Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

International Journal for Parasitology

Volumn 38, Issue 11, 2008, Pages 1239-1255

  Xiao, Lihua ^a   Fayer, Ronald ^b  

^a CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^b AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cryptosporidium; Epidemiology; Genotyping; Giardia; Molecular; Subtyping; Zoonoses

Indexed keywords

ASSESSMENT METHOD; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FLAGELLATE; GENOTYPE; IDENTIFICATION METHOD; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; PROTOZOAN; SPECIES DIVERSITY;

CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; GENOTYPE; GIARDIA; GIARDIASIS; HOST RANGE; HUMAN; LIFE CYCLE; MICROBIAL DIVERSITY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NOMENCLATURE; NONHUMAN; PARASITE TRANSMISSION; REVIEW; TAXONOMY; ZOONOSIS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANIMALS; ANIMALS, DOMESTIC; ANIMALS, WILD; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; DATABASES, GENETIC; DISEASE RESERVOIRS; DNA, PROTOZOAN; FECES; FEMALE; GENOTYPE; GIARDIA; GIARDIASIS; HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; YOUNG ADULT; ZOONOSES;

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; GIARDIA;

EID: 48349129803     PISSN: 00207519     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.03.006     Document Type: Review

References (227)

1. Abe N., Kimata I., and Iseki M. Identification of genotypes of Giardia intestinalis isolates from dogs in Japan by direct sequencing of the PCR amplified glutamate dehydrogenase gene. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 65 (2003) 29-33
2. Abe N., Read C., Thompson R.C., and Iseki M. Zoonotic genotype of Giardia intestinalis detected in a ferret. J. Parasitol. 91 (2005) 179-182
3. Akiyoshi D.E., Dilo J., Pearson C., Chapman S., Turnwine J., and Tzipori S. Characterization of Cryptosporidium meleagridis of human origin passaged through different hosts. Infect. Immun. 71 (2003) 1828-1832
4. Akiyoshi D.E., Tumwine J.K., Bakeera-Kitaka S., and Tzipori S. Subtype analysis of Cryptosporidium isolates from children in Uganda. J. Parasitol. 92 (2006) 1097-1100
5. Aloisio F., Filippini G., Antenucci P., Lepri E., Pezzotti G., Caccio S.M., and Pozio E. Severe weight loss in lambs infected with Giardia duodenalis assemblage B. Vet. Parasitol. 142 (2006) 154-158
6. Alves M., Matos O., Pereira Da Fonseca I., Delgado E., Lourenco A.M., and Antunes F. Multilocus genotyping of Cryptosporidium isolates from human HIV-infected and animal hosts. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. (2001) 17S-18S
7. Alves M., Xiao L., Sulaiman I., Lal A.A., Matos O., and Antunes F. Subgenotype analysis of Cryptosporidium isolates from humans, cattle, and zoo ruminants in Portugal. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (2003) 2744-2747
8. Alves M., Xiao L., Antunes F., and Matos O. Distribution of Cryptosporidium subtypes in humans and domestic and wild ruminants in Portugal. Parasitol. Res. 99 (2006) 287-292
9. Amar C.F., Dear P.H., Pedraza-Diaz S., Looker N., Linnane E., and McLauchlin J. Sensitive PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for detection and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in human feces. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40 (2002) 446-452
10. Appelbee A.J., Frederick L.M., Heitman T.L., and Olson M.E. Prevalence and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis from beef calves in Alberta, Canada. Vet. Parasitol. 112 (2003) 289-294
11. Arcay L., Baez de Borges E., and Bruzual E. Cryptosporidiosis experimental en la escala de vertebreados. I.-Infecciones experimentales, II.-Estudio histopatologico. Parasitol. Dia. 19 (1995) 20-29
12. Asahi H., Koyama T., Arai H., Kunakoshi Y., Yamaura H., Sirasaka R., and Okutoni K. Biological nature of Cryptosporidium sp. isolated from a cat. Parasitol. Res. 77 (1991) 237-240
13. Barutzki D., Thompson R.C., Wielinga C., Parka U., and Schaper R. Observations on Giardia infection in dogs from veterinary clinics in Germany. Parasitol. Res. 101 Suppl. 1 (2007) 153-156
14. Becher K.A., Robertson I.D., Fraser D.M., Palmer D.G., and Thompson R.C. Molecular epidemiology of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections in dairy calves originating from three sources in Western Australia. Vet. Parasitol. 123 (2004) 1-9
15. Berrilli F., Di Cave D., De Liberato C., Franco A., Scaramozzino P., and Orecchia P. Genotype characterisation of Giardia duodenalis isolates from domestic and farm animals by SSU-rRNA gene sequencing. Vet. Parasitol. 122 (2004) 193-199
16. Bertrand I., Albertini L., and Schwartzbrod J. Comparison of two target genes for detection and genotyping of Giardia lamblia in human feces by PCR and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (2005) 5940-5944
17. Blackburn B.G., Mazurek J.M., Hlavsa M., Park J., Tillapaw M., Parrish M., Salehi E., Franks W., Koch E., Smith F., Xiao L., Arrowood M., Hill V., da Silva A., Johnston S., and Jones J.L. Cryptosporidiosis associated with ozonated apple cider. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12 (2006) 684-686
18. Bushen O.Y., Kohli A., Pinkerton R.C., Dupnik K., Newman R.D., Sears C.L., Fayer R., Lima A.A., and Guerrant R.L. Heavy cryptosporidial infections in children in northeast Brazil: comparison of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 101 (2007) 378-384
19. Caccio S., Pinter E., Fantini R., Mezzaroma I., and Pozio E. Human infection with Cryptosporidium felis: case report and literature review. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8 (2002) 85-86
20. Caccio S.M., De Giacomo M., and Pozio E. Sequence analysis of the beta-giardin gene and development of a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay to genotype Giardia duodenalis cysts from human faecal samples. Int. J. Parasitol. 32 (2002) 1023-1030
21. Caccio S.M. Molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis. Parassitologia 47 (2005) 185-192
22. Caccio S.M., Thompson R.C., McLauchlin J., and Smith H.V. Unravelling Cryptosporidium and Giardia epidemiology. Trends Parasitol. 21 (2005) 430-437
23. Caccio S.M., Rinaldi L., Cringoli G., Condoleo R., and Pozio E. Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis in the Italian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Vet. Parasitol. 150 (2007) 146-149
24. Cama V., Gilman R.H., Vivar A., Ticona E., Ortega Y., Bern C., and Xiao L. Mixed Cryptosporidium infections and HIV. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12 (2006) 1025-1028
25. Cama V.A., Bern C., Sulaiman I.M., Gilman R.H., Ticona E., Vivar A., Kawai V., Vargas D., Zhou L., and Xiao L. Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in HIV-positive patients in Lima, Peru. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 50 Suppl. (2003) 531-533
26. Cama V.A., Ross J.M., Crawford S., Kawai V., Chavez-Valdez R., Vargas D., Vivar A., Ticona E., Navincopa M., Williamson J., Ortega Y., Gilman R.H., Bern C., and Xiao L. Differences in clinical manifestations among Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in HIV-infected persons. J. Infect. Dis. 196 (2007) 684-691
27. Castro-Hermida J.A., Almeida A., Gonzalez-Warleta M., Correia da Costa J.M., Rumbo-Lorenzo C., and Mezo M. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis in healthy adult domestic ruminants. Parasitol. Res. 101 (2007) 1443-1448
28. Chalmers R.M., Ferguson C., Caccio S., Gasser R.B., Abs El-Osta Y.G., Heijnen L., Xiao L., Elwin K., Hadfield S., Sinclair M., and Stevens M. Direct comparison of selected methods for genetic categorisation of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis species. Int. J. Parasitol. 35 (2005) 397-410
29. Chalmers R.M., Thomas A.L., Butler B.A., and Morel M.C. Identification of Cryptosporidium parvum genotype 2 in domestic horses. Vet. Rec. 156 (2005) 49-50
30. Coklin T., Farber J., Parrington L., and Dixon B. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy cattle in Ontario, Canada. Vet. Parasitol. 150 (2007) 297-305
31. Darabus G., and Olariu R. The homologous and interspecies transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium meleagridis. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 6 (2003) 225-228
32. da Silva A.J., Caccio S., Williams C., Won K.Y., Nace E.K., Whittier C., Pieniazek N.J., and Eberhard M.L. Molecular and morphologic characterization of a Cryptosporidium genotype identified in lemurs. Vet. Parasitol. 111 (2003) 297-307
33. Das P., Roy S.S., Mitradhar K., Dutta P., Bhattacharya M.K., Sen A., Ganguly S., Bhattacharya S.K., Lal A.A., and Xiao L. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. from children in Kolkata, India. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44 (2006) 4246-4249
34. Dennis D.T., Smith R.P., Welch J.J., Chute C.G., Anderson B., Herndon J.L., and von Reyn C.F. Endemic giardiasis in New Hampshire: a case-control study of environmental risks. J. Infect. Dis. 167 (1993) 1391-1395
35. Di Giovanni G.D., Betancourt W.Q., Hernandez J., Assadian N.W., Flores Margez J.P., and Lopez E.J. Investigation of potential zooanthroponotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis through agricultural use of reclaimed wastewater. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 16 (2006) 405-418
36. Duke L.A., Breathnach A.S., Jenkins D.R., Harkis B.A., and Codd A.W. A mixed outbreak of Cryptosporidium and campylobacter infection associated with a private water supply. Epidemiol. Infect. 116 (1996) 303-308
37. Dykes A.C., Juranek D.D., Lorenz R.A., Sinclair S., Jakubowski W., and Davies R. Municipal waterborne giardiasis: an epidemiologic investigation. Beavers implicated as a possible reservoir. Ann. Intern. Med. 92 (1980) 165-170
38. Eligio-Garcia L., Cortes-Campos A., and Jimenez-Cardoso E. Genotype of Giardia intestinalis isolates from children and dogs and its relationship to host origin. Parasitol. Res. 97 (2005) 1-6
39. Ey P.L., Mansouri M., Kulda J., Nohýnková E., Monis P.T., Andrews R.H., and Mayrhofer G. Genetic analysis of Giardia from hoofed farm animals reveals artiodactyl-specific and potentially zoonotic genotypes. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 44 (1997) 626-635
40. Fayer R., Trout J.M., Xiao L., Morgan U.M., Lal A.A., and Dubey J.P. Cryptosporidium canis n. sp. from domestic dogs. J. Parasitol. 87 (2001) 1415-1422
41. Fayer R., Santin M., and Xiao L. Cryptosporidium bovis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in cattle (Bos taurus). J. Parasitol. 91 (2005) 624-629
42. Fayer R., Santin M., Trout J.M., and Dubey J.P. Detection of Cryptosporidium felis and Giardia duodenalis assemblage F in a cat colony. Vet. Parasitol. 140 (2006) 44-53
43. Fayer R., Santin M., Trout J.M., DeStefano S., Koenen K., and Kaur T. Prevalence of microsporidia, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia in beavers (Castor canadensis) in Massachusetts. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 37 (2006) 492-497
44. Fayer R., Santin M., Trout J.M., and Greiner E. Prevalence of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium found in 1-2-year-old dairy cattle in the eastern USA. Vet. Parasitol. 135 (2006) 105-112
45. Fayer R. Biology. In: Fayer R., and Xiao L. (Eds). Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis. second ed. (2008), CRC Press and IWA Publishing, Boca Raton, FL 1-42
46. Feltus D.C., Giddings C.W., Schneck B.L., Monson T., Warshauer D., and McEvoy J.M. Evidence supporting zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium in Wisconsin. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44 (2006) 4303-4308
47. Feng Y., Alderisio K.A., Yang W., Blancero L.A., Kuhne W.G., Nadareski C.A., Reid M., and Xiao L. Cryptosporidium genotypes in wildlife from a New York watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73 (2007) 6475-6483
48. Feng Y., Ortega Y., He G., Das P., Xu M., Zhang X., Fayer R., Gatei W., Cama V., and Xiao L. Wide geographic distribution of Cryptosporidium bovis and the deer-like genotype in bovines. Vet. Parasitol. 144 (2007) 1-9
49. Feng, Y., Ortega, Y., Cama, V., Terrell, J., Xiao, L., in press. High intragenotypic diversity of Giardia duodenalis in dairy cattle on three farms. Parasitol. Res.
50. Filice F.P. Studies on the cytology and life history of a Giardia from the laboratory rat. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 57 (1952) 53-146
51. Gatei W., Ashford R.W., Beeching N.J., Kamwati S.K., Greensill J., and Hart C.A. Cryptosporidium muris infection in an HIV-infected adult, Kenya. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8 (2002) 204-206
52. Gatei W., Suputtamongkol Y., Waywa D., Ashford R.W., Bailey J.W., Greensill J., Beeching N.J., and Hart C.A. Zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium are as prevalent as the anthroponotic in HIV-infected patients in Thailand. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 96 (2002) 797-802
53. Gatei W., Greensill J., Ashford R.W., Cuevas L.E., Parry C.M., Cunliffe N.A., Beeching N.J., and Hart C.A. Molecular analysis of the 18S rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium parasites from patients with or without human immunodeficiency virus infections living in Kenya, Malawi, Brazil, the UK, and Vietnam. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (2003) 1458-1462
54. Gatei W., Wamae C.N., Mbae C., Waruru A., Mulinge E., Waithera T., Gatika S.M., Kamwati S.K., Revathi G., and Hart C.A. Cryptosporidiosis: prevalence, genotype analysis, and symptoms associated with infections in children in Kenya. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75 (2006) 78-82
55. Gatei W., Das P., Dutta P., Sen A., Cama V., Lal A.A., and Xiao L. Multilocus sequence typing and genetic structure of Cryptosporidium hominis from children in Kolkata, India. Infect. Genet. Evol. 7 (2007) 197-205
56. Gelanew T., Lalle M., Hailu A., Pozio E., and Caccio S.M. Molecular characterization of human isolates of Giardia duodenalis from Ethiopia. Acta Trop. 102 (2007) 92-99
57. Geurden T., Geldhof P., Levecke B., Martens C., Berkvens D., Casaert S., Vercruysse J., and Claerebout E. Mixed Giardia duodenalis assemblage A and E infections in calves. Int. J. Parasitol. 38 (2008) 259-264
58. Geurden, T., Somers, R., Thanh, N.T., Vien, L.V., Nga, V.T., Giang, H.H., Dorny, P., Giao, H.K., Vercruysse, J., in press. Parasitic infections in dairy cattle around Hanoi, northern Vietnam. Vet. Parasitol.
59. Giangaspero A., Paoletti B., Iorio R., and Traversa D. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis from sheep in central Italy. Parasitol. Res. 96 (2005) 32-37
60. Giangaspero A., Iorio R., Paoletti B., Traversa D., and Capelli G. Molecular evidence for Cryptosporidium infection in dogs in Central Italy. Parasitol. Res. 99 (2006) 297-299
61. Gibson S.V., and Wagner J.E. Cryptosporidiosis in guinea pigs, a retrospective study. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 189 (1986) 1033-1034
62. Girouard D., Gallant J., Akiyoshi D., Nunnari J., and Tzipori S. Failure to propagate Cryptosporidium spp. in cell-free-culture. J. Parasitol. 92 (2006) 399-400
63. Glaberman S., Sulaiman I.M., Bern C., Limor J., Peng M.M., Morgan U., Gilman R., Lal A.A., and Xiao L. A multilocus genotypic analysis of Cryptosporidium meleagridis. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 48 (2001) 19S-22S
64. Glaberman S., Moore J.E., Lowery C.J., Chalmers R.M., Sulaiman I., Elwin K., Rooney P.J., Millar B.C., Dooley J.S., Lal A.A., and Xiao L. Three drinking-water-associated cryptosporidiosis outbreaks, Northern Ireland. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8 (2002) 631-633
65. Glaser C.A., Safrin S., Reingold A., and Newman T.B. Association between Cryptosporidium infection and animal exposure in HIV-infected individuals. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 17 (1998) 79-82
66. Goh S., Reacher M., Casemore D.P., Verlander N.Q., Chalmers R., Knowles M., Williams J., Osborn K., and Richards S. Sporadic cryptosporidiosis, North Cumbria, England, 1996-2000. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10 (2004) 1007-1015
67. Graczyk T.K., Cranfield M.R., Fayer R., and Anderson M.S. Viability and infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts are retained upon intestinal passage through a refractory avian host. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62 (1996) 3234-3237
68. Graczyk T.K., Fayer R., and Cranfield M.R. Cryptosporidium parvum is not transmissible to fish, amphibians, or reptiles. J. Parasitol. 82 (1996) 748-751
69. Graczyk T.K., Cranfield M.R., Fayer R., Trout J., and Goodale H.J. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts is retained upon intestinal passage through a migratory water-fowl species (Canada goose, Branta canadensis). Trop. Med. Int. Health 2 (1997) 341-347
70. Graczyk T.K., Bosco-Nizeyi J., Ssebide B., Thompson R.C., Read C., and Cranfield M.R. Anthropozoonotic Giardia duodenalis genotype (assemblage) a infections in habitats of free-ranging human-habituated gorillas, Uganda. J. Parasitol. 88 (2002) 905-909
71. Gray S.F., Gunnell D.J., and Peters T.J. Risk factors for giardiasis: a case-control study in Avon and Somerset. Epidemiol. Infect. 113 (1994) 95-102
72. Grinberg A., Oliver L., Learmonth J.J., Leyland M., Roe W., and Pomroy W.E. Identification of Cryptosporidium parvum 'cattle' genotype from a severe outbreak of neonatal foal diarrhoea. Vet. Rec. 153 (2003) 628-631
73. Grinberg A., Lopez-Villalobos N., Pomroy W., Widmer G., Smith H., and Tait A. Host-shaped segregation of the Cryptosporidium parvum multilocus genotype repertoire. Epidemiol. Infect. 136 (2008) 273-278
74. Guselle N.J., Appelbee A.J., and Olson M.E. Biology of Cryptosporidium parvum in pigs: from weaning to market. Vet. Parasitol. 113 (2003) 7-18
75. Guyot K., Follet-Dumoulin A., Lelievre E., Sarfati C., Rabodonirina M., Nevez G., Cailliez J.C., Camus D., and Dei-Cas E. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates obtained from humans in France. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39 (2001) 3472-3480
76. Hajdusek O., Ditrich O., and Slapeta J. Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp. in animal and human hosts from the Czech Republic. Vet. Parasitol. 122 (2004) 183-192
77. Haque R., Roy S., Kabir M., Stroup S.E., Mondal D., and Houpt E.R. Giardia assemblage A infection and diarrhea in Bangladesh. J. Infect. Dis. 192 (2005) 2171-2173
78. Hijjawi N.S., Meloni B.P., Ng'anzo M., Ryan U.M., Olson M.E., Cox P.T., Monis P.T., and Thompson R.C.A. Complete development of Cryptosporidium parvum in host-free culture. J. Parasitol. 34 (2004) 769-777
79. Hijjawi N.S., Meloni B.P., Ryan U.M., Olsen M.E., and Thompsopn R.C.A. Successful in vitro cultivation of Cryptosporidium andersoni: evidence for the existence of novel extracellular stages in the life cycle and implications for the classification of Cryptosporidium. Int. J. Parasitol. 32 (2002) 1719-1726
80. Hlavsa M.C., Watson J.C., and Beach M.J. Giardiasis surveillance- USA, 1998-2002. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. Surveill. Summ. 54 (2005) 9-16
81. Hopkins R.M., Meloni B.P., Groth D.M., Wetherall J.D., Reynoldson J.A., and Thompson R.C. Ribosomal RNA sequencing reveals differences between the genotypes of Giardia isolates recovered from humans and dogs living in the same locality. J. Parasitol. 83 (1997) 44-51
82. Hoque M.E., Hope V.T., Kjellstrom T., Scragg R., and Lay-Yee R. Risk of giardiasis in Aucklanders: a case-control study. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 6 (2002) 191-197
83. Hoque M.E., Hope V.T., Scragg R., and Kjellstrom T. Children at risk of giardiasis in Auckland: a case-control analysis. Epidemiol. Infect. 131 (2003) 655-662
84. Hsu B.M., Wun H.Y., and Hsu P.C. Prevalence and genotyping of Giardia in husbandry systems in Taiwan. Parasitol. Res. 101 (2007) 275-280
85. Huber F., da Silva S., Bomfim T.C., Teixeira K.R., and Bello A.R. Genotypic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium sp. from domestic animals in Brazil. Vet. Parasitol. 150 (2007) 65-74
86. Hunt C.L., Ionas G., and Brown T.J. Prevalence and strain differentiation of Giardia intestinals is in calves in the Manawatu and Waikato regions of North island, New Zealand. Vet. Parasitol. 91 (2000) 7-13
87. Hunter P.R., Chalmers R.M., Syed Q., Hughes L.S., Woodhouse S., and Swift L. Foot and mouth disease and cryptosporidiosis: possible interaction between two emerging infectious diseases. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9 (2003) 109-112
88. Hunter P.R., Hughes S., Woodhouse S., Syed Q., Verlander N.Q., Chalmers R.M., Morgan K., Nichols G., Beeching N., and Osborn K. Sporadic cryptosporidiosis case-control study with genotyping. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10 (2004) 1241-1249
89. Hunter P.R., and Thompson R.C. The zoonotic transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Int. J. Parasitol. 35 (2005) 1181-1190
90. Hunter P.R., Hadfield S.J., Wilkinson D., Lake I.R., Harrison F.C., and Chalmers R.M. Subtypes of Cryptosporidium parvum in humans and disease risk. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13 (2007) 82-88
91. Inpankaew T., Traub R., Thompson R.C., and Sukthana Y. Canine parasitic zoonoses in Bangkok temples. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 38 (2007) 247-255
92. Iseki M. Cryptosporidium felis sp. n. (Protozoa, Eimeriorina) from the domestic cat. Jpn. J. Parasitol. 28 (1979) 285-307
93. Itagaki T., Kinoshita S., Aoki M., Itoh N., Saeki H., Sato N., Uetsuki J., Izumiyama S., Yagita K., and Endo T. Genotyping of Giardia intestinalis from domestic and wild animals in Japan using glutamete dehydrogenase gene sequencing. Vet. Parasitol. 133 (2005) 283-287
94. Jellison K.L., Distel D.L., Hemond H.F., and Schauer D.B. Phylogenetic analysis of the hypervariable region of the 18S rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium oocysts in feces of Canada geese (Branta canadensis): evidence for five novel genotypes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (2004) 452-458
95. Karanis P., and Ey P.L. Characterization of axenic isolates of Giardia intestinalis established from humans and animals in Germany. Parasitol. Res. 84 (1998) 442-449
96. Katsumata T., Hosea D., Wasito E.B., Kohno S., Hara K., Soeparto P., and Ranuh I.G. Cryptosporidiosis in Indonesia: a hospital-based study and a community-based survey. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 59 (1998) 628-632
97. Katsumata T., Hosea D., Ranuh I.G., Uga S., Yanagi T., and Kohno S. Short report: possible Cryptosporidium muris infection in humans. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 62 (2000) 70-72
98. Kiang K.M., Scheftel J.M., Leano F.T., Taylor C.M., Belle-Isle P.A., Cebelinski E.A., Danila R., and Smith K.E. Recurrent outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis associated with calves among students at an educational farm programme, Minnesota, 2003. Epidemiol. Infect. 134 (2006) 878-886
99. Kvac M., Kouba M., and Vi{dotless}́tovec J. Age-related and housing-dependence of Cryptosporidium infection of calves from dairy and beef herds in South Bohemia, Czech Republic. Vet. Parasitol. 137 (2006) 202-209
100. Lake I.R., Harrison F.C., Chalmers R.M., Bentham G., Nichols G., Hunter P.R., Kovats R.S., and Grundy C. Case-control study of environmental and social factors influencing cryptosporidiosis. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 22 (2007) 805-811
101. Lalle M., Jimenez-Cardosa E., Caccio S.M., and Pozio E. Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis from humans and dogs from Mexico using a beta-giardin nested polymerase chain reaction assay. J. Parasitol. 91 (2005) 203-205
102. Lalle M., Pozio E., Capelli G., Bruschi F., Crotti D., and Caccio S.M. Genetic heterogeneity at the beta-giardin locus among human and animal isolates of Giardia duodenalis and identification of potentially zoonotic subgenotypes. Int. J. Parasitol. 35 (2005) 207-213
103. Lalle M., Frangipane di Regalbono A., Poppi L., Nobili G., Tonanzi D., Pozio E., and Caccio S.M. A novel Giardia duodenalis assemblage A subtype in fallow deer. J. Parasitol. 93 (2007) 426-428
104. Langkjaer R.B., Vigre H., Enemark H.L., and Maddox-Hyttel C. Molecular and phylogenetic characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia from pigs and cattle in Denmark. Parasitology 134 (2007) 339-350
105. Learmonth J.J., Ionas G., Pita A.B., and Cowie R.S. Identification and genetic characterisation of Giardia and Cryptosporidium strains in humans and dairy cattle in the Waikato Region of New Zealand. Water Sci. Technol. 47 (2003) 21-26
106. Learmonth J.J., Ionas G., Ebbett K.A., and Kwan E.S. Genetic characterization and transmission cycles of Cryptosporidium species isolated from humans in New Zealand. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (2004) 3973-3978
107. Leav B.A., Mackay M.R., Anyanwu A., O'Connor R.M., Cevallos A.M., Kindra G., Rollins N.C., Bennish M.L., Nelson R.G., and Ward H.D. Analysis of sequence diversity at the highly polymorphic Cpgp40/15 locus among Cryptosporidium isolates from human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in South Africa. Infect Immun. 70 (2002) 3881-3890
108. Lebbad, M., Ankarklev, J., Tellez, A., Leiva, B., Andersson, J.O., Svard, S., in press. Dominance of Giardia assemblage B in Leon, Nicaragua. Acta Trop.
109. Lee J.H., Lee J., Park S.J., Yong T.S., and Hwang U.W. Detection and genotyping of Giardia intestinalis isolates using intergenic spacers(IGS)-based PCR. Korean J. Parasitol. 44 (2006) 343-353
110. Leonhard S., Pfister K., Beelitz P., Wielinga C., and Thompson R.C. The molecular characterisation of Giardia from dogs in southern Germany. Vet. Parasitol. 150 (2007) 33-38
111. Leoni F., Amar C., Nichols G., Pedraza-Diaz S., and McLauchlin J. Genetic analysis of Cryptosporidium from 2414 humans with diarrhoea in England between 1985 and 2000. J. Med. Microbiol. 55 (2006) 703-707
112. Leoni F., Mallon M.E., Smith H.V., Tait A., and McLauchlin J. Multilocus analysis of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum from sporadic and outbreak-related human cases and C. parvum from sporadic cases in livestock in the UK. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45 (2007) 3286-3294
113. Llorente M.T., Clavel A., Goñi M.P., Varea M., Seral C., Becerril R., Suarez L., and Gómez-Lus R. Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium species from humans in Spain. Parasitol. Int. 56 (2007) 201-205
114. Lopez C.E., Dykes A.C., Juranek D.D., Sinclair S.P., Conn J.M., Christie R.W., Lippy E.C., Schultz M.G., and Mires M.H. Waterborne giardiasis: a communitywide outbreak of disease and a high rate of asymptomatic infection. Am. J. Epidemiol. 112 (1980) 495-507
115. Lu S., Wen J., Li J., and Wang F. DNA sequence analysis of the triose phosphate isomerase gene from isolates of Giardia lamblia. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.) 115 (2002) 99-102
116. Mallon M., MacLeod A., Wastling J., Smith H., Reilly B., and Tait A. Population structures and the role of genetic exchange in the zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum. J. Mol. Evol. 56 (2003) 407-417
117. Mallon M.E., MacLeod A., Wastling J.M., Smith H., and Tait A. Multilocus genotyping of Cryptosporidium parvum type 2: population genetics and sub-structuring. Infect. Genet. Evol. 3 (2003) 207-218
118. Mathias R.G., Riben P.D., and Osei W.D. Lack of an association between endemic giardiasis and a drinking water source. Can. J. Public Health 83 (1992) 382-384
119. Matsubayashi M., Abe N., Takami K., Kimata I., Iseki M., Nakanishi T., Tani H., Sasai K., and Baba E. First record of Cryptosporidium infection in a raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus). Vet. Parasitol. 120 (2004) 171-175
120. McCarthy S., Ng J., Gordon C., Miller R., Wyber A., and Ryan U.M. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species in animals in irrigation catchments in the southwest of Australia. Exp. Parasitol. 118 (2008) 596-599
121. McLauchlin J., Pedraza-Diaz S., Amar-Hoetzeneder C., and Nichols G.L. Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium strains from 218 patients with diarrhea diagnosed as having sporadic cryptosporidiosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37 (1999) 3153-3158
122. McLauchlin J., Amar C., Pedraza-Diaz S., and Nichols G.L. Molecular epidemiological analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. in the UK: results of genotyping Cryptosporidium spp. in 1,705 fecal samples from humans and 105 fecal samples from livestock animals. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38 (2000) 3984-3990
123. Meamar A.R., Guyot K., Certad G., Dei-Cas E., Mohraz M., Mohebali M., Mohammad K., Mehbod A.A., Rezaie S., and Rezaian M. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates from humans and animals in Iran. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73 (2007) 1033-1035
124. Mendonca C., Almeida A., Castro A., de Lurdes Delgado M., Soares S., da Costa J.M., and Canada N. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia isolates from cattle from Portugal. Vet. Parasitol. 147 (2007) 47-50
125. Misic Z., and Abe N. Subtype analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates from calves on farms around Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro, using the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene sequences. Parasitology 134 (2006) 351-358
126. Mitchell P., Graham P., and Brieseman M.A. Giardiasis in Canterbury: the first nine months reported cases. N Z Med. J. 106 (1993) 350-352
127. Molbak K., Aaby P., Hojlyng N., and da Silva A.P. Risk factors for Cryptosporidium diarrhea in early childhood: a case-control study from Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. Am. J. Epidemiol. 139 (1994) 734-740
128. Monis P.T., Andrews R.H., Mayrhofer G., Mackrill J., Kulda J., Isaac-Renton J.L., and Ey P.L. Novel lineages of Giardia intestinalis identified by genetic analysis of organisms isolated from dogs in Australia. Parasitology 116 (1998) 7-19
129. Monis P.T., Andrews R.H., Mayrhofer G., and Ey P.L. Molecular systematics of the parasitic protozoan Giardia intestinalis. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16 (1999) 1135-1144
130. Monis P.T., Andrews R.H., Mayrhofer G., and Ey P.L. Genetic diversity within the morphological species Giardia intestinalis and its relationship to host origin. Infect. Genet. Evol. 3 (2003) 29-38
131. Morgan U.M., Pallant L., Dwyer B.W., Forbes D.A., Rich G., and Thompson R.C. Comparison of PCR and microscopy for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in human fecal specimens: clinical trial. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36 (1998) 995-998
132. Morgan U.M., Sturdee A.P., Singleton G., Gomez M.S., Gracenea M., Torres J., Hamilton S.G., Woodside D.P., and Thompson R.C.A. The Cryptosporidium "mouse" genotype is conserved across geographic areas. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37 (1999) 1302-1305
133. Morgan U.M., Xiao L., Monis P., Fall A., Irwin P.J., Fayer R., Denholm K.M., Limor J., Lal A., and Thompson R.C. Cryptosporidium spp. in domestic dogs: the "dog" genotype. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (2000) 2220-2223
134. Morse T.D., Nichols R.A., Grimason A.M., Campbell B.M., Tembo K.C., and Smith H.V. Incidence of cryptosporidiosis species in paediatric patients in Malawi. Epidemiol. Infect. 135 (2007) 1307-1315
135. Muthusamy D., Rao S.S., Ramani S., Monica B., Banerjee I., Abraham O.C., Mathai D.C., Primrose B., Muliyil J., Wanke C.A., Ward H.D., and Kang G. Multilocus genotyping of Cryptosporidium sp. isolates from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals in South India. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44 (2006) 632-634
136. Navin T.R., Juranek D.D., Ford M., Minedew D.J., Lippy E.C., and Pollard R.A. Case-control study of waterborne giardiasis in Reno, Nevada. Am. J. Epidemiol. 122 (1985) 269-275
137. Ng J., Pavlasek I., and Ryan U.M. Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from avian hosts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72 (2006) 7548-7553
138. Ngouanesavanh T., Guyot K., Certad G., Fichoux Y.L., Chartier C., Verdier R.-I., Cailliez J.-C., Camus D., Dei-Cas E., and Banuls A.-L. Cryptosporidium population genetics: evidence of clonality in isolates from France and Haiti. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 53 (2006) S33-S36
139. Nichols, G.L., Chalmers, R.M., Sopwith, W., Regan, M., Hunter, C.A., Grenfell, P., Harrison, F., Lane, C., 2006. Cryptosporidiosis: a report on the surveillance and epidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection in England and Wales. Drinking Water Directorate Contract Number DWI 70/2/201. Drinking Water Inspectorate, UK, pp. 142.
140. Ong C.S., Eisler D.L., Goh S.H., Tomblin J., Awad-El-Kariem F.M., Beard C.B., Xiao L., Sulaiman I., Lal A., Fyfe M., King A., Bowie W.R., and Isaac-Renton J.L. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks and transmission in British Columbia, Canada. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61 (1999) 63-69
141. Ong C.S., Eisler D.L., Alikhani A., Fung V.W., Tomblin J., Bowie W.R., and Isaac-Renton J.L. Novel Cryptosporidium genotypes in sporadic cryptosporidiosis cases: first report of human infections with a cervine genotype. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8 (2002) 263-268
142. Palkovic L., and Marousek V. The pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium parvum Tyzzer, 1912 and C. baileyi Current, Upton and Haynes 1986 for chickens. Folia Parasitol. (Praha) 36 (1989) 209-217
143. Palmer C.J., Xiao L., Terashima A., Guerra H., Gotuzzo E., Saldias G., Bonilla J.A., Zhou L., Lindquist A., and Upton S.J. Cryptosporidium muris, a rodent pathogen, recovered from a human in Peru. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9 (2003) 1174-1176
144. Papini R., Cardini G., Paoletti B., and Giangaspero A. Detection of Giardia assemblage A in cats in Florence, Italy. Parasitol. Res. 100 (2007) 653-656
145. Pavlasek I., and Ryan U. The first finding of a natural infection of Cryptosporidium muris in a cat. Vet. Parasitol. 144 (2007) 349-352
146. Pedraza-Diaz S., Amar C., and McLauchlin J. The identification and characterisation of an unusual genotype of Cryptosporidium from human faeces as Cryptosporidium meleagridis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 189 (2000) 189-194
147. Peng M.M., Xiao L., Freeman A.R., Arrowood M.J., Escalante A.A., Weltman A.C., Ong C.S., Mac Kenzie W.R., Lal A.A., and Beard C.B. Genetic polymorphism among Cryptosporidium parvum isolates: evidence of two distinct human transmission cycles. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 3 (1997) 567-573
148. Peng M.M., Matos O., Gatei W., Das P., Stantic-Pavlinic M., Bern C., Sulaiman I.M., Glaberman S., Lal A.A., and Xiao L. A comparison of Cryptosporidium subgenotypes from several geographic regions. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 48 (2001) 28S-31S
149. Peng M.M., Meshnick S.R., Cunliffe N.A., Thindwa B.D., Hart C.A., Broadhead R.L., and Xiao L. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in children in Malawi. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 50 Suppl. (2003) 557-559
150. Peng M.M., Wilson M.L., Holland R.E., Meshnick S.R., Lal A.A., and Xiao L. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle in Michigan: implications for understanding the transmission dynamics. Parasitol. Res. 90 (2003) 175-180
151. Perz J.F., and Le Blancq S.M. Cryptosporidium parvum infection involving novel genotypes in wildlife from lower New York State. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67 (2001) 1154-1162
152. Pieniazek N.J., Bornay-Llinares F.J., Slemenda S.B., da Silva A.J., Moura I.N., Arrowood M.J., Ditrich O., and Addiss D.G. New Cryptosporidium genotypes in HIV-infected persons. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5 (1999) 444-449
153. Plutzer J., and Karanis P. Genotype and subtype analyses of Cryptosporidium isolates from cattle in Hungary. Vet. Parasitol. 146 (2007) 357-362
154. Ponce-Macotela M., Martinez-Gordillo M.N., Bermudez-Cruz R.M., Salazar-Schettino P.M., Ortega-Pierres G., and Ey P.L. Unusual prevalence of the Giardia intestinalis A-II subtype amongst isolates from humans and domestic animals in Mexico. Int. J. Parasitol. 32 (2002) 1201-1202
155. Power M.L., Slade M.B., Sangster N.C., and Veal D.A. Genetic characterisation of Cryptosporidium from a wild population of eastern grey kangaroos Macropus giganteus inhabiting a water catchment. Infect. Genet. Evol. 4 (2004) 59-67
156. Preiser G., Preiser L., and Madeo L. An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among veterinary science students who work with calves. J. Am. Coll. Health 51 (2003) 213-215
157. Probert C.S.J., Emmett P.M., and Heaton K.W. Some determinants of whole-gut transit time: a population-based study. Q. J. Med. 88 (1995) 311-315
158. Read C., Walters J., Robertson I.D., and Thompson R.C. Correlation between genotype of Giardia duodenalis and diarrhoea. Int. J. Parasitol. 32 (2002) 229-231
159. Read C.M., Monis P.T., and Thompson R.C. Discrimination of all genotypes of Giardia duodenalis at the glutamate dehydrogenase locus using PCR-RFLP. Infect. Genet. Evol. 4 (2004) 125-130
160. Rimhanen-Finne R., Enemark H.L., Kolehmainen J., Toropainen P., and Hanninen M.L. Evaluation of immunofluorescence microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in asymptomatic dogs. Vet. Parasitol. 145 (2007) 345-348
161. Robertson B., Sinclair M.I., Forbes A.B., Veitch M., Kirk M., Cunliffe D., Willis J., and Fairley C.K. Case-control studies of sporadic cryptosporidiosis in Melbourne and Adelaide, Australia. Epidemiol. Infect. 128 (2002) 419-431
162. Robertson L.J., Forberg T., Hermansen L., Hamnes I.S., and Gjerde B. Giardia duodenalis cysts isolated from wild moose and reindeer in norway: genetic characterization by PCR-rflp and sequence analysis at two genes. J. Wildl. Dis. 43 (2007) 576-585
163. Robinson R.A., and Pugh R.N. Dogs, zoonoses and immunosuppression. J. R. Soc. Health 122 (2002) 95-98
164. Rosales M.J., Perez Cordon G., Sanchez Moreno M., Marin Sanchez C., and Mascaro C. Extracellular like-gregarine stages of Cryptosporidium parvum. Acta Trop. 95 (2005) 74-78
165. Roy S.L., DeLong S.M., Stenzel S.A., Shiferaw B., Roberts J.M., Khalakdina A., Marcus R., Segler S.D., Shah D.D., Thomas S., Vugia D.J., Zansky S.M., Dietz V., and Beach M.J. Risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis among immunocompetent persons in the USA from 1999 to 2001. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42 (2004) 2944-2951
166. Ruiz, A., Foronda, P., Gonzalez, J.F., Guedes, A., Abreu-Acosta, N., Molina, J.M., Valladares, B., in press. Occurrence and genotype characterization of Giardia duodenalis in goat kids from the Canary Islands, Spain. Vet. Parasitol.
167. Ryan U., Xiao L., Read C., Zhou L., Lal A.A., and Pavlasek I. Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from the Czech Republic. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69 (2003) 4302-4307
168. Ryan U.M., Monis P., Enemark H.L., Sulaiman I., Samarasinghe B., Read C., Buddle R., Roberston I., Zhou L., Thompson R.C., and Xiao L. Cryptosporidium suis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in pigs (Sus scrofa). J. Parasitol. 90 (2004) 769-773
169. Ryan U.M., Bath C., Robertson I., Read C., Elliot A., McInnes L., Traub R., and Besier B. Sheep may not be an important zoonotic reservoir for Cryptosporidium and Giardia parasites. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71 (2005) 4992-4997
170. Santin M., Trout J.M., Xiao L., Zhou L., Greiner E., and Fayer R. Prevalence and age-related variation of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in dairy calves. Vet. Parasitol. 122 (2004) 103-117
171. Santin M., Trout J.M., Vecino J.A., Dubey J.P., and Fayer R. Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cats from Bogota (Colombia) and genotyping of isolates. Vet. Parasitol. 141 (2006) 334-339
172. Santin M., Trout J.M., and Fayer R. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species and genotypes in sheep in Maryland. Vet. Parasitol. 146 (2007) 17-24
173. Satoh M., Matsubara-Nihei Y., Sasaki T., and Nakai Y. Characterization of Cryptosporidium canis isolated in Japan. Parasitol. Res. 99 (2006) 746-748
174. Smerdon W.J., Nichols T., Chalmers R.M., Heine H., and Reacher M.H. Foot and mouth disease in livestock and reduced cryptosporidiosis in humans, England and wales. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9 (2003) 22-28
175. Smith K.E., Stenzel S.A., Bender J.B., Wagstrom E., Soderlund D., Leano F.T., Taylor C.M., Belle-Isle P.A., and Danila R. Outbreaks of enteric infections caused by multiple pathogens associated with calves at a farm day camp. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 23 (2004) 1098-1104
176. Soba B., Petrovec M., Mioc V., and Logar J. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium isolates from humans in Slovenia. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 12 (2006) 918-921
177. Sopwith W., Osborn K., Chalmers R., and Regan M. The changing epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in North West England. Epidemiol. Infect. 133 (2005) 785-793
178. Souza S.L., Gennari S.M., Richtzenhain L.J., Pena H.F., Funada M.R., Cortez A., Gregori F., and Soares R.M. Molecular identification of Giardia duodenalis isolates from humans, dogs, cats and cattle from the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, by sequence analysis of fragments of glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) coding gene. Vet. Parasitol. 149 (2007) 258-264
179. Stantic-Pavlinic M., Xiao L., Glaberman S., Lal A.A., Orazen T., Rataj-Verglez A., Logar J., and Berce I. Cryptosporidiosis associated with animal contacts. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 115 (2003) 125-127
180. Starkey S.R., Johnson A.L., Ziegler P.E., and Mohammed H.O. An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among alpaca crias and their human caregivers. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 231 (2007) 1562-1567
181. Stuart J.M., Orr H.J., Warburton F.G., Jeyakanth S., Pugh C., Morris I., Sarangi J., and Nichols G. Risk factors for sporadic giardiasis: a case-control study in southwestern England. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9 (2003) 229-233
182. Sulaiman I.M., Xiao L., Yang C., Escalante L., Moore A., Beard C.B., Arrowood M.J., and Lal A.A. Differentiating human from animal isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4 (1998) 681-685
183. Sulaiman I.M., Fayer R., Bern C., Gilman R.H., Trout J.M., Schantz P.M., Das P., Lal A.A., and Xiao L. Triosephosphate isomerase gene characterization and potential zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9 (2003) 1444-1452
184. Sulaiman I.M., Hira P.R., Zhou L., Al-Ali F.M., Al-Shelahi F.A., Shweiki H.M., Iqbal J., Khalid N., and Xiao L. Unique endemicity of cryptosporidiosis in children in Kuwait. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (2005) 2805-2809
185. Szenasi Z., Marton S., Kucsera I., Tanczos B., Horvath K., Orosz E., Lukacs Z., and Szeidemann Z. Preliminary investigation of the prevalence and genotype distribution of Giardia intestinalis in dogs in Hungary. Parasitol. Res. 101 Suppl. 1 (2007) 145-152
186. Tamer G.S., Turk M., Dagci H., Pektas B., Guy E.C., Guruz A.Y., and Uner A. The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in Turkish children, and genotyping of isolates by nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Saudi Med. J. 28 (2007) 1243-1246
187. Thompson H.P., Dooley J.S., Kenny J., McCoy M., Lowery C.J., Moore J.E., and Xiao L. Genotypes and subtypes of Cryptosporidium spp. in neonatal calves in Northern Ireland. Parasitol. Res. 100 (2007) 619-624
188. Thompson R.C. Giardiasis as a re-emerging infectious disease and its zoonotic potential. Int. J. Parasitol. 30 (2000) 1259-1267
189. Thompson R.C. The zoonotic significance and molecular epidemiology of Giardia and giardiasis. Vet. Parasitol. 126 (2004) 15-35
190. Tiangtip R., and Jongwutiwes S. Molecular analysis of Cryptosporidium species isolated from HIV-infected patients in Thailand. Trop. Med. Int. Health 7 (2002) 357-364
191. Traub R.J., Robertson I.D., Irwin P., Mencke N., Monis P., and Thompson R.C. Humans, dogs and parasitic zoonoses-unravelling the relationships in a remote endemic community in northeast India using molecular tools. Parasitol. Res. 90 Suppl. 3 (2003) S156-S157
192. Traub R.J., Monis P.T., Robertson I., Irwin P., Mencke N., and Thompson R.C. Epidemiological and molecular evidence supports the zoonotic transmission of Giardia among humans and dogs living in the same community. Parasitology 128 (2004) 253-262
193. Traub R., Wade S., Read C., Thompson A., and Mohammed H. Molecular characterization of potentially zoonotic isolates of Giardia duodenalis in horses. Vet. Parasitol. 130 (2005) 317-321
194. Trotz-Williams L.A., Martin D.S., Gatei W., Cama V., Peregrine A.S., Martin S.W., Nydam D.V., Jamieson F., and Xiao L. Genotype and subtype analyses of Cryptosporidium isolates from dairy calves and humans in Ontario. Parasitol. Res. 99 (2006) 346-352
195. Trout J.M., Santin M., and Fayer R. Identification of assemblage A Giardia in white-tailed deer. J. Parasitol. 89 (2003) 1254-1255
196. Trout J.M., Santin M., Greiner E., and Fayer R. Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis genotypes in pre-weaned dairy calves. Vet. Parasitol. 124 (2004) 179-186
197. Trout J.M., Santin M., Greiner E., and Fayer R. Prevalence and genotypes of Giardia duodenalis in post-weaned dairy calves. Vet. Parasitol. 130 (2005) 177-183
198. Trout J.M., Santin M., and Fayer R. Giardia and Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in coyotes (Canis latrans). J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 37 (2006) 141-144
199. Trout J.M., Santin M., Greiner E.C., and Fayer R. Prevalence and genotypes of Giardia duodenalis in 1-2 year old dairy cattle. Vet. Parasitol. 140 (2006) 217-222
200. Trout J.M., Santin M., and Fayer R. Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis genotypes in adult dairy cows. Vet. Parasitol. 147 (2007) 205-209
201. Trout, J.M., Santin, M., Fayer, R., in press. Detection of assemblage A Giardia duodenalis and Eimeria spp. in alpacas on two Maryland farms. Vet. Parasitol.
202. Tumwine J.K., Kekitiinwa A., Nabukeera N., Akiyoshi D.E., Rich S.M., Widmer G., Feng X., and Tzipori S. Cryptosporidium parvum in children with diarrhea in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 68 (2003) 710-715
203. Tumwine J.K., Kekitiinwa A., Bakeera-Kitaka S., Ndeezi G., Downing R., Feng X., Akiyoshi D.E., and Tzipori S. Cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis in Ugandan children with persistent diarrhea with and without concurrent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73 (2005) 921-925
204. Twomey D.F., Barlow A.M., Bell S., Chalmers R.M., Elwin K., Giles M., Higgins R.J., Robinson G., and Stringer R.M. Cryptosporidiosis in two alpaca (Lama pacos) holdings in the South-West of England. Vet. J. 175 (2008) 419-422
205. Uehlinger F.D., Barkema H.W., Dixon B.R., Coklin T., and O'Handley R.M. Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in a veterinary college bovine teaching herd. Vet. Parasitol. 142 (2006) 231-237
206. van der Giessen J.W., de Vries A., Roos M., Wielinga P., Kortbeek L.M., and Mank T.G. Genotyping of Giardia in Dutch patients and animals: a phylogenetic analysis of human and animal isolates. Int. J. Parasitol. 36 (2006) 849-858
207. Vasilopulos R.J., Rickard L.G., Mackin A.J., Pharr G.T., and Huston C.L. Genotypic analysis of Giardia duodenalis in domestic cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med./Am. Coll. Vet. Intern. Med. 21 (2007) 352-355
208. Volotao A.C., Costa-Macedo L.M., Haddad F.S., Brandao A., Peralta J.M., and Fernandes O. Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis from human and animal samples from Brazil using beta-giardin gene: a phylogenetic analysis. Acta Trop. 102 (2007) 10-19
209. Warburton A.R., Jones P.H., and Bruce J. Zoonotic transmission of giardiasis: a case control study. Commun. Dis. Rep. CDR Rev. 4 (1994) R32-R36
210. Welch T.P. Risk of giardiasis from consumption of wilderness water in North America: a systematic review of epidemiologic data. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 4 (2000) 100-103
211. Wielinga C.M., and Thompson R.C. Comparative evaluation of Giardia duodenalis sequence data. Parasitology 134 (2007) 1795-1821
212. Wielinga P.R., de Vries A., van der Goot T.H., Mank T., Mars M.H., Kortbeek L.M., and van der Giessen J.W.B. Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in humans and cattle in The Netherlands. Int. J. Parasitol. 38 (2008) 809-817
213. Woods K.M., and Upton S.J. In vitro development of Cryptosporidium parvum in serum-free media. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 44 (2007) 520-523
214. Wu Z., Nagano I., Boonmars T., Nakada T., and Takahashi Y. Intraspecies polymorphism of Cryptosporidium parvum revealed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and RFLP-single-strand conformational polymorphism analyses. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69 (2003) 4720-4726
215. Xiao L., Bern C., Limor J., Sulaiman I., Roberts J., Checkley W., Cabrera L., Gilman R.H., and Lal A.A. Identification of 5 types of Cryptosporidium parasites in children in Lima, Peru. J. Infect. Dis. 183 (2001) 492-497
216. Xiao L., Bern C., Arrowood M., Sulaiman I., Zhou L., Kawai V., Vivar A., Lal A.A., and Gilman R.H. Identification of the Cryptosporidium pig genotype in a human patient. J. Infect. Dis. 185 (2002) 1846-1848
217. Xiao L., Bern C., Sulaiman I.M., and Lal A.A. Molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis. In: Thompson R.C.A., Armson A., and Ryan U.M. (Eds). Cryptosporidium: From Molecules to Disease (2004), Elsevier, Amsterdam 121-146
218. Xiao L., Fayer R., Ryan U., and Upton S.J. Cryptosporidium taxonomy: recent advances and implications for public health. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17 (2004) 72-97
219. Xiao L., and Ryan U.M. Cryptosporidiosis: an update in molecular epidemiology. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 17 (2004) 483-490
220. Xiao L., Ryan U.M., Graczyk T.K., Limor J., Li L., Kombert M., Junge R., Sulaiman I.M., Zhou L., Arrowood M.J., Koudela B., Modry D., and Lal A.A. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in captive reptiles. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (2004) 891-899
221. Xiao L., Cama V.A., Cabrera L., Ortega Y., Pearson J., and Gilman R.H. Possible transmission of Cryptosporidium canis among children and a dog in a household. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45 (2007) 2014-2016
222. Xiao L., Zhou L., Santin M., Yang W., and Fayer R. Distribution of Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes in calves in eastern USA. Parasitol. Res. 100 (2007) 701-706
223. Xiao L., and Ryan U.M. Molecular epidemiology. In: Fayer R., and Xiao L. (Eds). Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis. second ed. (2008), CRC Press and IWA Publishing, Boca Raton, FL 119-163
224. Yason J.A., and Rivera W.L. Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis isolates among residents of slum area in Manila, Philippines. Parasitol. Res. 101 (2007) 681-687
225. Yoder J.S., and Beach M.J. Cryptosporidiosis surveillance - USA, 2003-2005. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 56 (2007) 1-10
226. Zhou L., Fayer R., Trout J.M., Ryan U.M., Schaefer III F.W., and Xiao L. Genotypes of Cryptosporidium species infecting fur-bearing mammals differ from those of species infecting humans. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (2004) 7574-7577
227. Zhou L., Kassa H., Tischler M.L., and Xiao L. Host-adapted Cryptosporidium spp. in canada geese (Branta canadensis). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (2004) 4211-4215