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Volumn 84, Issue 4, 2008, Pages

Islamist violence and regime stability in Saudi Arabia

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EID: 47949108971     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: 14682346     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00733.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (38)

References (83)
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    • Al Qaeda's third front: Saudi Arabia'
    • For more on the QAP campaign, see
    • For more on the QAP campaign, see Bruce Riedel and Bilal Y. Saab, 'Al Qaeda's third front: Saudi Arabia', Washington Quarterly 31: 2, 2008, pp. 33-46;
    • (2008) Washington Quarterly , vol.31 , Issue.2 , pp. 33-46
    • Riedel, B.1    Saab, B.Y.2
  • 3
    • 33845645095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terrorist recruitment and radicalisation in Saudi Arabia
    • Thomas Hegghammer, 'Terrorist recruitment and radicalisation in Saudi Arabia', Middle East Policy 13: 4, 2006, pp. 39-60;
    • (2006) Middle East Policy , vol.13 , Issue.4 , pp. 39-60
    • Hegghammer, T.1
  • 4
    • 33845683361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The "cycle of contention" and the limits of terrorism in Saudi Arabia
    • Paul Aarts and Gerd Nonneman, eds, London: Hurst
    • Roel Meijer, 'The "cycle of contention" and the limits of terrorism in Saudi Arabia', in Paul Aarts and Gerd Nonneman, eds, Saudi Arabia in the balance (London: Hurst, 2005);
    • (2005) Saudi Arabia in the balance
    • Meijer, R.1
  • 5
    • 85055305493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terrorist challenges to Saudi Arabian internal security
    • Joshua Teitelbaum, 'Terrorist challenges to Saudi Arabian internal security', Middle East Review of International Affairs 9: 3, 2005, pp. 1-11;
    • (2005) Middle East Review of International Affairs , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 1-11
    • Teitelbaum, J.1
  • 7
    • 47949100054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the Mecca incident, see, New York, Doubleday
    • On the Mecca incident, see Yaroslav Trofimov, The siege of Mecca (New York : Doubleday, 2007).
    • (2007) The siege of Mecca
    • Trofimov, Y.1
  • 8
    • 47949126189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the 1995 and 1996 bombings, see Joshua Teitelbaum, Holier than thou: Saudi Arabia's Islamic opposition (Washington DC : Washington Institute for Near East Studies, 2000). For a detailed chronology of political violence in the Kingdom, see J. E. Peterson, 'Saudi Arabia: internal security incidents since 1979', Arabian Peninsula background note 3 (2005), available at www.jepeterson.net.
    • On the 1995 and 1996 bombings, see Joshua Teitelbaum, Holier than thou: Saudi Arabia's Islamic opposition (Washington DC : Washington Institute for Near East Studies, 2000). For a detailed chronology of political violence in the Kingdom, see J. E. Peterson, 'Saudi Arabia: internal security incidents since 1979', Arabian Peninsula background note 3 (2005), available at www.jepeterson.net.
  • 9
    • 0004002815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the strong Saudi presence in Afghanistan and Bosnia, see, Boulder, CO, Westview
    • On the strong Saudi presence in Afghanistan and Bosnia, see Mark Huband, Warriors of the Prophet: the struggle for Islam (Boulder, CO : Westview, 1999), pp. 2-3 ;
    • (1999) Warriors of the Prophet: The struggle for Islam , pp. 2-3
    • Huband, M.1
  • 11
    • 47949091375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mohammed allegedly told interrogators that in any given Al-Qaeda camp in early 2001, about 70% of the recruits would be Saudi
    • New York: Norton
    • Khalid Sheikh Mohammed allegedly told interrogators that in any given Al-Qaeda camp in early 2001, about 70% of the recruits would be Saudi : see The 9/11 Commission Report (New York: Norton, 2004), p. 232.
    • (2004) The 9/11 Commission Report , pp. 232
    • Sheikh, K.1
  • 15
    • 34249056479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rejectionist Islamism in Saudi Arabia: The story of Juhayman al-Utaybi revisited
    • Thomas Hegghammer and Stéphane Lacroix, 'Rejectionist Islamism in Saudi Arabia: the story of Juhayman al-Utaybi revisited', International Journal of Middle East Studies 39: 1, 2007, pp. 103-22.
    • (2007) International Journal of Middle East Studies , vol.39 , Issue.1 , pp. 103-122
    • Hegghammer, T.1    Lacroix, S.2
  • 20
    • 47949089782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Abu Jandal, part 1, Al-Quds al-Arabi, 20 March 2005
    • 'Interview with Abu Jandal - part 1', Al-Quds al-Arabi, 20 March 2005.
  • 21
    • 84868021220 scopus 로고
    • King Faisal and pan-Islamism
    • See, Willard Beling, ed, London, Croom Helm
    • See Abdullah M. Sindi, 'King Faisal and pan-Islamism', in Willard Beling, ed., King Faisal and the modernisation of Saudi Arabia (London : Croom Helm, 1980) ;
    • (1980) King Faisal and the modernisation of Saudi Arabia
    • Sindi, A.M.1
  • 23
    • 47949100850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For more on the Sahwa, see Stéphane Lacroix, 'Les champs de la discorde: une sociologie politique de l'islamisme en Arabie Saoudite, 1954-2005', PhD diss., Sciences-Po, Paris, 2007; Mamoun Fandy, Saudi Arabia and the politics of dissent (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001).
    • For more on the Sahwa, see Stéphane Lacroix, 'Les champs de la discorde: une sociologie politique de l'islamisme en Arabie Saoudite, 1954-2005', PhD diss., Sciences-Po, Paris, 2007; Mamoun Fandy, Saudi Arabia and the politics of dissent (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001).
  • 27
    • 47949120270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saudis funded weapons for Bosnia, official says
    • 2 Feb
    • Michael Dobbs, 'Saudis funded weapons for Bosnia, official says', Washington Post, 2 Feb. 1996.
    • (1996) Washington Post
    • Dobbs, M.1
  • 28
    • 47949094339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Between 1993 and 1998, the Saudi High Committee for Fundraising to the Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina collected SR 1,400 million to support the Bosnian cause Ziyad Sahh al-Hadhlul and Muhammad Abdallah al-Humaydhi, Al-qissa al-kamila li'l-dawr al-sa'udi fi al-busna wa'l-harsak [The full story of the Saudi role in
    • Between 1993 and 1998, the Saudi High Committee for Fundraising to the Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina collected SR 1,400 million to support the Bosnian cause (Ziyad Sahh al-Hadhlul and Muhammad Abdallah al-Humaydhi, Al-qissa al-kamila li'l-dawr al-sa'udi fi al-busna wa'l-harsak [The full story of the Saudi role in
  • 29
    • 47949108104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bosnia-Herzegovina] (Riyadh: Al-Homaidhi Printing Press, 1998), p. 185). By contrast, the corresponding committee for Palestine collected only SR 850 million between 1978 and 1991: see The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's economic and social development aid.
    • Bosnia-Herzegovina] (Riyadh: Al-Homaidhi Printing Press, 1998), p. 185). By contrast, the corresponding committee for Palestine collected only SR 850 million between 1978 and 1991: see The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's economic and social development aid.
  • 30
    • 47949116493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Abu Jandal, part 1
    • 'Interview with Abu Jandal - part 1'.
  • 32
    • 33845654348 scopus 로고
    • Ethnic and sociorevolutionary terrorism: A comparison of structures
    • See e.g, Donatella della Porta, ed, Greenwich, CT: JAI
    • See e.g. Peter Waldmann, 'Ethnic and sociorevolutionary terrorism: a comparison of structures', in Donatella della Porta, ed., Social movements and violence:participation in underground organizations (Greenwich, CT: JAI, 1992).
    • (1992) Social movements and violence:participation in underground organizations
    • Waldmann, P.1
  • 33
    • 0039560041 scopus 로고
    • See e.g, New York, Macmillan
    • See e.g. Johannes Jansen, The neglected duty (New York : Macmillan, 1986).
    • (1986) The neglected duty
    • Jansen, J.1
  • 34
    • 33644767195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See e.g. the statements by Osama bin Laden in, ed, London: Verso
    • See e.g. the statements by Osama bin Laden in Bruce Lawrence, ed., Messages to the world: the statements of Osama Bin Laden (London: Verso, 2005).
    • (2005) Messages to the world: The statements of Osama Bin Laden
  • 35
    • 47949121841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, the QAP's manifesto, a book entitled This is how we view the jihad and how we want it, contains an explicit ranking of enemies, in which the 'Jews and the Christians' figure at the top, followed by the 'infidel leaders' i.e. the Arab regimes. It further states: 'The [Jews and Christians from the West] constitute the Crusader-Jewish alliance, which its leader America calls the new world order.
    • For example, the QAP's manifesto, a book entitled This is how we view the jihad and how we want it, contains an explicit ranking of enemies, in which the 'Jews and the Christians' figure at the top, followed by the 'infidel leaders' i.e. the Arab regimes. It further states: 'The [Jews and Christians from the West] constitute the Crusader-Jewish alliance, which its leader America calls "the new world order".
  • 36
    • 47949091880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This is the enemy against which we must act at this stage, In another statement released shortly after the 12 May 2003 attack, Yusuf al-Uyayri declared that 'we have not raised the banner of jihad to kill believers, our one and only crime is to have waged jihad against the Crusaders, Ghazwat al-hadi 'ashar min rabi' al-awwal: 'amaliyyat sharq al-riyadh wa-harbuna ma' amrika wa 'umala'iha [The 12 May raid: the east Riyadh operation and our war with America and its agents, 2003, p. 43, accessed 26 June 2008
    • This is the enemy against which we must act at this stage.' In another statement released shortly after the 12 May 2003 attack, Yusuf al-Uyayri declared that 'we have not raised the banner of jihad to kill believers... our one and only crime is to have waged jihad against the Crusaders' : Ghazwat al-hadi 'ashar min rabi' al-awwal: 'amaliyyat sharq al-riyadh wa-harbuna ma' amrika wa 'umala'iha [The 12 May raid: the east Riyadh operation and our war with America and its agents], 2003, p. 43, www.qa3ed00n.com, accessed 26 June 2008.
  • 37
    • 34547530084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Faris bin Huzzam, Dubai, Nov. 2005; interview with Nasir al-Barrak, Damnum, Dec. 2005. For more on Khattab and the Arabs in Chechnya, see Domitilla Sagramoso, Violence and conflict in the Russian North Caucasus, International Affairs 83: 4, July 2007, pp. 681-705
    • Interview with Faris bin Huzzam, Dubai, Nov. 2005; interview with Nasir al-Barrak, Damnum, Dec. 2005. For more on Khattab and the Arabs in Chechnya, see Domitilla Sagramoso, 'Violence and conflict in the Russian North Caucasus', International Affairs 83: 4, July 2007, pp. 681-705.
  • 38
    • 22144449083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See e.g, Washington, Brassey's, Anon
    • See e.g. Anon., Through our enemies' eyes (Washington : Brassey's, 2002);
    • Through our enemies' eyes , pp. 2002
  • 41
    • 47949097182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Abu Jandal, part 4, Al-Quds al-Arabi, 26 March 2006
    • 'Interview with Abu Jandal - part 4', Al-Quds al-Arabi, 26 March 2006.
  • 42
    • 47949118934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terrorist recruitment and radicalisation in Saudi Arabia
    • Abu Jandal's story is corroborated by Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri's testimony: see The9/11 Commission Report, p. 152. 25 Hegghammer
    • Abu Jandal's story is corroborated by Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri's testimony: see The9/11 Commission Report, p. 152. 25 Hegghammer, 'Terrorist recruitment and radicalisation in Saudi Arabia'.
  • 43
    • 84911054936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A once-stormy terror alliance was solidified by cruise missiles
    • 2 Aug
    • Alan Cullison and Andrew Higgins, 'A once-stormy terror alliance was solidified by cruise missiles', Wall Street Journal, 2 Aug. 2002.
    • (2002) Wall Street Journal
    • Cullison, A.1    Higgins, A.2
  • 44
    • 47949124888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yusuf al-'uyayri : Shumukh fi zaman al-hawan' [Yusuf al-Uyayri : standing tall in an age of lowliness]
    • See
    • See Muhammad al-Salim, 'Yusuf al-'uyayri : shumukh fi zaman al-hawan' [Yusuf al-Uyayri : standing tall in an age of lowliness], Sawt al-Jihad, I, 2003, pp. 15-18.
    • (2003) Sawt al-Jihad , vol.1 , pp. 15-18
    • al-Salim, M.1
  • 45
    • 47949126190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Al-mizan li-harakat taliban
    • The Taleban in the balance, Nov.-Dec, accessed 3 Aug
    • Yusuf al-Uyayri, 'Al-mizan li-harakat taliban' [The Taleban in the balance], www.tawhed.ws, Nov.-Dec. 2001, p. 21, accessed 3 Aug. 2006.
    • (2001) , pp. 21
    • al-Uyayri, Y.1
  • 46
    • 47949091637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Saud al-Sarhan, Riyadh, Nov. 2005, interview with Sulayman al-Duwaysh, Riyadh, Jan. 2007
    • Interview with Saud al-Sarhan, Riyadh, Nov. 2005 ; interview with Sulayman al-Duwaysh, Riyadh, Jan. 2007.
  • 47
    • 47949084477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yusuf al-Uyayri and the making of a revolutionary Salafi praxis
    • Roel Meijer, 'Yusuf al-Uyayri and the making of a revolutionary Salafi praxis', Die Welt des Islams 47: 3-4, 2007, pp. 422-59.
    • (2007) Die Welt des Islams , vol.47 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 422-459
    • Meijer, R.1
  • 48
    • 47949096369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No explicit evidence of such a decision exists in open sources, but the prominent jihadist ideologue Abu Bakr Naji wrote in 2003 that 'the [Al-Qaeda] High Command used to consider the youth of the Arabian Peninsula as their striking force, but it did not select the Peninsula for change due to factors mentioned in previous studies': Abu Bakr Naji, Idarat al-tawahhush [The management of savagery], www.tawhed.ws, 2004, p. 29, accessed 3 May 2008.
    • No explicit evidence of such a decision exists in open sources, but the prominent jihadist ideologue Abu Bakr Naji wrote in 2003 that 'the [Al-Qaeda] High Command used to consider the youth of the Arabian Peninsula as their striking force, but it did not select the Peninsula for change due to factors mentioned in previous studies': Abu Bakr Naji, Idarat al-tawahhush [The management of savagery], www.tawhed.ws, 2004, p. 29, accessed 3 May 2008.
  • 49
    • 47949088443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moreover, in his autobiography, CIA director George Tenet wrote that bin Laden 'prior to 9/11 had imposed a ban on attacks in Saudi Arabia' : George Tenet, At the center of the storm: my years at the CIA (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), p. 248.
    • Moreover, in his autobiography, CIA director George Tenet wrote that bin Laden 'prior to 9/11 had imposed a ban on attacks in Saudi Arabia' : George Tenet, At the center of the storm: my years at the CIA (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), p. 248.
  • 50
    • 47949117157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See The 9/11 Commission Report, p. 152;
    • See The 9/11 Commission Report, p. 152;
  • 52
    • 47949128905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed 23 Feb, interview with Paris bin Huzzam, Dubai, Nov, 2005
    • '820 mujahideen imprisoned in Saudi Arabia, March 1998', www.azzam.com, 1998, accessed 23 Feb. 2002; interview with Paris bin Huzzam, Dubai, Nov. 2005.
    • (1998) 820 mujahideen imprisoned in Saudi Arabia, March 1998
  • 53
    • 47949098710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US-Saudi counterterrorism cooperation in the wake of the Riyadh bombing
    • See e.g, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 23 May
    • See e.g. Simon Henderson and Matthew Levitt, 'US-Saudi counterterrorism cooperation in the wake of the Riyadh bombing', Policy Watch, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 23 May 2003 ;
    • (2003) Policy Watch
    • Henderson, S.1    Levitt, M.2
  • 55
    • 47949108404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, one biography states that 'the Shaykh [Osama bin Laden] asked Khalid Shaykh [Mohammad] to prepare for the departure of Hazbar and his brothers to strike the Americans' rear bases on the Arabian Peninsula' : Fawwaz al-Nashmi, 'Fahd bin samran al-sa'idi', Sawt al-Jihad, 15, 2004, pp. 45-6
    • For example, one biography states that 'the Shaykh [Osama bin Laden] asked Khalid Shaykh [Mohammad] to prepare for the departure of Hazbar and his brothers to strike the Americans' rear bases on the Arabian Peninsula' : Fawwaz al-Nashmi, 'Fahd bin samran al-sa'idi', Sawt al-Jihad, 15, 2004, pp. 45-6
  • 56
    • 33751244161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Simon & Schuster
    • Ron Suskind, The one percent doctrine (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), pp. 146-7.
    • (2006) The one percent doctrine , pp. 146-147
    • Suskind, R.1
  • 58
    • 47949109222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cordesman and Obaid, National security in Saudi Arabia, p. 113 ;
    • Cordesman and Obaid, National security in Saudi Arabia, p. 113 ;
  • 59
    • 47949115975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Al Qaeda shifts its strategy in Saudi Arabia
    • 19 Dec, author's interviews with western security officials
    • Craig Whitlock, 'Al Qaeda shifts its strategy in Saudi Arabia', Washington Post, 19 Dec. 2004; author's interviews with western security officials.
    • (2004) Washington Post
    • Whitlock, C.1
  • 60
    • 47949084229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This is the author's assessment, based on an analysis of the QAP's own publications and interviews with Saudi security officials in Riyadh
    • This is the author's assessment, based on an analysis of the QAP's own publications and interviews with Saudi security officials in Riyadh.
  • 61
    • 47949110926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interviews with western diplomats in Riyadh, Nov. 2005
    • Interviews with western diplomats in Riyadh, Nov. 2005.
  • 62
    • 47949088442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the three years prior to the QAP campaign there were several small-scale attacks sniper attacks, letter bombs, etc, on individual westerners in the Kingdom. Six people were killed and over ten people wounded in this violence, which received limited attention in the West. None of the perpetrators were ever found or brought to justice. On the contrary, Saudi police blamed some of the attacks on alleged western alcohol traders and detained a number of foreign nationals in what was considered by most non-Saudis to be a gross miscarriage of justice. There is considerable circumstantial evidence to suggest that most of the attacks were perpetrated by unidentified Islamists, see Thomas Hegghammer, Violent Islamism in Saudi Arabia, 1979-2006, the power and perils of pan-Islamic nationalism, PhD diss, Sciences-Po, Paris, 2007, pp. 128-35
    • In the three years prior to the QAP campaign there were several small-scale attacks (sniper attacks, letter bombs, etc.) on individual westerners in the Kingdom. Six people were killed and over ten people wounded in this violence, which received limited attention in the West. None of the perpetrators were ever found or brought to justice. On the contrary, Saudi police blamed some of the attacks on alleged western alcohol traders and detained a number of foreign nationals in what was considered by most non-Saudis to be a gross miscarriage of justice. There is considerable circumstantial evidence to suggest that most of the attacks were perpetrated by unidentified Islamists : see Thomas Hegghammer, 'Violent Islamism in Saudi Arabia, 1979-2006 : the power and perils of pan-Islamic nationalism', PhD diss., Sciences-Po, Paris, 2007, pp. 128-35.
  • 63
    • 47949119745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lacroix and Hegghammer, Saudi Arabia backgrounder: who are the Islamists?.
    • Lacroix and Hegghammer, Saudi Arabia backgrounder: who are the Islamists?.
  • 64
    • 47949096112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Saudi security source, Riyadh, Jan. 2007. This hypothesis is confirmed by the fact that neither Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri nor any of his close associates such as Tawfiq bin Attash feature prominently in the QAP literature, and by the fact that that al-Nashiri's arrest in November 2002 did not seem to affect the al-Uyayri network
    • Interview with Saudi security source, Riyadh, Jan. 2007. This hypothesis is confirmed by the fact that neither Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri nor any of his close associates such as Tawfiq bin Attash feature prominently in the QAP literature, and by the fact that that al-Nashiri's arrest in November 2002 did not seem to affect the al-Uyayri network.
  • 65
    • 47949124134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the biography of al-Nashiri in 'Biographies of high value terrorist detainees transferred to the US naval base at Guantanamo Bay', press release, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, 6 Sept. 2006.
    • See the biography of al-Nashiri in 'Biographies of high value terrorist detainees transferred to the US naval base at Guantanamo Bay', press release, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, 6 Sept. 2006.
  • 67
    • 47949130640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shaken expatriates rethink Saudi future
    • 2 June
    • Ewan MacAskill and Brian Whitaker, 'Shaken expatriates rethink Saudi future', Guardian, 2 June 2004.
    • (2004) Guardian
    • MacAskill, E.1    Whitaker, B.2
  • 69
    • 47949100852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • each 40-50 pages long, entitled
    • For more than a year the QAP published two bimonthly magazines, The voice of jihad] and Mu 'askar al-Battar [Camp of the sabre, They also produced several feature-length videos documenting their main operations
    • For more than a year the QAP published two bimonthly magazines, each 40-50 pages long, entitled Sawt al-Jihad [The voice of jihad] and Mu 'askar al-Battar [Camp of the sabre]. They also produced several feature-length videos documenting their main operations.
    • Sawt al-Jihad
  • 70
    • 34249807250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • All-out war between Al Qaeda and House of Saud under way
    • See e.g, 3 June
    • See e.g. Dan Murphy, 'All-out war between Al Qaeda and House of Saud under way', Christian Science Monitor, 3 June 2004.
    • (2004) Christian Science Monitor
    • Murphy, D.1
  • 71
    • 47949097456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See e.g. Michael Slackman, 'Saudis arrest 172 in anti-terror sweep', New York Times, 27 April 2007; Suleiman Nimr, 'Saudi detains 208 suspects in plot targeting oil facility', Agence France Presse, 28 Nov. 2007. The high numbers of militants featuring in recent news reports do not reflect an increase in the size of terrorist networks in the Kingdom, but rather a new communications strategy by the Saudi Interior Ministry. Rather than announcing arrests as they happen, authorities now prefer to announce them in bulk.
    • See e.g. Michael Slackman, 'Saudis arrest 172 in anti-terror sweep', New York Times, 27 April 2007; Suleiman Nimr, 'Saudi detains 208 suspects in plot targeting oil facility', Agence France Presse, 28 Nov. 2007. The high numbers of militants featuring in recent news reports do not reflect an increase in the size of terrorist networks in the Kingdom, but rather a new communications strategy by the Saudi Interior Ministry. Rather than announcing arrests as they happen, authorities now prefer to announce them in bulk.
  • 72
    • 33846439801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The trio issued two statements to this effect, one just after the 12 May 2003 attacks and another just after the so-called al-Washm bombing on 12 April 2004; see al-Awda's website, www.islamtoday.net, accessed 26 June 2008. The Sahwist stance on the QAP illustrates the growing rift between jihadists and moderate Islamists, as described in Maha Azzam, 'Islamism revisited', International Affairs 82: 6, Nov. 2006, pp. 1119-32.
    • The trio issued two statements to this effect, one just after the 12 May 2003 attacks and another just after the so-called al-Washm bombing on 12 April 2004; see al-Awda's website, www.islamtoday.net, accessed 26 June 2008. The Sahwist stance on the QAP illustrates the growing rift between jihadists and moderate Islamists, as described in Maha Azzam, 'Islamism revisited', International Affairs 82: 6, Nov. 2006, pp. 1119-32.
  • 73
    • 47949132199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Al-Qa'ida leader calls for attacks on Americans in Iraq rather than on the Saudi government in Saudi Arabia', Middle East Media Research Institute Special Dispatch 635. See also the QAP's attempts to counter their arguments, e.g. Muhammad al-Salim, 'La tadhhabu ila al-'iraq!' [Do not go to Iraq!], Samt al-Jihad, no. 7, Dec. 2003.
    • 'Al-Qa'ida leader calls for attacks on Americans in Iraq rather than on the Saudi government in Saudi Arabia', Middle East Media Research Institute Special Dispatch 635. See also the QAP's attempts to counter their arguments, e.g. Muhammad al-Salim, 'La tadhhabu ila al-'iraq!' [Do not go to Iraq!], Samt al-Jihad, no. 7, Dec. 2003.
  • 74
    • 47949129402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The QAP often lamented the 'lies' of the official Saudi media, who 'reduced the casualty figures [of Americans] very much... increased those of Muslims, and mention them on every occasion' : Ghazwat al-hadi 'ashar min rabi' al-awwal, p. 47. After the 8 November al-Muhayya bombing, an article in the QAP's Sawt al-Jihad magazine rhetorically asked : 'If they wanted to kill Arab civilians, why would they choose to attack a guarded compound?'
    • The QAP often lamented the 'lies' of the official Saudi media, who 'reduced the casualty figures [of Americans] very much... increased those of Muslims, and mention them on every occasion' : Ghazwat al-hadi 'ashar min rabi' al-awwal, p. 47. After the 8 November al-Muhayya bombing, an article in the QAP's Sawt al-Jihad magazine rhetorically asked : 'If they wanted to kill Arab civilians, why would they choose to attack a guarded compound?'
  • 75
    • 47949117614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saudi-US Cooperation in war on terror sharply up : Official
    • 25 Oct
    • 'Saudi-US Cooperation in war on terror sharply up : official', Arab News, 25 Oct. 2003.
    • (2003) Arab News
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* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.