Nutrients, endpoints, and the problem of proof

Journal of Nutrition

Volumn 138, Issue 9, 2008, Pages 1591-1595

  Heaney, Robert P ^a  

^a CREIGHTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; VITAMIN D;

CONFERENCE PAPER; MEDICAL LITERATURE; NUTRIENT; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE; PUBLICATION; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

EID: 51049085594     PISSN: 00223166     EISSN: 15416100     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.9.1591     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (45)

1. Heaney RP. Long-latency deficiency disease: insights from calcium and vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:912-9.
2. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and fluoride. National Academy Press, Washington, DC; 1997.
3. Holick MF. High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006;81:353-73.
4. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation. JAMA. 2005;293:2257-64.
5. Bischoff HA, Stähelin HB, Dick W, Akos R, Knecht M, Salis C, Nebiker M, Theiler R, Pfeifer M, et al. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18:343-51.
6. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Willett WC, Staehelin HB, Bazemore MG, Zee RY, Wong JB. Effect of vitamin D on falls. JAMA. 2004;291:1999-2006.
7. Feskanich D, Ma J, Fuchs CS, Kirkner GJ, Hankinson SE, Hollis BW, Giovannucci EL. Plasma vitamin D metabolites and risk of colorectal cancer in women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13:1501-8.
8. Ahonen MH, Tenkanen L, Teppo L, Hakama M, Tuohimaa P. Prostate cancer risk and prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (Finland). Cancer Causes Control. 2000;11:847-52.
9. Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC, Grant WM, Mohr SB, Lipkin M, Newmark HL, Giovannucci E, Wei M, et al. Vitamin D and prevention of colorectal cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005;97:179-94.
10. Abbas S, Linseisen J, Slanger T, Kropp S, Mutschelknauss EJ, Flesch-Janys D, Chang-Claude J. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: results of a large case-control study. Carcinogenesis. 2008;29:93-9.
11. Mehta RG, Moriarty RM, Mehta RR, Penmasta R, Lazzaro G, Constantinou A, Guo L. Prevention of preneoplastic mammary lesion development by a novel vitamin D analogue, 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D5. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89:212-8.
12. Jacobson EA, James KA, Newmark HL, Carroll KK. Effects of dietary fat, calcium, and vitamin D on growth and mammary tumorigenesis induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in female Sprague-Dawley rats. J Cancer Res. 1989;49:6300-3.
13. Lappe JM, Travers-Gustafson D, Davies KM, Recker RR, Heaney RP. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:1586-91.
14. Cantorna MT, Mahon BD. Mounting evidence for vitamin D as an environmental factor affecting autoimmune disease prevalence. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2004;229:1136-42.
15. Nursyam EW, Amin Z, Rumende CM. The effect of vitamin D as supplementary treatment in patients with moderately advanced tuberculous lesion. Acta Med Indones. 2006;38:3-5.
16. Aloia JF. Epidemic influenza and vitamin D. Epidemiol Infect. 2007; 135:1095-6.
17. Martineau AR, Wilkinson RJ, Wilkinson KA, Newton SM, Kampmann B, Hall BM, Packe GE, Davidson RN, Eldridge SM, et al. A single dose of vitamin D enhances immunity to mycobacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176:208-13.
18. Scragg R, Sowers MF, Bell C. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, diabetes, and ethnicity in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2813-8.
19. Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VLW, Saad MF. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and b cell dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:820-5.
20. Hyppönen E, Läärä E, Reunanen A, Järvelin M-J, Virtanen SM. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. Lancet. 2001;358:1500-3.
21. Forman JP, Giovannucci E, Holmes MD, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Tworoger SS, Willett WC, Curhan GC. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension. Hypertension. 2007;49: 1063-9.
22. Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, Jacques PF, Ingelsson E, Lainer K, Benjamin EJ, D'Agostino RB, Wolf M, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2008;117:503-511.
23. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, Hu FB, Zhang Y, Karlson EW, Dawson-Hughes B. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged ≥60 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:752-8.
24. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, Dawson-Hughes B. Positive association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and bone mineral density: a population-based study of younger and older adults. Am J Med. 2004;116:634-9.
25. Heaney RP, Davies KM, Chen TC, Holick MF, Barger-Lux MJ. Human serum 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:204-10.
26. Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik S, Ochoa MT, Schauber J, Wu K, et al. Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science. 2006;311:1770-3.
27. Fries JF. Aging, natural death, and the compression of morbidity. N Engl J Med. 1980;303:130-5.
28. Grant WB. An ecologic study of dietary and solar ultraviolet-B links to breast carcinoma mortality rates. Cancer. 2002;94:272-81.
29. Heaney RP, Roller ST. Nutrition, health policy, and the problem of proof. In: Coulston AM, Boushey CJ, editors. Nutrition in the prevention and treatment of disease. 2nd ed. Boston: Elsevier; 2008. p. 225-35.
30. Heaney RP. How do we know what we know? The randomized controlled trial revisited. J Bone Miner Res. 1991;6:103-5.
31. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J, Lewis C, Bassford T, Beresford SAA, et al. for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:669-83.
32. Levine RJ, Hauth JC, Curet LB, Sibai BM, Catalano PM, Morris CD, DerSimonian R, Esterlitz JR, Raymond EG. Trial of calcium to prevent preeclampsia. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:69-76.
33. Levine RJ. Placebo controls in clinical trials of new therapies for osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18:1154-9.
34. Heaney RP. Vitamin D: role in the calcium economy. In: Feldman D, Glorieux FH, Pike JW, editors. Vitamin D. 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press; 2005. p. 773-87.
35. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the surgeon general. Rockville (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General; 2004.
36. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS. Calcium intake influences the association of protein intake with rates of bone loss in elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:773-9.
37. Heaney RP. Effects of protein on the calcium economy. In: Burckhardt P, Heaney RP, Dawson-Hughes B, editors. Nutritional aspects of osteoporosis 2006. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2007. p. 191-7.
38. Hannan MT, Tucker KL, Dawson-Hughes B, Cupples LA, Felson DT, Kiel DP. Effect of dietary protein on bone loss in elderly men and women: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15:2504-12.
39. Shea B, Wells G, Cranney A, Zytaruk N, Robinson V, Griffith L, Ortiz Z, Peterson J, Adachi J, et al. VII. Meta-analysis of calcium supplementation for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2002;23:552-9.
40. Papadimitropoulos E, Wells G, Shea B, Gillespie W, Weaver B, Zytaruk N, Cranney A, Adachi J, Tugwell P, et al. VIII. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of vitamin D treatment in preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Endocr Rev. 2002;23:560-9.
41. Feinstein AR. Epidemiologic analyses of causation: the unlearned scientific lessons of randomized trials. J Clin Epidemiol. 1989;42: 481-9.
42. Dowd R, Recker RR, Heaney RP. Study subjects and ordinary patients. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11:533-6.
43. Wittes J, Barrett-Connor E, Braunwald E, Chesney M, Cohen HJ, DeMets D, Dunn L, Dwyer J, Heaney RP, et al. Monitoring the randomized trials of the Women's Health Initiative: the experience of the Data Safety Monitoring Board. Clin Trials. 2007;4:218-34.
44. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:18-28.
45. Heaney R. Osteoporosis. In: Coulston AM, Rock CL, and Monsen ER. Nutrition in the prevention and treatment of disease. Elsevier; 2001. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/ 9780121931551.