Fluoride causes reversible dispersal of Golgi cisternae and matrix in neuroendocrine cells

European Journal of Cell Biology

Volumn 83, Issue 8, 2004, Pages 389-402

  Bäck, Nils ^a   Litonius, Erik ^a   Mains, Richard E ^b   Eipper, Betty A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT HEALTH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

AtT 20; Fluorides; G protein; Golgi apparatus; Melanotroph

Indexed keywords

ALUMINUM FLUORIDE; BREFELDIN A; FLUORIDE; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; MANNOSIDASE; OKADAIC ACID;

ANIMAL CELL; ARTICLE; CELL CULTURE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; GOLGI COMPLEX; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; MOUSE; NEUROSECRETORY CELL; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; RAT; TRANS GOLGI NETWORK; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; TUMOR CELL;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 4744346041     PISSN: 01719335     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1078/0171-9335-00405     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Acharya, U., Mallabiabarrena, A., Acharya, J. K., Malhotra, V., 1998. Signaling via mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK1) is required for Golgi fragmentation during mitosis. Cell 92, 183 - 192.
2. Ahmadian, M. R., Mittal, R., Hall, A., Wittinghofer, A., 1997. Aluminium fluoride associates with the small guanine nucleotide binding proteins. FEBS Lett. 408, 315 - 318.
3. Aridor, M., Balch, E. E., 2000. Kinase signaling initiates coat complex II (COPII) recruitment and export from the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 35673 - 35676.
4. Austin, C. D., Shields, D., 1996. Formation of nascent secretory vesicles from the trans-Golgi network of endocrine cells is inhibited by tyrosine kinase and phosphatase inhibitors. J. Cell Biol. 135, 1471 - 1483.
5. Baker, D. A., Sugii, S., Kabat, E. A., Ratcliffe, R. M., Hermentin, P., Lemieux, R. U., 1983. Immunochemical studies on the combining sites of Forssman hapten reactive hemagglutinins from Dolichos biflorus, Helix pomatia, and Wistaria floribunda. Biochemistry 22, 2741-2750.
6. Barr, F. A., 2002. The Golgi apparatus: going round in circles? Trends Cell Biol. 12, 101 - 104.
7. Barr, F. A., Leyte, A., Mollner, S., Pfeuffer, T., Tooze, S., Huttner, W. B., 1991. Trimeric G-proteins of the trans-Golgi network are involved in the formation of constitutive secretory vesicles and immature secretory granules. FEBS Lett. 294, 239-243.
8. Bigay, J., Deterre, P., Pfister, C., Chabre, M., 1987. Fluoride complexes of aluminum or beryllium act on G-proteins as reversibly bound analogues of the γ phosphate of GTP. EMBO J. 6, 2907-2913.
9. Bollen, M., Stalmans, W., 1988. Fluorine compounds inhibit the conversion of active type-1 protein phosphatases into the ATPMg-dependent form. Biochem. J. 255, 327 - 333.
10. Bornstein, M. B., 1958. Reconstitution of rat tail collagen used as a substitute for tissue culture on coverslips. Lab. Invest. 7, 134-137.
11. Carnell, L., Moore, H.-P. H., 1994. Transport via the regulated secretory pathway in semi-intact PC12 cells: role of intra-cisternal calcium and pH in the transport and sorting of secretogranin II. J. Cell Biol. 127, 693-705.
12. Chabre, M., 1990. Aluminofluoride and beryllofluoride complexes: new phosphate analogs in enzymology. Trends Biochem. Sci. 15, 6 - 10.
13. Cheng, T. J., Chen, T. M., Chen, C. H., Lai, Y. K., 1998. Induction of stress response and differential expression of 70 kDa stress proteins by sodium fluoride in HeLa and rat brain tumor 9L cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 69, 221 - 231.
14. Chou, C. F., Omary, M. B., 1994. Mitotic arrest with anti-microtubule agents or okadaic acid is associated with increased glycoprotein terminal GlcNAc's. J. Cell Sci. 107, 1833 - 1843.
15. Colanzi, A., Deerinck, T. J., Ellisman, M. H., Malhotra V., 2000. A specific activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) is required for Golgi fragmentattion. J. Cell Biol. 149, 331 - 339.
16. Cole, N. B., Smith, C. L., Sciaky, N., Terasaki, M., Edidin, M., Lippincott-Schwartz, J., 1996. Diffusional mobility of Golgi proteins in membranes of living cells. Science 273, 797 - 801.
17. Coleman, D. E., Berghuis, A. M., Lee, E., Linder, M. E., Gilman, A. G., Sprang, S. R., 1994. Structures of active conformations of Giα1 and the mechanism of GTP hydrolysis. Science 265, 1405 - 1412.
18. 2 antagonists. Mol. Biol. Cell 10, 1763-1782.
19. αi heterotrimeric G proteins, is located on clathrin-coated vesicles. Mol. Biol. Cell 9, 1123 - 1134.
20. del Valle, M., Robledo, Y., Sandoval, I. V., 1999. Membrane flow through the Golgi apparatus: specific disassembly of the cis-Golgi network by ATP depletion. J. Cell Sci. 112, 4017 - 4029.
21. Denker, S. P., McCaffery, J. M., Palade, G. E., Insel, P. A., Farquhar, M. G., 1996. Differential distribution of α subunits and βγ subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins on Golgi membranes of the exocrine pancreas. J. Cell Biol. 133, 1027 - 1040.
22. Dirac-Svejstrup, A. B., Shorter, J., Waters, M. G., Warren, G., 2000. Phosphorylation of the vesicle-tethering protein p115 by a casein kinase II-like enzyme is required for Golgi reassembly from isolated mitotic fragments. J. Cell Biol. 150, 475 - 487.
23. Donaldson, J. G., Lippincott-Schwartz, J., Klausner, R. D., 1991. Guanine nucleotides modulate the effects of brefeldin A in semipermeable cells: regulation of the association of a 110-kD peripheral membrane protein with the Golgi apparatus. J. Cell Biol. 112, 579 - 588.
24. Drecktrah, D., de Figueiredo, P., Mason, R. M., Brown, W. J., 1998. Retrograde trafficking of both Golgi complex and TGN markers to the ER induced by nordihydroguaiaretic acid and cyclofenil diphenol. J. Cell Sci. 111, 951 - 965.
25. 1, cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 4635 - 4639.
26. Finazzi, D., Cassel, D., Donaldson, J. G., Klausner, R. D., 1994. Aluminum fluoride acts on the reversibility of ARF1-dependent coat protein binding to Golgi membranes. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 13325 - 13330.
27. Fujiwara, T., Takami, N., Misumi, Y., Ikehara, Y., 1998a. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid blocks protein transport in the secretory pathway causing redistribution of Golgi proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 3068 - 3075.
28. Fujiwara, T., Misumi, Y., Ikehara, Y., 1998b. Dynamic recycling of ERGIC53 between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex is disrupted by nordihydroguaiaretic acid. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 253, 869 - 876.
29. Girod, A., Storrie, B., Simpson, J. C., Johannes, I., Goud, B., Roberts, L. M., Lord, J.M, Nilsson, T., Pepperkok, R., 1999. Evidence for a COP-I-independent transport route from the Golgi complex to the endoplasmic reticulum. Nat. Cell Biol. 1, 423 - 430.
30. Glick, B., 2000. Organization of the Golgi apparatus. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 12, 450 - 456.
31. Graham, D. L., Eccleston, J. F., Chung, C. W., Lowe, P. N., 1999. Magnesium fluoride-dependent binding of small G proteins to their GTPase-activating proteins. Biochemistry 38, 14981 - 14987.
32. Griffiths, G., Pepperkok, R., Locker, J. K., Kreis, T. E., 1995. Immunocytochemical localization of beta-COP to the ER-Golgi boundary and the TGN. J. Cell Sci. 108, 2839 - 2856.
33. Hauri, H.-P., Kappeler, F., Andersson, H., Appenzeller, C., 2000. ERGIC-53 and traffic in the secretory pathway. J. Cell Sci. 113, 587 - 596.
34. Helms, J. B., 1995. Role of heterotrimeric GTP binding proteins in vesicular protein transport: indications for both classical and alternative G protein cycles. FEBS Lett. 369, 84-88.
35. Helms, J.B, Helms-Brons, D., Brugger, B., Gkantiragast, I., Eberle, H., Nickel, W., Nurnberg, B., Gerdes, H.-H., Wieland, F. T., 1998. A putative heterotrimeric G protein inhibits the fusion of COPI-coated vesicles. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 15203 - 15208.
36. Hendricks, L. C., McClanahan, S. L., McCaffery, M., Palade, G. F., Farquhar, M. G., 1992. Golgi proteins persist in the tubulovesicular remnants found in Brefeldin A-treated pancreatic acinar cells. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 58, 202 - 213.
37. Hewitt, E. J., Nicholas, D. J. D., 1963. Cations and anions: Inhibitions and interactions in metabolism and in enzyme activity, in: Hochster, R. M., Quastel, J. H. (Eds.), Metabolic inhibitors. A comprehensive treatise. Academic Press, New York, Vol. 2., pp 311-436.
38. Hoffman, G. R., Nassar, N., Oswald, R. E., Cerione, R. A., 1998. Fluoride activation of the Rho family GTP-binding protein Cdc42Hs. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 4392-4399.
39. Horn, M., Banting, G., 1994. Okadaic acid treatment leads to a fragmentation of the trans-Golgi network and an increase in expression of TGN38 at the cell surface. Biochem. J. 301, 69 - 73.
40. Jamora, C., Takizawa, P. A., Zaarour, R. F., Denesvre, C., Faulkner, D. J., Malhotra, V., 1997. Regulation of Golgi structure through heterotrimeric G proteins. Cell 91, 617 - 626.
41. Jamora, C., Yamanouye, N., Van Lint, J., Laudeslager, J., Vandenheede, J. R., Faulkner, D. J., Malhotra, V., 1999. Gβγ -mediated regulation of Golgi organization is through the direct activation of protein kinase D. Cell 98, 59 - 68.
42. Jones, D. T., Masters, S. B., Bourne, H. R., Reed, R. R., 1990. Biochemical characterization of three stimulatory GTP-binding proteins. The large and small forms of Gs and the olfactory-specific G-protein, Golf. J. Biol. Chem. 256, 2671 - 2676.
43. Kahn, R. A., 1991. Fluoride is not an activator of the smaller (20-25 kDa) GTP-binding proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 15595 - 15597.
44. Kano, F., Takenaka, K., Yamamoto, A., Nagayama, K., Nishida, E., Murata, M., 2000. MEK and Cdc2 kinase are sequentially required for Golgi disassembly in MDCK cells by the mitotic Xenopus extracts. J. Cell Biol. 149, 357 - 368.
45. Kappeler, F., Klopfenstein, D. R., Foguet, M., Paccaud, J.-P., Hauri, H.-P., 1997. The recycling of ERGIC-53 in the early secretory pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 31801 - 31808.
46. Kasai, K., Field, J. B., 1983. Discrimination of multiple forms of phosphoprotein phosphatase in bovine thyroid. Metabolism 32, 296-307.
47. Kehlenbach, R. H., Matthey, J., Huttner, W. B., 1994. XLαs is a new type of G protein. Nature 372, 804 - 809.
48. Khatra, B. S., Soderling, T. R., 1978. Reversible inhibition of skeletal muscle phosphoprotein phosphatase by ATP, phosphate and fluoride. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 85, 647-654.
49. Klumperman, J., 2000. Transport between ER and Golgi. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 12, 445 - 449.
50. Klumperman, J., Schweizer, A., Clausen, H., Tang, B. L., Hong, W., Oorschot, V., Hauri, H.-P., 1998. The recycling pathway of protein ERGIC-53 and dynamics of the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment. J. Cell Sci. 111, 3411 - 3425.
51. 3 protein acts in slow but not in fast exocytosis of rat melanotrophs. J. Cell Sci. 112, 4143 - 4150.
52. Ktistakis, N. T., Linder, M. E., Roth, M. G., 1992. Action of brefeldin A blocked by activation of a pertussis-toxin-sensitive G protein. Nature 356, 344-346.
53. Ladinsky, M. S., Howell, K. E., 1993. An electron microscopic study of TGN38/41 dynamics. J. Cell Sci. Suppl. 17, 41 - 47.
54. Lanoix, J., Ouwendijk, J., Stark, A., Szafer, E., Cassel, D., Dejgaard, K., Weiss, M., Nilsson, T., 2001. Sorting of Golgi resident proteins into different subpopulations of COPI vesicles: a role for ArfGAP1. J. Cell Biol. 155, 1199 - 1212.
55. Leyte, A., Barr, F. A., Kehlenbach, R. H., Huttner W. B., 1992. Multiple trimeric G-proteins on the trans-Golgi network exert stimulatory and inhibitory effects on secretory vesicle formation. EMBO J. 11, 4795 - 4804.
56. Liljedahl, M., Maeda, Y., Colanzi, A., Ayala, I., Van Lint, J., Malhotra, V., 2001. Protein kinase D regulates fission of cell surface destined transport carriers from the trans-Golgi network. Cell 104, 409 - 420.
57. Lippincott-Schwartz, J., Donaldson, J. G., Schweizer, A., Berger, E. G., Hauri, H. P., Yuan, L. C., Klausner, R. D., 1990. Microtubule-dependent retrograde transport of proteins into the ER in the presence of brefeldin A suggests an ER recycling pathway. Cell 60, 821 - 836.
58. Lippincott-Schwartz, J., Zaal, K. J. M., 2000. Cell cycle maintenance and biogenesis of the Golgi complex. Histochem. Cell Biol. 114, 93 - 103.
59. Lowe, M., Rabouille, C., Nakamura, N., Watson, R., Jackman, M., Jämsä, E., Rahman, D., Pappin, D.J.C., Warren, G., 2000. Cdc2 kinase directly phosphorylates the cis-Golgi matrix protein GM130 and is required fro Golgi fragmentation in mitosis. Cell 94, 783-739.
60. Lucocq, J., 1992: Mimicking mitotic Golgi disassembly using okadaic acid. J. Cell Sci . 103, 875 - 880.
61. Lucocq, J., Warren, G., Pryde, J., 1991. Okadaic acid induces Golgi apparatus fragmentation and arrest of intracellular transport. J. Cell Sci. 100, 753 - 759.
62. Lucocq, J., Berger, E., Hug, C., 1995. The pathway of Golgi cluster formation in okadaic acid-treated cells. J. Struct. Biol. 115, 318 - 330.
63. Mackenzie, C. W., Bulbulian, G. J., Bishop, J. S., 1980. Use of fluoride to inactivate phosphorylase a phosphatases from rat liver cytosol. Presence of fluoride-insensitive glycogen synthase-specific phosphatase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 614, 413 - 424.
64. Mains, R. E., Eipper, B. A., 1979. Synthesis and secretion of corticotropins, melanotropins, and endorphins by rat intermediate pituitary cells. J. Biol. Chem. 254, 7885 - 7894.
65. Martin, M. E., Hidalgo, J., Vega, F. M., Velasco, A., 1999. Trimeric G proteins modulate the dynamic interaction of PKAII with the Golgi complex. J. Cell Sci. 112, 3869 - 3878.
66. Melancon, P., Glick, B. S., Malhotra, V., Weidman, P. J., Serafini, T., Gleason, M. L., Orci, L., Rothman, J. E., 1987. Involvement of GTP-binding "G" proteins in transport through the Golgi stack. Cell 51, 1053 - 1062.
67. Miles, S., McManus, H., Forsten, K. E., Storrie, B., 2001. Evidence that the entire Golgi apparatus cycles in interphase HeLa cells: sensitivity of Golgi matrix proteins to an ER exit block. J. Cell Biol. 155, 543 - 555.
68. Milgram, S. L., Kho, S. T., Martin, G. V., Mains, R. E., Eipper, B. A., 1997. Localization of integral membrane peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase in neuroendocrine cells. J. Cell Sci. 110, 695 - 706.
69. Misteli, T., Warren, G., 1995. A role for tubular networks and a COP I-independent pathway in the mitotic fragmentation of Golgi stacks in a cell-free system. J. Cell Biol. 130, 1027 - 1039.
70. Muniz, M., Martin, M. E., Hidalgo, J., Velasco, A., 1997. Protein kinase A activity is required for the budding of constitutive transport vesicles from the trans-Golgi network. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 14461 - 14466.
71. Musch, A., Cohen, D., Rodriguez-Boulan, E., 1997. Myosin II is involved in the production of constitutive transport vesicles from the TGN. J. Cell Biol. 138, 291-306.
72. αz causes disassembly of the Golgi apparatus. J. Cell Sci. 115, 4483 - 4493.
73. Nakamura, N., Rabouille, C., Watson, R., Nilsson, T., Hui, N., Slusarewicz, P., Kreis, T. E., Warren, G., 1995. Characterization of a cis-Golgi matrix protein, GM130. J. Cell Biol. 131, 1715 - 1726.
74. Nelson, W. J., 2000. W(h)ither the Golgi during mitosis? J. Cell Biol. 149, 243-248.
75. + exchange. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 258, 812 - 815.
76. Nystedt, J. M., Brandt, A. M., Mandelin, J., Vilim, F. S., Ziff, E. B., Panula, P., 2002. Analysis of human neuropeptide FF gene expression. J. Neurochem. 82, 1330 - 1342.
77. Ohashi, M., Huttner, W. B., 1994. An elevation of cytosolic protein phosphorylation modulates trimeric G-protein regulation of secretory vesicle formation from the trans-Golgi network. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 24897 - 24905.
78. Orci, L., Malhotra, V., Amherdt, M., Serafini, T., Rothman, J. E., 1989. Dissection of a single round of vesicular transport: sequential intermediates for intercisternal movement in the Golgi stack. Cell 56, 357 - 368.
79. Puthenveedu, M. A., Linstedt, A. D., 2001. Evidence that Golgi structure depends on a p115 activity that is independent of the vesicle tether components giantin and GM130. J. Cell Biol. 155, 227 - 237.
80. Rabouille, C., Misteli, T., Watson, R., Warren, G., 1995. Reassembly of Golgi stacks from mitotic Golgi fragments in a cell-free system. J. Cell Biol. 129, 605 - 618.
81. Radhakrishna, H., Klausner R. D., Donaldson, J. G., 1996. Aluminum fluoride stimulates surface protrusions in cells overexpressing the ARF6 GTPase. J. Cell Biol. 134, 935 - 947.
82. Reaven, E., Tsai, L., Maffe, B., Azhar, S., 1993. Effect of okadaic acid on hepatocyte structure and function. Cell. Mol. Biol. Res. 39, 275 - 288.
83. Resink, T. J., Hemmings, B. A., Tung, H. Y. L., Cohen, P., 1983. Characterization of reconstituted Mg-ATP-dependent protein phosphatase. Eur. J. Biochem. 133, 455 - 461.
84. Robinson, M. S., Kreis, T. E., 1992. Recruitment of coat proteins onto Golgi membranes in intact and permeabilized cells: effects of brefeldin A and G protein activators. Cell 69, 129 - 138.
85. Ross, E. M., 1989. Signal sorting and amplification through G protein-coupled receptors. Neuron 3, 141 - 152.
86. Saraste J., Svensson, K., 1991. Distribution of the intermediate elements operating in ER to Golgi transport. J. Cell Sci. 100, 415 - 430.
87. Scheffzek, K., Ahmadian, M. R., Wittinghofer, A., 1998. GTPase-activating proteins: helping hands to complement an active site. Trends Biochem. Sci. 23, 257 - 262.
88. Schnabel, E., Mains, R. E., Farquhar, M. G., 1989. Proteolytic processing of pro-ACTH/endorphin begins in the Golgi complex of pituitary corticotropes and AtT-20 cells. Mol. Endocrinol. 3, 1223 - 1235.
89. Schwaninger, R., Plutner, H., Bokoch, G. M., Balch, W., 1992. Multiple GTP-binding proteins regulate vesicular transport from the ER to Golgi membranes. J. Cell. Biol. 119, 1077 - 1096.
90. Seemann, J., Jokitalo, E., Pypaert, M., Warren, G., 2000. Matrix proteins can generate the higher order architecture of the Golgi complex. Nature 407, 1022 - 1026.
91. Seemann, J., Pypaert, M., Taguchi, T., Malsam, J., Warren, G., 2002. Partitioning of the matrix fraction of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis in animal cells. Science 295, 848 - 851.
92. Siddhanta A., Backer, J. M., Shields, D., 2000. Inhibition of phosphatidic acid synthesis alters the structure of the Golgi apparatus and inhibits secretion in endocrine cells. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 12023 - 12031.
93. Simon, J.-P., Ivanov, I. E., Shopsin, B., Hersh, D., Adesnik, M., Sabatini, D. D., 1996. The in vitro generation of post-Golgi vesicles carrying viral envelope glycoproteins requires an ARF-like GTP-binding protein and a protein kinase C associated with the Golgi apparatus. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 16952 - 16961.
94. Sternweis, P. C., Gilman, A. G., 1982. Aluminum: a requirement for activation of the regulatory component of adenylate cyclase by fluoride. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 4888-4891.
95. Stow, J. L., de Almeida, J. B., 1993. Distribution and role of heterotrimeric G proteins in the secretory pathway of polarized epithelial cells. J. Cell. Sci., Suppl. 17, 33 - 39.
96. 1 epithelial cells. J. Cell Biol. 114, 1113 - 1124.
97. Takizawa, P. A., Yucel, J. K., Veit, B., Faulkner, D. J., Deerinck, T, Soto, G., Ellisman, M., Malhotra, V., 1993. Complete vesiculation of Golgi membranes and inhibition of protein transport by a novel sea sponge metabolite, ilimaquinone. Cell 73, 1079 - 1090.
98. Thyberg, J., Moskalewski, S., 1985. Microtubules and the organization of the Golgi complex. Exp. Cell Res. 159, 1-6.
99. Thyberg, J., Moskalewski, S., 1992. Disorganization of the Golgi complex and the cytoplasmic microtubule system in CHO cells exposed to okadaic acid. J. Cell Sci. 403, 1167 - 1175.
100. Titievsky, A., Titievskaya, I., Pasternack, M., Kaila, K., Tornquist, K., 1998. Sphingosine inhibits voltage-operated calcium channels in GH4C1 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 242-247.
101. Tooze, J., Tooze, S. A., 1986. Clathrin-coated vesicular transport of secretory proteins during the formation of ACTH-containing secretory granules in AtT20 cells. J. Cell Biol. 103, 839-850.
102. Velasco, A., Hendricks, L., Moremen, K. W., Tulsiani, D. R., Touster, O., Farquhar, M. G., 1993. Cell type-dependent variations in the subcellular distribution of alpha-mannosidase I and II. J. Cell Biol. 122, 39-51.
103. Vicendo, P., Fauvel, J., Ragab-Thomas, J. M. F., Chap, H., 1991. Identification, characterization and purification to near-homogeneity of a novel 67 kDa phosphotyrosyl protein phosphatase associated with pig lung annexin extract. Biochem. J. 278, 435 - 440.
104. Vincent, S., Brouns, M., Hart, M. J., Settleman, J., 1998. Evidence for distinct mechanisms of transitional state stabilization of GTPases by fluoride. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 2210 - 2215.
105. Vincent, S., Settleman, J., 1999. Inhibition of RhoGAP activity is sufficient for the induction of Rho-mediated actin reorganization. Eur. J. Cell. Biol. 78, 539 - 548.
106. Virtanen, I., 1990. Helix pomatia agglutinin binds specifically to the Golgi apparatus in cultured human fibroblasts and reveals two Golgi apparatus-specific glycoproteins. Histochemistry 94, 397 - 401.
107. Ward, T. H., Polishchuk, R. S., Caplan, S., Hirschberg, K., Lippincott-Schwartz, J., 2001. Maintenance of Golgi structure and function depends on the integrity of ER export. J. Cell Biol. 155, 557 - 570.
108. Wilson, B. S., Komuro, M., Farquhar, M. G., 1994a. Cellular variations in heterotrimeric G protein localization and expression in rat pituitary. Endocrinology 134, 233-244.
109. Wilson, B. S., Nuoffer, C., Meinkoth, J. L., McCaffery, M., Feramisco, J. R., Balch, W. E., Farquhar, M. G., 1994b. A Rab1 mutant affecting guanine nucleotide exchange promotes disassembly ot the Golgi apparatus. J. Cell Biol. 125, 557-571.
110. Yamaguchi, T., Yamamoto, Y., Furuno, A., Hatsuzawa, K., Tani, K., Himeno, M., Tagaya, M., 1997. Possible involvement of heterotrimeric G proteins in the organization of the Golgi apparatus. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 25260 - 25266.