Islamism revisited

International Affairs

Volumn 82, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 1119-1132

  Azzam, Maha ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33846439801     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: 14682346     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2006.00591.x     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. Maha Azzam, 'The weapon of the weak", World Today 59: 8-9, 2003, pp. 10-11.
2. For a wide-ranging study that follows the paths of transnational activists through a number of processes between the local and the global, see Sidney Tarrow, The new transnational activism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
3. For a study of the Muslim Brotherhood see Carrie Rosefsky "Wickham, Mobilizing Islam (New York : Columbia University Press, 2002).
4. See William E. Shepard's commentary and translation of Sayyid Qutb's Social justice in Islam: Sayyed Qutb and Islamic activism (Leiden: Brill, 1996).
5. Abd al-Salam Faraj, Al-Farida al-Gha'iba (The missing duty), first published as an underground pamphlet in Egypt in 1981, later openly in Amman in 1982.
6. Muslim theologian, 1263-1328, who lived through the Mongol invasion. He remained a secondary historical figure until the modern Islamist movement discovered and promoted his writings, in part because of their puritanical literalist nature, and in part because of his willingness to oppose the majority theological view in times of political crisis.
7. Shifa' sudur al-mu' minin: risala 'an ba'd ma'ani al-jihad fi 'amaliyyat Islamabad, published as no. II of the series of publications of Al-Mujahideen in Egypt, March 1996.
8. Strengthening education in the Muslim world, USAID issue paper 2, June 2003.
9. See Peacewatch 323 (Washington DC : Washington Institute for Near East Policies, 2001) on the Saudi mufti's condemnation of suicide bombings in April 2001, although the author seems unaware of the mufti's longstanding theological opinion. Indeed, there was at least one meeting in Saudi Arabia involving several senior Muslim theologians in the late 19905 to try to arrive at a unified opinion, and while some, including Qaradawi, wanted to allow suicide attacks in the Occupied Territories, the Saudi and Azhar theologians could not agree. As a result the meetings did not issue a unified fatwa.
10. See Raymond William Baker, Islam without fear (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003);
11. Joseph Lumbard, ed., Islam, fundamentalism, and the betrayal of tradition (essays by western Muslim scholars) (Canada :World Wisdom, 2004).
12. For some Islamic statements against terrorism, see http://www.cak-ny.org, accessed 6 October 2006.
13. Khurshid Ahmed, the chairman of the British Muslim Forum, has said : 'No one has said that British foreign policy is singularly responsible for what is happening at the moment... What we are saying is that there is a massive amount of disquiet about British foreign policy... and some of our young people have the perception that this foreign policy is directed against the Muslim world and therefore needs to be looked at. And all we are asking for is a review, and - if necessary - a change' : http://news.bbc.co.uk, 14 Aug. 2006.
14. On Judge Humud al-Hattar's successful religious dialogue with Al-Qaeda supporters in Yemen, see Terrorism Monitor 3: 4, 24 Feb. 2005, http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article, accessed 6 October 2006.
15. The extent of the popularity of the TV programmes of Sheikh Sha'rawi attest to the Islamization of culture. It is also the case that Sha'rawi and others like him helped promote this process through their media appearances. One of today's most popular tele-preachers is Amr Khaled, whose promotion of an Islamic life style has found growing support among the young and privileged segments of the middle classes, particularly in Egypt, as well as elsewhere in the Arab world: www.amrkhaled.net, accessed 15 September 2006.
16. Al-Azhar : a university in Cairo which was established in AD 971, and which has developed into the main theological centre for Sunni Islam.
17. Janine A. Clark, Islam, charity and activism: middle-class networks and social welfare in Egypt, Jordan and Yemen (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2004).
18. For an interesting study which argues that it is the mainstream Islamist organizations, not the radical ones, that will have the greatest impact on the future political evolution of the Middle East and which explores areas of ambiguity in these movements, see Nathan J. Brown, Amr Hamzawy and Marina Ottaway, Islamist movements and the democratic processes in the Arab world: exploring gray zones, Carnegie Paper 67 (Washington DC: Carnegie Foundation, March 2006).
19. As evidenced in Zawahiri's own analysis of this rift, Al-hasad al-murr (The bitter harvest) (n.p., 1991).
20. Gabriel Weimann, 'Terrorist dot com : using the internet for terrorist recruitment and mobilization", in James Forest, ed., The making of a terrorist, vol. 1 (New York: Praeger, 2006), pp. 53-66.
21. On the appeal of religious ideology, see J. P. Larsson, "The role of religious ideology in modern terrorist recruitment', in Forest, The making of a terrorist, vol. 1, pp. 197-216.
22. For a view on evangelical influence on US foreign policy, see Walter Russel Mead, 'God's country?', Foreign Affairs 85: 5, Sept.-Oct. 2006, pp. 24-45.