-240
12. Barr S.M., and Peterson K.C.A. Field relationships and petrology of the Late Devonian Fisset Brook Formation in the Cheticamp area, western Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Atlantic Geology 34 (1998) 121-134
13. Barron E.J., and Fawcett P.J. The climate of Pangaea: a review of climate model simulations of the Permian. In: Scholle P.A., Peryt P.A., and Ulmer-Scholle T.M. (Eds). Permian of Northern Pangea: Paleogeography, Paleoclimates, Stratigraphy (1995), Springer-Verlag, Berlin 37-52
14. Beckemeyer R.J. The Permian insect fossils of Elmo, Kansas. Kansas School Naturalist 46 (2000) 3-15
15. In: Behrensmeyer A.K., Damuth J.D., DiMichele W.A., Potts R., Sues H.-D., and Wing S.L. (Eds). Terrestrial Ecosystems Through Time: Evolutionary Paleoecology of Terrestrial Plants and Animals (1992), University of Chicago Press, Chicago 568 pp.
16. Benison K.C., and Goldstein R.H. Sedimentology of ancient saline pans: an example from the Permian Opeche Shale, Williston basin, North Dakota, USA. Journal of Sedimentary Research 70 (2000) 159-169
17. Benison K.C., and Goldstein R.H. Evaporites and siliciclastics of the Permian Nippewalla Group of Kansas, USA: a case for non-marine deposition in saline lakes and saline pans. Sedimentology 48 (2001) 165-188
18. Benison K.C., Goldstein R.H., Wopenka B., Burruss R.C., and Pasteris J.D. Extremely acid Permian lakes and groundwaters in North America. Nature 392 (1998) 911-914
19. 2 during the Paleozoic. In: Gensel P.A., and Edwards D. (Eds). Plants Invade The Land: Evolutionary and Environmental Perspectives (2001), Columbia Univ. Press, New York 173-178
20. Bhattacharya S.K., Ghosh P., and Chakrabarti A. Isotopic analysis of Permo-Carboniferous Talchir sediments from East-Central India: signature of glacial melt-water lakes. Chemical Geology 188 (2002) 261-274
21. Bohacs K.M., Carroll A.R., Neal J.E., and Mankiewicz P.J. Lake-basin type, source potential, and hydrocarbon character: an integrated sequence-stratigraphic-geochemical framework. In: Gierlowski-Kordesch E.H., and Kelts K.R. (Eds). Lake Basins Through Space 1and Time. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology No. 46 (2000) 3-33
22. Bohacs K.M., Carroll A.R., and Neal J.E. Lessons from large lake systems: thresholds, nonlinearity, and strange attractors. In: Chan M.A., and Archer A.W. (Eds). Extreme Depositional environments: Mega End Members in Geologic Time. Geological Society of America Special Paper vol. 370 (2003) 75-90
23. Boy J.A., and Schindler T. Okostratigraphische Bioevents im Grenzbereich Stephanium/Autunium (höchtes Karbon) des Saar-Nahe-Beckens (SW Deutschland) und benachbarter Gebiete. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palaeontologie Abhandlungen 216 (2000) 89-152
24. Brand U. Continental hydrology and climatology of the Carboniferous Joggins Formation (lower Cumberland Group) at Joggins, Nova Scotia: evidence from the geochemistry of bivalves. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 106 (1994) 307-321
25. Brauckmann C., Schöllmann L., and Sippel W. Die fossilien Insekten, Spinnentiere, und Eurypteriden von Hagen-Vorhalle. Geologie und Paläontologie in Westfalen 59 (2003) 1-89
26. Bridge J.S. The geometry, flow patterns, and sedimentary processes of Devonian rivers and coasts, New York and Pennsylvania, USA. In: Friend P.F., and Williams B.P.J. (Eds). New Perspectives on the Old Red Sandstone, Geological Society, London, Special Publ. vol. 180 (2000) 85-108
27. Brookfield M.E. Temporary desert lake deposits, Lower Permian (Rotliegendes), southern Scotland, U.K. In: Gierlowski-Kordesch E.H., and Kelts K.R. (Eds). Lake Basins Through Space and Time. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology No. 46 (2000) 67-74
28. Brusca R.C., and Brusca G.J. Invertebrates (2003), Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts 936 pp.
29. Buatois L.A., and Mángano M.G. Ecospace utilization, paleo-environmental trends, and the evolution of early nonmarine biotas. Geology 21 (1993) 595-598
30. Buatois L.A., and Mángano M.G. Trace fossils from a Carboniferous turbiditic lake: implications for the recognition of additional nonmarine ichnofacies. Ichnos 2 (1993) 237-258
31. Buatois L.A., and Mángano M.G. Lithofacies and depositional processes from a Carboniferous lake, Sierra de Narváez, northwest Argentina. Sedimentary Geology 93 (1994) 25-49
32. Buatois L.A., and Mángano M.G. Trace fossil analysis of lacustrine facies and basins. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 140 (1998) 367-382
33. Buatois L.A., and Mángano M.G. Caracterizacisn icnolsgica y paleoambiental de la localidad tipo de Orchesteropus atavus, Huerta de Huachi, provincial de San Juan, Argentina: Implicancias en el debate sobre los ambientes de sedimentacisn en el Carbonmgero de Precordillera. Ameghiniana 40 (2003) 53-70
34. Buatois L.A., and Mángano M.G. Animal-substrate interactions in freshwater environments: applications of ichnology in facies and sequence stratigraphic analysis of fluvio-lacustrine successions. In: McIlroy D. (Ed). The Application of Ichnology to Palaeoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Analysis. Geological Society, London, Special Publications vol. 228 (2004) 311-333
35. Buatois L.A., and del Papa C.E. Trazas fssiles de la Formacisn Trija, Carbonmfero Superior del norte argentino: Aspectos icnolsgicos de la transgresisn postglacial en al oeste de Gondwana. In: Buatois L.A., and Mángano M.G. (Eds). Icnologma: Hacia una convergencia entre geologma y biologma. Publicacisn Especial de la Asociancisn Paleontolsgica Argentina vol. 9 (2003) 119-130
36. Buatois L.A., Mángano M.G., Limarino C.O., and Césari S.N. Carboniferous lacustrine deposits from the Paganzo basin, Argentina. In: Gierlowski-Kordesch E.H., and Kelts K. (Eds). Global Geological Record of Lake Basins vol. 1 (1994), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 135-140
37. Buatois L.A., Jalfin G., and Acenolaza F.G. Permian nonmarine invertebrate trace fossils from southern Patagonia, Argentina: ichnologic signatures of substrate consolidation and colonization sequences. Journal of Paleontology 71 (1997) 324-336
38. Buatois L.A., Mángano M.G., Genise J.F., and Taylor T.N. The ichnologic record of the continental invertebrate invasion: evolutionary trends in environmental expansion, ecospace utilization, and behavioral complexity. Palaios 13 (1998) 217-240
39. Buatois L.A., Gingras M.K., MacEachern J., Mángano M.G., Martin A., Netto R.G., Pemberton S.G., and Zonneveld J.-P. Colonization of brackish water systems through time: evidence from the trace fossil record. Palaios 20 (2005) 321-347
40. Buatois L.A., Netto R., Mángano M.G., and Balistieri P. Extreme freshwater release during the Late Paleozoic Gondwana deglaciation and its impact on coastal ecosystems. Geology 34 (2006) 1021-1024
41. Calver M.A. Coal measures invertebrate faunas. In: Murchison D., and Westoll T.S. (Eds). Coal and Coal-Bearing Strata (1965), Elsevier, New York 147-177
42. Carasco B. Lacustrine sedimentation in a Permian intermontane basin: the Ville graben (Vosges, France). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 70 (1989) 179-186
43. Carroll A.R., and Wartes M.A. Organic carbon burial by large Permian lakes, northwest China. In: Chan M.A., and Archer A.W. (Eds). Extreme Depositional environments: Mega End Members in Geologic Time. Geological Society of America Special Paper vol. 370 (2003) 91-104
44. Carter D.C., and Pickerell R.K. Algal swamp, marginal and shallow evaporitic lacustrine lithofacies from the Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous Albert Formation, southeastern New Brunswick, Canada. Maritime Sediments and Atlantic Geology 21 (1985) 69-86
45. Cassle, C.F., 2005. Petrographic analysis of Late Pennsylvanian limestones within the northern Appalachian basin, USA. Master's Thesis. Athens, OH, Ohio University, 227 pp.
46. Caster K.E., and Brooks H.K. New fossils from the Canadian-Chazyan (Ordovician) hiatus in Tennessee. Bulletin of American Paleontology 36 (1956) 157-199
47. Chlupáč I. Lower Cambrian arthropods from the Paseky Shale (Barrandian area, Czech Republic). Journal of the Czech Geological Survey 40 (1995) 9-36
48. Chlupáč I., Kraft J., and Kraft P. Geology of fossil sites with the oldest Bohemian fauna (Lower Cambrian, Barrandien area). Journal of the Czech Geological Society 40 (1995) 1-8
49. Cloutier R., Loboziak S., Candilier A.-M., and Blieck A. Biostratigraphy of the Upper Devonian Escuminac Formation, eastern Québec, Canada: a comparative study based on miospores and fish. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 93 (1996) 191-215
50. Cohen A.S. Paleolimnology: The History and Evolution of Lake Systems (2003), Oxford University Press, Oxford 500 pp.
51. Dasgupta P. Facies characteristics of Talchir Formation, Jharia Basin, India: implications for initiation of Gondwana sedimentation. Sedimentary Geology 185 (2006) 59-78
52. Davies N.S., Sansom I.J., and Turner P. Trace fossils and paleoenvironments of a Late Silurian marginal-marine/alluvial system: the Ringerlike Group (Lower Old Red Sandstone), Oslo Region, Norway. Palaios 21 (2006) 46-62
53. Dineley D.L., and Williams B.P.J. The Devonian continental rocks of the lower Restigouche River, Québec. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 5 (1968) 945-953
54. DiMichele W.A. Carboniferous coal-swamp forests. In: Briggs D.E.G., and Crowther P.R. (Eds). Palaeobiology II (2001), Blackwell Publishing, Oxford 79-82
55. Driese S.G. Interdune pond carbonates, Weber Sandstone (Pennsylvanian-Permian), northern Utah and Colorado. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 55 (1985) 187-195
56. Duncan W.I., and Buxton W.K. New evidence for evaporitic Middle Devonian lacustrine sediments with hydrocarbon source potential on the East Shetland Platform, North Sea. Journal of the Geological Society (London) 152 (1995) 251-258
57. Eager R.M., and Belt E.S. Succession, palaeoecology, evolution, and speciation of Pennsylvanian non-marine bivalves, northern Appalachian Basin, USA. Geological Journal 38 (2003) 109-143
58. Eggleston J.R. The facies and depositional environment of an upper Pennsylvanian limestone, northern Appalachian Basin. In: Lomando A.J., Schreiber A.J., and Harris B.C. (Eds). Lacustrine Reservoirs and Depositional Systems. SEPM Core Workshop, no. 19 (1994) 297-319
59. 2). Geology 26 (1998) 143-146
60. In: Englund K.J., Arndt H.H., and Henry T.W. (Eds). Proposed Pennsylvanian System Stratotype, Virginia and West Virginia. Field Trip No. 1, Ninth International Congress of Carboniferous Stratigraphy and Geology, American Geological Institute Selected Guidebook Series No. 1 (1979)
61. Falcon-Lang H.J. Small cordaitalean trees in a marine-influenced coastal habitat in the Pennsylvanian Joggins Formation, Nova Scotia. Journal of the Geological Society (London) 162 (2005) 485-500
62. Fayers S.R., and Trewin N.H. A review of the palaeoenvironments and biota of the Windyfield chert. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 94 (2004) 325-340
63. Frank T.D., Lyons T.W., and Lohmann K.C. Isotopic evidence for the paleoenvironmental evolution of the Mesoproterozoic Helena Formation, Belt Supergroup, Montana, U.S.A. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61 (1997) 5023-5041
64. Friend P.F., and Moody-Stuart M. Carbonate deposition on the river floodplains of the Wood Bay Formation (Devonian) of Spitzbergen. Geological Magazine 107 (1970) 181-195
65. Gand G., Kerp H., Parsons C., and Martinez-Garcia E. Palaeoenvironmental and stratigraphic aspects of animal traces and plant remains in Spanish Permian red beds (Peña Sagra, Cantabrian Mountains, Spain). Geobios 30 (1997) 295-318
66. Gaupp R., Gast R., and Forster C. Late Permian playa lake deposits of the Southern Permian basin (central Europe). In: Gierlowski-Kordesch E.H., and Kelts K.R. (Eds). Lake Basins Through Space and Time. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology No. 46 (2000) 75-86
67. Gierlowski-Kordesch E.H., and Park L.E. Comparing species diversity in the modern and fossil records of lakes. Journal of Geology 112 (2004) 703-717
68. In: Gray J. (Ed). Aspects of Freshwater Paleoecology and Biogeography. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62 (1988) 1-623
69. Gray J. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62 (1988) 1-214
70. Griffing D.H., Bridge J.S., and Hotton C.L. Coastal-fluvial palaeoenvironments and plant palaeoecology of the Lower Devonian (Emsian), Gaspé Bay, Quebec, Canada. In: Friend P.F., and Williams B.P.J. (Eds). New Perspectives on the Old Red Sandstone, Geological Society, London, Special Publication No. 180 (2000) 61-84
71. Grimaldi D., and Engel M.S. Evolution of the Insects (2005), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 755 pp.
72. Hadlari T., Rainbird R.H., and Donaldson J.A. Alluvial eolian and lacustrine sedimentology of a paleoproterozoic half-graben, Baker Lake Basin, Nunavut, Canada. Sedimentary Geology 190 (2006) 47-70
73. Hamblin A.P. Half-graben lacustrine sedimentary rocks of the Lower Carboniferous Strathlorne Formation, Horton Group, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada. Sedimentology 39 (1992) 263-284
74. Hamblin A.P., and Rust B.R. Tectono-sedimentary analysis of alternate-polarity half-graben basin-fill successions: the Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous Horton Group, Caper Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Basin Research 2 (1989) 239-255
75. Hammer U.T. Saline Lake Ecosystems of the World (1986), Springer, Berlin 632 pp.
76. Hembree D.I., Martin L.D., and Hasiotis S.T. Amphibian burrows and ephemeral ponds of the Lower Permian Speiser Shale, Kansas: evidence for seasonality in the midcontinent. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 203 (2004) 127-152
77. In: Hendricks A. (Ed). Als Hagen an Äquator lag - Die Fossilien der Ziegelegrube Hagen-Vorhalle. Westfälischen Museum für Naturkunde, Münster (2005) 222pp.
78. Hesse R., and Sawh H. Geology and sedimentology of the Upper Devonian Escuminac Formation, Quebec, and evaluation of its paleoenvironment: lacustrine versus estuarine turbidite sequence. Atlantic Geology 28 (1992) 257-275
79. Hieshima G.B., and Pratt L.M. Sulfur/carbon ratios and extractable organic matter of the Middle Proterozoic Nonesuch Formation, North American Midcontinent rift. Precambrian Research 54 (1991) 65-79
80. Higgs R. Lake Bude (Upper Carboniferous), southwest England. In: Gierlowski-Kordesch E., and Kelts K. (Eds). Global Geological Record of Lake Basins vol. 1 (1994), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 121-125
81. Higgs K.T., MacCarthy I.A.J., and O'Brien. A mid-Frasnian marine incursion into the southern part of the Munster basin: evidence from the Foilcoagh Bay Beds, Sherkin Formation, SW County Cork, Ireland. In: Friend P.F., and Williams B.P.J. (Eds). New Perspectives on the Old Red Sandstone,. Special Publ. vol. 180 (2000), Geological Society, London 319-332
82. Hook R.W., and Baird D. An overview of the Upper Carboniferous fossil deposit at Linton, Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science 88 (1988) 55-60
83. Hook R.W., and Ferm J.C. A depositional model for the Linton tetrapod assemblage (Westphalian D, Upper Carboniferous) and its palaeoenvironmental significance. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (London) B311 (1985) 101-109
84. Hotton C.L., Heuber F.M., Griffing D.H., and Bridge J.S. Early terrestrial plant environments: an example from the Emsian of Gaspé, Canada. In: Gensel P.A., and Edwards D. (Eds). Plants Invade The Land: Evolutionary and Environmental Perspectives (2001), Columbia Univ. Press, New York 179-203
85. Hotton III N., Feldmann R.M., Hook R.W., and DiMichele W.A. Crustacean-bearing continental deposits in the Petrolia Formation (Leonardian Series, Lower Permian) of north-central Texas. Journal of Paleontology 76 (2002) 486-494
86. Ilyes R.R. Acanthodian scales and worm tubes from the Kapp Kjeldsen Division of the Lower Devonian Wood Bay Formation, Spitsbergen. Polar Research 14 (1995) 89-92
87. Isbell J.L., Miller M.F., Wolfe K.L., and Lenaker P.A. Timing of the Late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: Was glaciation responsible for the development of Northern Hemisphere cyclothems?. In: Chan M., and Archer A.W. (Eds). Extreme depositional environments: Mega end members in geologic time: Geological Society of America Special Paper vol. 370 (2003) 5-24
88. Jeram A.J., Selden P.A., and Edwards D. Land animals in the Silurian: arachnids and myriapods from Shropshire, England. Science 250 (1990) 658-661
89. Johnson E.W., Briggs D.E.G., Suthren R.J., Wright J.L., and Tunnicliff S.P. Nonmarine arthropod traces from the subaerial Ordovician Borrowdale Volcanic Group, English Lake District. Geological Magazine 131 (1994) 395-406
90. Johnstone M.H., Jones P.J., Koop W.J., Roberts J., Gilbert-Tomlinson J., Veevers J.J., and Wells A.T. Devonian of western and central Australia. In: Oswald D.H. (Ed). International Symposium on the Devonian System vol. 1 (1967), Alberta Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary, Alberta 599-612
91. Kaaya C.Z., and Kreuser T. Permian lakes in East Africa (Tanzania). In: Gierlowski-Kordesch E., and Kelts K. (Eds). Global Geological Record of Lake Basins vol. 1 (1994), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 83-87
92. Keighley D.G., and Pickerill R.K. Systematic ichnology of the Mabou and Cumberland Groups (Carboniferous) of western Cape Breton Island, eastern Canada, 1: burrows, pits, trails, and coprolites. Atlantic Geology 33 (1997) 181-215
93. Keighley D.G., and Pickerill R.K. Systematic ichnology of the Mabou and Cumberland Groups (Carboniferous) of western Cape Breton Island, eastern Canada, 2: surface markings. Atlantic Geology 34 (1998) 83-112
94. Keighley D.G., and Pickerill R.K. Ichnocoenoses from the Carboniferous of eastern Canada and their implications for the recognition of ichnofacies in nonmarine strata. Atlantic Geology 39 (2003) 1-22
95. Kelts K. Environments of deposition of lacustrine petroleum source rocks: an introduction. In: Fleet A.J., Kelts K.R., and Talbot M.R. (Eds). Lacustrine Petroleum Source Rocks, Geological Society (London) Special Publication No. 40 (1988), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 3-26
96. Kerp H. The modernization of landscapes during the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic. In: Gastaldo R.A., and DiMichele W.A. (Eds). Phanerozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems. Paleontological Society Papers vol. 6 (2000) 79-113
97. Kidder D.L., and Gierlowski-Kordesch E.H. Impact of grassland radiation on the nonmarine silica cycle and Miocene diatomite. Palaios 20 (2005) 198-206
98. Knox L.W., and Gordon E.A. Ostracodes as indicators of brackish water environments in the Catskill magnafacies (Devonian) of New York State. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 148 (1999) 9-22
99. Koren' T.N., Popov L.E., Degtjarev N.K., Kovalevsky N.G., and Modzalevskaya T.L. Kazakhstan in the Silurian. In: Landing E., and Johnson M.E. (Eds). Silurian Lands and Seas: Paleogeography Outside of Laurentia. New York State Museum Bulletin vol. 493 (2003) 323-343
100. Kukalová-Peck J., and Willmann R. Lower Permian 'mecopteroid-like" insects from central Europe (Insecta, Endopterygota). Canadian Journal of Earth Science 27 (1990) 459-468
101. Legler B., Schneider J.W., Gand G., and Koerner F. Playa and sabhka environments from northern Germany and southern France. Freiberg University Workshop and IGCP 469 Central Meeting (2004) 64-82
102. Limarino C.O., and Césari S.N. Paleoclimatic significance of the lacustrine Carboniferous deposits in northwest Argentina. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 65 (1988) 115-131
103. Loftus G.W.F., and Greensmith J.T. The lacustrine Burdiehouse Limestone Formation - a key to the deposition of the Dinantian oil shales of Scotland. In: Fleet A.J., Kelts A.J., and Talbot K. (Eds). Lacustrine Petroleum Source Rocks, Geological Society (London) Special Publication No. 40 (1988), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 219-234
104. Logan G.H., Summons R.E., and Hayes J.M. An isotopic biogeochemical study of the Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian sediments from the Centralian superbasin, Australia. Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta 61 (1997) 5391-5409
105. Love L.G. Assemblages of small spores from the lower Oil-Shale Group of Scotland. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 67 (1960) 99-126
106. Mángano M.G., and Buatois L.A. Reconstructing Early Phanerozoic intertidal ecosystems: ichnology of the Cambrian Campanario Formation in northwest Argentina. Fossils and Strata 51 (2004) 1-16
107. Maples C.G., and Archer A.W. The potential of Paleozoic nonmarine trace fossils for paleoecological interpretations. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 73 (1989) 185-195
108. Martin R.E. Secular increase in nutrient levels through the Phanerozoic: implications for productivity, biomass, and diversity of the marine biosphere. Palaios 11 (1996) 209-219
109. Martin W.D. Geology of the Dunkard Group (Upper Pennsylvanian-Lower Permian) in Ohio, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. Ohio Division of the Geological Survey Bulletin 73 (1998) 49 pp.
110. McComas G.A., and Mapes R.H. Fauna associated with the Pennsylvanian floral zones of the 7-11 Mine, Columbiana County, northeastern Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science 88 (1988) 53-55
111. Mikuláš R. Trace fossils from the Paseky Shale (Early Cambrian, Czech Republic). Journal of the Czech Geological Survey 40 (1995) 37-44
112. Miller M.F. Distribution of biogenic structures in Paleozoic nonmarine and marine-margin sequences: an actualistic model. Journal of Paleontology 58 (1984) 550-570
113. Miller M.F. Morphology and palaeoenvironmental distribution of Paleozoic Spirophyton and Zoophycos: implications for the Zoophycos ichnofacies. Palaios 6 (1991) 410-425
114. Miller J.M.G. The Neoproterozoic Konnarock Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA: glaciolacustrine facies in a continental rift. In: Deynoux M., Miller J.M.G., Domack E.W., Eyles N., Fairchild I.J., and Young G.M. (Eds). Earth's Glacial Record (1994), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 47-59
115. Miller M.F., and Collinson J.W. Late Paleozoic post-glacial inland sea filled by fine-grained turbidites: Mackellar Formation, Central Transantarctic Mountains. In: Deynoux M., Miller M., Domack J.M.G., Eyles E.W., Fairchild N., and Young I.J. (Eds). Earth's Glacial Record (1994), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 215-233
116. Miller M.F., and Johnson K.G. Spirophyton in alluvial-tidal facies of the Catskill deltaic complex: possible biological control of ichnofossil distribution. Journal of Paleontology 55 (1981) 1016-1027
117. Miller M.F., Kemp N.R., McDowell T., Shyr Y., and Smail S.E. Hardly used habitats: dearth and distribution of burrowing in Paleozoic and Mesozoic stream and lake deposits. Geology 30 (2002) 527-530
118. Miller M.F., and Labandeira C.C. The slow crawl across the salinity divide: delayed colonization of freshwater ecosystems by invertebrates. GSA Today 12 (2002) 4-10
119. Miller M.F., and Woodrow D.L. Shoreline deposits of the Catskill Deltaic Complex, Schoharie Valley, New York. In: Landing E., and Brett C.E. (Eds). Dynamic Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments of the Hamilton Group (Middle Devonian) in New York State Part, II. New York State Museum Geological Survey vol. 469 (1991) 153-177
120. 2 levels from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science 271 (1996) 1105-1107
121. Müller A.B., Strauss H., and Littke R. Evolution of Late Paleozoic terrestrial environments: the early Permian lake systems in the Saar-Nahe Basin, western Germany. Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts (2002) A534
122. Murphy J.B., and Rice R.J. Stratigraphy and depositional environment of the Horton Group in the St. Marys basin, central mainland Nova Scotia. Atlantic Geology 34 (1998) 1-25
123. Mykura W. Old Red Sandstone. In: Craig G.Y. (Ed). Geology of Scotland (1983), Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh 205-242
124. Nadon G.C., Gierlowski-Kordesch E.H., and Smith J.P. Sedimentology and provenance of Carboniferous and Permian rocks of Athens County, southeastern Ohio. Ohio Geological Survey Guidebook 15 (1998) 1-23
125. Nilsen T.H., and McLaughlin R.J. Comparison of tectonic framework and depositional patterns of the Hornelen strike-slip basin of Norway and the Ridge and Little Sulphur Creek strike-slip basins of California. In: Biddle K.T., and Christie-Blick N. (Eds). Strike-Slip Deformation, Basin Formation, and Sedimentation. SEPM Special Publication No. 37 (1985) 79-103
126. In: Nitecki M.H. (Ed). Mazon Creek Fossils (1979), Academic Press, New York 581 pp.
127. Pageau Y. Nouvelle faune ichthylogique du Dévonien Moyen dans les Grès de Gaspé (Québec). Le Naturaliste Canadien 95 (1968) 1459-1497
128. Pageau Y., and Prichonnet G. Interpretation de la paléontologie et de la sédimentologie d'une coupe géologique dans la formation de Battery Point (Dévonien Moyen), Grès de Gaspé. Le Naturaliste Canadien 103 (1976) 111-118
129. Park L.E., and Gierlowski-Kordesch E.H. Paleobiogeography and evolutionary history of Paleozoic lacustrine faunas. In: Lieberman B.S., and Stigall Rode A.L. (Eds). Paleobiogeography: Generating New Insights into the Coevolution of the Earth and Its Biota. Paleontological Society Papers vol. 11 (2005) 49-76
130. Parnell J. Late Proterozoic, northwest Scotland, U.K. In: Gierlowski-Kordesch E., and Kelts K. (Eds). Global Geological Record of Lake Basins vol. 1 (1994), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 63-64
131. Piasecki S., Christiansen F.G., and Stemmerik L. Depositional history of an Upper Carboniferous organic-rich lacustrine shale from East Greenland. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 38 (1990) 273-287
132. Pickerill R.K., Carter D.C., and St.Peter C. The Albert Formation: oil shales, lakes, fans and deltas. Geological Association of Canada, Field Excursion no. 6 (1985) 75 pp.
133. Pickerill R.K., Carter D.C., and St.Peter C. Nonmarine Paleodictyon from the Carboniferous Albert Formation of southern New Brunswick. Atlantic Geology 26 (1990) 157-163
134. Pollard J.E., Steel R.J., and Undersrud E. Facies sequences and trace fossils in lacustrine/fan delta deposits, Hornelen basin (M. Devonian), western Norway. Sedimentary Geology 32 (1982) 63-87
135. Ponomarenko A.G. Evolution of continental aquatic ecosystems. Paleontological Journal 30 (1996) 705-709
136. Post, R.T., 2001, Sedimentology and tectonic significance of Cambrian stratigraphy, Muncho Lake, northern British Columbia: evidence for the initiation of the Kechika Trough. Masters Thesis, Sudbury, Ontario, Laurentian University, 262 pp.
137. Pratt L.M., Summons R.E., and Hieshima G.B. Sterane and Triterpane biomarkers in the Precambrian Nonesuch Formation, North American Midcontinent rift. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 17 (1991) 505-509
138. Raymond A., Parker W.C., and Barrett S.B. Early Devonian phytogeography. In: Tiffney B.H. (Ed). Geological Factors and the Evolution of Plants (1985), Yale University Press, New Haven, CT 129-167
139. Raymond A., Gensel P., and Stein W.E. Phytogeography of Late Silurian macrofloras. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 142 (2006) 165-192
140. Rees P.McA., Gibbs M.T., Ziegler A.M., Kutzbach J.E., and Behling P.J. Permian climates: evaluating model predictions using global paleobotanical data. Geology 27 (1999) 891-894
141. Retallack G.J. Ordovician life on land and Early Paleozoic global change. In: Gastaldo R.A., and DiMichele W.A. (Eds). Phanerozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems. Paleontological Society Papers vol. 6 (2000) 21-45
142. Rice C.M., and Trewin N.H. A Lower Devonian gold-bearing hot spring system, Rhynie, Scotland. Transactions of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 97 (1988) B141-B144
143. Rice C.M., Trewin N.H., Ashcroft W.A., Batten D.J., Boyce A.J., Caulfield J.B.D., Fallick A.E., Hole M.J., Jones E., Pearson M.J., Rogers G., Saxton J.M., Stuart F.M., Trewin N.H., and Turner G. A Devonian auriferous hot spring system, Rhynie, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society (London) 152 (1995) 229-250
144. Rice C.M., Trewin N.H., and Anderson L.I. Geological setting of the Early Devonian Rhynie cherts, Aberdeenshire, Scotland: an early terrestrial hot spring system. Journal of the Geological Society (London) 159 (2002) 203-214
145. Richardson Jr. E.S., and Johnson R.G. The Mazon Creek faunas. Proceedings of the North American Paleontological Convention (1969) Part I (1971) 1222-1235
146. Roberts S.M. Belt Supergroup: A Guide to Proterozoic rocks of western Montana and adjacent areas. Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication vol. 94 (1986) 311 pp.
147. Rolfe W.D.I. Early invertebrate terrestrial faunas. In: Panchen A.L. (Ed). The Terrestrial Environment and the Origin of Land Vertebrates. Systematics Association Special Volume vol. 15 (1980) 117-157
148. Ronchi A., and Santi G. Nonmarine biota from the Lower Permian of the central Southern Alps (Orobic and Collio basins, N. Italy): a key to the paleoenvironment. Geobios 36 (2003) 749-760
149. Schäfer A., and Stapf K.R.G. Permian Saar-Nahe basin and Recent Lake Constance (Germany): two environments of lacustrine algal carbonates. In: Matter A., and Tucker M.E. (Eds). Modern and Ancient Lake Sediments, International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication No. 2 (1978) 83-107
150. Schultze H.-P., and Arsenault M. The panderichthyid fish Elpistostege: a close relative of tetrapods?. Palaeontology 28 (1985) 293-309
151. Schwartzman D.W., and Volk T. Biotic enhancement of weathering and the habitability of Earth. Nature 340 (1989) 457-460
152. Selley R.C. Diagnostic characters of fluviatile sediments of the Torridonian Formation (Precambrian) of northwest Scotland. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 35 (1965) 366-380
153. Shear W.A., and Kukalová-Peck J. The ecology of Paleozoic terrestrial arthropods: the fossil evidence. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 (1990) 1807-1834
154. Shear W.A., and Selden P.A. Rustling in the undergrowth: animals in early terrestrial ecosystems. In: Gensel P.A., and Edwards D. (Eds). Plants Invade The Land: Evolutionary and Environmental Perspectives (2001), Columbia Univ. Press, New York 29-51
155. Shear W.A., Bonamo P.M., Grierson J.D., Rolfe D.I., Smith E.L., and Norton R.A. Early land animals in North America: evidence from Devonian age arthropods from Gilboa, New York. Science 224 (1984) 492-494
156. Shear W.A., Gensel P.G., and Jeram A.J. Fossils of large terrestrial arthropods from the Lower Devonian of Canada. Nature 384 (1996) 555-557
157. Skoček V. The Stephanian B lake, Bohemian basin, Czech Republic. In: Gierlowski-Kordesch E., and Kelts K. (Eds). Global Geological Record of Lake Basins vol. 1 (1994), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 89-90
158. Smith R.M.H. Alluvial paleosols and pedofacies sequences in the Permian lower Beaufort of the southwestern Karoo basin, South Africa. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 60 (1990) 258-276
159. Smith R.M.H. Sedimentology and ichnology of floodplain paleosurfaces in the Beaufort Group (Late Permian), Karoo sequence, South Africa. Palaios 8 (1993) 339-357
160. Solle G. Die Devonische Ostracoden Spitzbergens I. Leperditiidae. Skr. Svalbard og Ishavet 64 (1935) 61 pp.
161. Southgate P.N., Lambert I.B., Donnelly T.H., Henry R., Etminan H., and Weste G. Depositional environments and diagenesis in Lake Parakeelya: a Cambrian alkaline playa from the Officer basin, South Australia. Sedimentology 36 (1989) 1091-1112
162. Stapf K.R.G. Biogene fluvio-lakustrine Sedimentation im Rotliegend des permokarbonen Saar-Nahe-Beckens (SW-Deutschland). Facies 20 (1989) 169-198
163. Stephenson M.H., Leng M.J., Michie U., and Vane C.H. Palaeolimnology of Palaeozoic lakes, focusing on a single lake cycle in the Middle Devonian of the Orcadian Basin, Scotland. Earth-Science Reviews 75 (2006) 177-197
164. Stigall Rode A.L., and Lieberman B.S. Paleobiogeographic patterns in the Middle and Late Devonian emphasizing Laurentia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 222 (2005) 272-284
165. Stollhofen H. Facies architecture variations and seismogenic structures in the Carboniferous-Permian Saar-Nahe basin (SW Germany): evidence for extension-related transfer fault activity. Sedimentary Geology 119 (1998) 47-83
166. Stollhofen H., and Stanistreet I.G. Interaction between bimodal volcanism, fluvial sedimentation, and basin development in the Permo-Carboniferous Saar-Nahe basin (south-west Germany). Basin Research 6 (1994) 245-267
167. Strother P.K. Cryptospores: the origin and early evolution of the terrestrial flora. Paleontological Society Papers 6 (2000) 3-20
168. Strother P.K., Al-Hajri S., and Traverse A. New evidence of land plants from the lower Middle Ordovician of Saudi Arabia. Geology 24 (1996) 55-58
169. Suszek T. Petrography and sedimentation of the Middle Proterozoic (Keweenawan) Nonesuch Formation, western Lake Superior region, Midcontinent rift system. In: Ojakangas R.W., Dickas R.W., and Green A.B. (Eds). Middle Proterozoic to Cambrian Rifting, Central North America. Geological Society of America Special Paper vol. 312 (1997) 195-210
170. Szulc J., and Cwizewicz M. The Lower Permian freshwater carbonates of the Slawkow graben, southern Poland: sedimentary facies context and stable isotope study. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 70 (1989) 107-120
171. Tasch P. Paleolimnology, Part 3 - Marion and Dickinson Counties, Kansas, with additional sections in Harvey and Sedgwick Counties: stratigraphy and biota. Journal of Paleontology 37 (1963) 1233-1251
172. Tasch P. Fossil Conchostraca of the Southern Hemisphere and Continental Drift: Paleontology, Biostratigraphy, and Dispersal. Geological Society of America Memoir vol. 165 (1987) 290 pp.
173. Thomson K.S., Sutton M., and Thomas B. A larval Devonian lungfish. Nature 426 (2003) 833-834
174. Tiebert N.E., and Scott D.B. Ostracodes and agglutinated foraminifera as indicators of paleoenvironmental change in an Early Carboniferous brackish bay, Atlantic Canada. Palaios 14 (1999) 246-260
175. Toutin-Morin N. Lacustrine and palustrine carbonates in the Permian of eastern Provenance (France). In: Gierlowski-Kordesch E., and Kelts K. (Eds). Global Geological Record of Lake Basins vol. 1 (1994), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 91-96
176. Trewin N.H. The ichnogenus Undichna, with examples from the Permian of the Falkland Islands. Palaeontology 43 (2000) 979-997
177. Trewin N.H., and Davidson R.J. An Early Devonian lake and its associated biota in the Midland Valley of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Earth Sciences 86 (1996) 233-246
178. Trewin N.H., MacDonald D.I.M., and Thomas G.C. Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Permian of the Falkland Islands: lithostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental links with South Africa. Journal of the Geological Society (London) 259 (2002) 5-19
179. Tunbridge I.P. The Middle Devonian shoreline in North Devon, England. Journal of the Geological Society (London) 140 (1983) 147-158
180. Tunbridge I.P. Facies model for a sandy ephemeral stream and clay playa complex; the Middle Devonian Trentishoe Formation of North Devon, U.K. Sedimentology 31 (1984) 697-715
181. Turner B.R., and Smith D.B. A playa deposit of pre-Yellow Sands age (upper Rotliegend/Weissliegend) in the Permian of northeast England. Sedimentary Geology 114 (1997) 305-319
182. Valero-Garcés B.L. The Permian lacustrine Basque basin (western Pyrenees): an example for high environmental variability in small and shallow carbonate lakes developed in closed systems. In: Gierlowski-Kordesch E., and Kelts K. (Eds). Global Geological Record of Lake Basins vol. 1 (1994), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 101-105
183. Valero-Garcés B.L. Carbonate lacustrine episodes in the continental Permian Aragón-Béarn basin (western Pyrenees). In: Kelts K., and Gierlowski-Kordesch (Eds). Global Geological Record of Lake Basins vol. 1 (1994), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 107-119
184. Valero-Garcés B.L., and Aguilar J.G. Shallow carbonate lacustrine facies models in the Permian of the Aragon-Bearn basin (western Spanish-French Pyrenees). Carbonates and Evaporites 7 (1992) 94-107
185. Valero-Garcés B.L., Gierlowski-Kordesch E.H., and Bragonier W.A. Pennsylvanian continental cyclothem development: no evidence of direct climate control in the Upper Freeport Formation (Allegheny Group) of Pennsylvania (northern Appalachian Basin). Sedimentary Geology 109 (1997) 305-319
186. van de Poll H.W., Gibling M.R., and Hyde R.S. Chapter 5-Upper Paleozoic rocks. In: Williams H. (Ed). Geology of the Appalachian-Caledonian Orogen in Canada and Greenland, Geology of Canada No. 6 (1995), Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada 449-455
187. Vergoossen J.M.J. Acanthodian and chondrichthyan microremains in the Siluro-Devonian of the Welsh Borderland, Great Britain, and their biostratigraphical potential. Courier Forschungen-Institut Senckenberg 223 (2000) 175-199
188. Walker E.F. Arthropod ichnofauna of the Old Red Sandstone at Dunure and Montrose, Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Earth Sciences 76 (1985) 287-297
189. Walter M.R., McLoughlin S., Drinnan A.N., and Farmer J.D. Palaeontology of Devonian thermal spring deposits, Drummond Basin, Australia. Alcheringa 22 (1998) 285-314
190. Wartes M.A., Carroll A.R., Greene T.J., Cheng K., and Ting H. Permian lacustrine deposits of northwest China. In: Gierlowski-Kordesch E.H., and Kelts K.R. (Eds). Lake Basins Through Space and Time American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology No. 46 (2000) 123-132
191. Weir J., and Leitch D. The zonal distribution of the nonmarine lamellibranches in the coal measures of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 58 (1936) 697-751
192. Wells M.R., Allison P.A., Hampson G.J., Piggott M.D., and Pain C.C. Modelling ancient tides: the Upper Carboniferous epi-continental seaway of Northwest Europe. Sedimentology 52 (2005) 715-735
193. Went D.J. Pre-vegetation alluvial fan facies and processes: an example from the Cambro-Ordovician Rozel Conglomerate Formation, Jersey, Channel Islands. Sedimentology 52 (2005) 693-713
194. Wetzel R.G. Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems. 3rd Edition (2001), Academic Press, San Diego 1006 pp.
195. White A.H., and Youngs B.C. Cambrian alkali playa-lacustrine sequence in the northeastern Officer basin, South Australia. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 50 (1980) 1279-1286
196. White C.E., and Barr S.M. Stratigraphy and tectonic significance of the Lower to Middle Devonian McAdams Lake Formation, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Atlantic Geology 34 (1998) 133-145
197. Williams E.G. Marine and freshwater fossiliferous beds in the Pottsville and Allegheny Groups of western Pennsylvania. Journal of Paleontology 34 (1960) 908-922
198. Wilson E.O. The Diversity of Life (1999), W.W. Norton and Co, New York 424 pp.
199. Wisshak M., Volohonsky E., Seilacher A., and Freiwald A. A trace fossil assemblage from fluvial Old Red deposits (Wood Bay Formation; Lower to Middle Devonian) of NW-Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Lethaia 37 (2004) 149-163
200. Woolfe K.J. Trace fossils as paleoenvironmental indicators in the Taylor Group (Devonian) of Antarctica. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 80 (1990) 301-310
201. Yamamoto J.K., Fairchild T.R., Boggiani P.C., Montanheiro T.J., de Araújo C.C., Kiyohara P.K., de Matos S.L.F., and Soares P.C. A record of Permian subaqueous vent activity in southeastern Brazil. Nature 438 (2005) 205-207
202. Yemane K. Contribution of Late Permian palaeogeography in maintaining a temperate climate in Gondwana. Nature 361 (1993) 51-54
203. Yemane K., Siegenthaler C., and Kelts K. Lacustrine environment during Lower Beaufort (Upper Permian) Karoo deposition in northern Malawi. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 70 (1989) 165-178
204. Yemane K., Kahr G., and Kelts K. Imprints of post-glacial climates and palaeogeography in the detrital clay mineral assemblages of an Upper Permian fluviolacustrine Gondwana deposit from northern Malawi. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 125 (1996) 27-49
205. Young G.C. The Aztec fish fauna (Devonian) of Southern Victoria Land: evolutionary and biogeographic significance. In: Crame J.A. (Ed). Origins and Evolution of the Antarctic Biota, Geological Society (London) Special Publication No. 47 (1989) 43-62
206. Zhang G., Buatois L.A., Mángano M.G., and Acenolaza F.G. Sedimentary facies and environmental ichnology of a ?Permian playa-lake complex in western Argentina. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 138 (1998) 221-243
207. Zhang Z., Sun K., and Yin J. Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of the Shanxi Formation (Lower Permian) in the northwestern Ordos Basin, China: an alternative sequence model for fluvial strata. Sedimentary Geology 112 (1997) 123-136
208. Zhao X., and Tang Z. Lacustrine deposits of the Upper Permian Pingdiquan Formation in the Kelameili area of the Junggar basin, Xinjiang, China. In: Gierlowski-Kordesch E.H., and Kelts K.R. (Eds). Lake Basins Through Space and Time. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology No. 46 (2000) 109-122
209. Zherikhin V.V. Ecological history of terrestrial insects. In: Rasnitsyn A.P., and Quicke D.L.J. (Eds). History of Insects (2002), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 331-426
210. Ziegler A.M. Phytogeographic patterns and continental configurations during the Permian Period. In: McKerrow W.S., and Scotese C.R. (Eds). Palaeozoic Palaeogeography and Biogeography. Geological Society of London Memoir vol. 12 (1990) 363-379