Carbon nanotube growth mechanism switches from tip- to base-growth with decreasing catalyst particle size

Carbon

Volumn 46, Issue 10, 2008, Pages 1331-1338

  Gohier, A ^a   Ewels, C P ^a   Minea, T M ^b   Djouadi, M A ^a  

^a INSTITUT DES MATÉRIAUX JEAN ROUXEL   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ PARIS SUD   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CATALYSTS; CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION; PARTICLE SIZE; SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES (SWCN); YARN;

CARBON DIFFUSION; CARBON NANOTUBE GROWTH; CATALYST PARTICLE SIZE; CATALYST PARTICLES; CATALYTIC CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION; IRON CATALYST PARTICLES; MULTI-WALLED NANOTUBES; SINGLE WALLED NANOTUBES;

MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBES (MWCN);

EID: 47149113108     PISSN: 00086223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2008.05.016     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Loiseau A., Launois P., Petit P., Roche S., and Salvetat J.P. Understanding carbon nanotubes: from basics to applications (2006), Springer, Lecture Notes in Physics vol. 677
2. Murakami Y., Chiashi S., Miyauchi Y., Hu M., Ogura M., Okubo T., et al. Growth of vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotube films on quartz substrates and their optical anisotropy. Chem Phys Lett 385 3-4 (2004) 298-303
3. Flahaut E., Bacsa R., Peigney A., and Laurent C. Gram-scale CCVD synthesis of double-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Commun (2003) 1442-1443
4. Endo M., Muramatsu H., Hayashi T., Kim Y.A., Terrones M., and Dresselhaus M.S. Nanotechnology 'Buckypaper' from coaxial nanotubes. Nature 433 7025 (2005) 476
5. Yu H., Zhang Q., Luo G., and Wei F. Rings of triple-walled carbon nanotube bundles. Appl Phys Lett 89 (2006) 223106-223108
6. Lolli G., Zhang L., Balzano L., Sakulchaicharoen N., Tan Y., and Resasco D.E. Tailoring (n,m) structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes by modifying reaction conditions and the nature of the support of CoMo catalysts. J Phys Chem B 110 5 (2006) 2108-2115
7. Merkulov V.I., Melechko A.V., Guillorn M.A., Lowndes D.H., and Simpson M.L. Alignment mechanism of carbon nanofibers produced by plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition. Appl Phys Lett 79 18 (2001) 2970-2972
8. Song I.K., Cho Y.S., Choi G.S., Park J.B., and Kim D.J. The growth mode change in carbon nanotube synthesis in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Diamond Relat Mater 13 4-8 (2004) 1210-1213
9. Bower C., Zhou O., Zhu W., Werder D.J., and Jin S. Nucleation and growth of carbon nanotubes by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. Appl Phys Lett 77 17 (2000) 2767-2769
10. Minea T.M., Point S., Gohier A., Godon C., and Alvarez F. Single chamber PVD/PECVD process for in situ control of the catalyst activity on carbon nanotubes growth. Surf Coat Technol 200 1-4 (2005) 1101-1105
11. Gohier A., Minea T.M., Djouadi A.M., Granier A., and Dubosc M. Limits of the PECVD process for single wall carbon nanotubes growth. Chem Phys Lett 421 1-3 (2006) 242-245
12. Gohier A, Minea TM, Djouadi MA, Granier A. Impact of the etching gas on vertically oriented single wall and few-wall carbon nanotubes by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. J Appl Phys 2007;101:054317:1-8.
13. Hata K., Futaba D.N., Mizuno K., Namai T., Yumura M., and Iijima S. Water-assisted highly efficient synthesis of impurity-free single-walled carbon nanotubes. Science 306 5700 (2004) 1362-1364
14. Kato T., Hatakeyama R., and Tohji K. Diffusion plasma chemical vapour deposition yielding freestanding single-walled carbon nanotubes silicon-based flat substrate. Nanotechnology 17 9 (2006) 2223-2226
15. Choi G.S., Cho Y.S., Hong S.Y., Park J.B., Son K.H., and Kim D.G. Carbon nanotubes synthesized by Ni-assisted atmospheric pressure thermal chemical vapor deposition. J Appl Phys 91 6 (2002) 3847-3854
16. Wei Y.Y., Eres G., Merkulov V.I., and Lowndes D.H. Effect of catalyst film thickness on carbon nanotube growth by selective area chemical vapor deposition. Appl Phys Lett 78 10 (2001) 1394-1396
17. Chhowalla M., Teo K.B.K., Ducati C., Rupesinghe N.L., Amaratunga G.A.J., Ferrari A.C., et al. Growth process conditions of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. J Appl Phys 90 10 (2001) 5308-5317
18. Teo K.B.K., Lee S.-B., Chhowalla M., Semet V., Binh V.T., Groening O., et al. Plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition carbon nanotubes/nanofibres - how uniform do they grow?. Nanotechnology 14 2 (2003) 204-211
19. Liu K., Jiang K., Feng C., Chen Z., and Fan S. A growth mark method for studying growth mechanism of carbon nanotube arrays. Carbon 43 14 (2005) 2850-2856
20. Li X., Cao A., Jung Y.J., Vajtai R., and Ajayan P.M. Bottom-up growth of carbon nanotube multilayers: unprecedented growth. Nano Lett 5 10 (2000) 1997-2000
21. Xiang R., Luo G., Qian W., Zhang Q., Wang Y., Wei F., et al. Encapsulation, compensation, and substitution of catalyst particles during continuous growth of carbon nanotubes. Adv Mater 19 17 (2007) 2360-2363
22. Lee C.J., Park J., Kang S.Y., and Lee J.H. Growth of well-aligned carbon nanotubes on a large area of Co-Ni co-deposited silicon oxide substrate by thermal chemical vapor deposition. Chem Phys Lett 323 5-6 (2000) 554-559
23. Hofmann S., Sharma R., Ducati C., Du G., Mattevi C., Cepek C., et al. In situ observation of catalyst dynamics during surface-bound carbon nanotube nucleation. Nano Lett 7 3 (2007) 602-608
24. Delzeit L., McAninch I., Cruden B.A., Hash D., Chen B., Han J., et al. Growth of multiwall carbon nanotubes in an inductively coupled plasma reactor. J Appl Phys 91 9 (2002) 6027-6033
25. Hofmann S., Cantoro M., Kleinsorge B., Casiraghi C., Parvez A., Robertson J., et al. Effects of catalyst film thickness on plasma-enhanced carbon nanotube growth. J Appl Phys 98 (2005) 034308:1-8
26. Lin M., Tan J.P.Y., Boothroyd C., Loh K.P., Tok E.S., and Foo Y.-L. Dynamical observation of bamboo-like carbon nanotube growth. Nano Lett 7 8 (2007) 2234-2238
27. Ducati C., Alexandrou I., Chhowalla M., Robertson J., and Amaratunga G.A.J. The role of the catalytic particle in the growth of carbon nanotubes by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. J Appl Phys 95 11 (2004) 6387-6391
28. Hofmann S., Csányi G., Ferrari A.C., Payne M.C., and Robertson J. Surface diffusion: the low activation energy path for nanotube growth. Phys Rev Lett 95 (2005) 036101:1-4
29. Amara H., Bichara C., and Ducastelle F. Understanding the nucleation mechanisms of carbon nanotubes in catalytic chemical vapor deposition. Phys Rev Lett 100 (2008) 1-4 056105:1-4
30. Mittendorfer F., and Hafner. Density-functional study of the adsorption of benzene on the (1 1 1), (1 0 0) and (1 1 0) surfaces of nickel. J Surf Sci 472 1-2 (2001) 133-152
31. Site L.D., and Sebastiani D. Effect of a step defect on the adsorption of benzene on the (2 2 1) surface of nickel: an ab initio study. Phys Rev B 70 (2004) 1-4 115401:1-4
32. Jing Z., and Whitten J.L. The adsorption of benzene on Ni(1 1 1). Surf Sci 250 1-3 (1991),147-158
33. Nilsson A., and Pettersson L.G.M. Chemical bonding on surfaces probed by X-ray emission spectroscopy and density functional theory. Surf Sci Rep 55 2-5 (2004) 49-167
34. Helveg S., Lopez-Cartes C., Sehested J., Hansen P.L., Clausen B.S., Rostrup-Nielsen J.R., et al. Atomic-scale imaging of carbon nanofibre growth. Nature 427 6973 (2004) 426-429
35. Dai H., Rinzler A.G., Nikolaev P., Thess A., Colbert D.T., and Smalley R.E. Single-wall nanotubes produced by metal-catalyzed disproportionation of carbon monoxide. Chem Phys Lett 260 3-4 (1996) 471-475
36. Zhu H., Suenaga K., Hashimoto A., Urita K., Hata K., and Iijima S. Atomic-resolution imaging of the nucleation points of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Small 1 12 (2005) 1180-1183