Case-control study of environmental and social factors influencing cryptosporidiosis

European Journal of Epidemiology

Volumn 22, Issue 11, 2007, Pages 805-811

  Lake, Iain R ^a   Harrison, Florence C D ^a   Chalmers, Rachel M ^b   Bentham, Graham ^a   Nichols, Gordon ^c   Hunter, Paul R ^d   Kovats, R Sari ^e   Grundy, Chris ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

^b PUBLIC HEALTH WALES   (United Kingdom)

^c PUBLIC HEALTH ENGLAND   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

^e LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Agriculture; Cryptosporidiosis; Cryptosporidium; Environment and public health; Social class; Water

Indexed keywords

DRINKING WATER;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM HOMINIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENOTYPE; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM; HUMAN; INFANT; INFECTION RISK; MANURE; NEWBORN; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIOECONOMICS; URBAN AREA; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER TREATMENT;

ANIMALS; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; RISK FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; WALES;

EID: 36148973989     PISSN: 03932990     EISSN: 15737284     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10654-007-9179-1     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Hunter PR. Climate change and waterborne and vector-borne diseases. J Appl Microbiol Symp Suppl 2003;94:37-46.
2. Hunter PR, Hughes S, Woodhouse S, Syed Q, Verlander Q, Chalmers RM, et al. Sporadic cryptosporidiosis case-control study with genotyping. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10(7):1241-8.
3. Fayer R, Morgan U, Upton SJ. Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and identification [Review]. Int J Parasit 2000;30:1305-22.
4. McLaughlin J, Amar C, Pedraza-diaz S, Nichols GL. Molecular epidemiological analysis of cryptosporidium spp. in the United Kingdom: results of genotyping Cryptosporidium spp. in 1,705 fecal samples from humans and 105 fecal samples from livestock animals. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38(11):3984-90.
5. Hunter PR, Thomson RCA. The zoonotic transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Int J Parasit 2005;35:1181-90.
6. Learmonth JJ, Ionas G, Ebbett KA, Kwan ES. Genetic characterization and transmission cycles of cryptosporidium species isolated from humans in New Zealand. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004;70(7):3973-8.
7. McLaughlin J, Pedraza-Di'az S, Amar-Hoetzeneder C, Nichols GL. Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium strains from 218 patients with diarrhoea diagnosed as having sporadic cryptosporidiosis. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37(10):3153-8.
8. Seaton AV. Social stratification in tourism choice and experience since the war. Tour Manage 1992;13(1):106-11.
9. Kavanagh AM, Goller JL, King T, Jolley D, Crawford D, Turrell G. Urban area disadvantage and physical activity: a multilevel study in Melbourne, Australia. J Epidemiol Commun Health 2005;59(11):934-40.
10. Shohaimi S, Welch A, Bingham S, Luben R, Day N, Wareham N, et al. Residential area deprivation predicts fruit and vegetable consumption independently of individual educational level and occupational social class: A cross sectional population study in the Norfolk cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk). J Epidemiol Commun Health 2004;58(8):686-91.
11. Lengerich EJ, Addiss DG, Marx JJ, Ungar BLP, Juranek DD. Increased exposure to cryptosporidia among dairy farmers in Wisconsin. J Infect Dis 1993;167(5):1252-5.
12. Gulliford MC. Availability of primary care doctors and population health in England: is there an association? J Public Health Med 2002;24(4):252-4.
13. Goh S, Williams J, Reacher M, Verlander NQ, Casemore DP, Chalmers RM, et al. Sporadic cryptosporidiosis, North Cumbria, England, 1996-2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;10(6):1007-15.
14. Percival S, Walker J, Hunter PR. Microbiological aspects of biofilms in drinking water. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2000.
15. Anon. The development of a national collection for oocysts of Cryptosporidium. Final Report to DEFRA: Drinking Water Inspectorate. Marlow, Bucks: Foundation for Water Research; 2002.
16. Chalmers RM, Hughes S, Thomas AL, Woodhouse S, Thomas PD, Hunter P. Laboratory ascertainment of Cryptosporidium and local authority policies for investigating sporadic cases of cryptosporidiosis in two regions of the United Kingdom. Communicable disease and public health / PHLS. 2002 June 2002;5(2):114-8.
17. Wheeler JM, Sethi D, Cowden JM, Wall PG, Rodrigues LC, Tompkins DS. Study of infectious intestinal diseases in England: rates in the community presenting to general practice and reported to nation surveillance. Br Med J 1999;318:1046-50.
18. Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, Sterling CR, Wang C, Jakubowski W, Dupont HL. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy adults with pre- existing anti-C. parvum serum immunoglobulin G. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999;60(1):157-64.
19. Frost FJ, Roberts M, Kunde TR, Craun G, Tollestrup K, Harter L, et al. How clean must our drinking water be: The importance of protective immunity. J Infect Dis 2005;191(5):809-14.
20. Bibby P, Shepherd J. Developing a New Classification of Urban and Rural Areas for Policy Purposes. 2001 [cited; Available from: http://www.statistics. gov.uk/geography/downloads/Methodology_Report.pdf. Accessed 4 Sep 2007.
21. Anthony S, Chambers B, Lyons H. Farm Manures as a Source of Pathogens. Agricultural Pathogens and Surface Water Pollution; 2001; Cranfield University at Silsoe; 2001.
22. Hutchison ML, Walters LD, Avery SM, Synge BA, Moore A. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Lett Appl Microbiol 2004;39:207-14.
23. Lloyd A, Drury D. Continuous monitoring for Cryptosporidium - a novel approach to public health protection. Water Sci Technol 2002;46(11-12):297-301.
24. Lake IR, Nichols GL, Bentham G, Harrison FCD, Hunter PR, Kovats RS. Cryptosporidiosis Decline after Regulation, England and Wales, 1989-2005. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13(4):623-5.
25. Anderson R, Nokes DJ. Mathematical models of transmission and control. In: Detels R, McEwen J, Beaglehole R, Tanaka H, editors. Oxford textbook of public health. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004. p. 715-44.