Current research in soil invertebrate ecotoxicogenomics

Advances in Experimental Biology

Volumn 2, Issue , 2008, Pages

  Spurgeon, David J ^a   Morgan, A John ^b   Kille, Peter ^b  

^a CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY   (United Kingdom)

^b CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

biomarker; Caenorhabditis elegans; Collembola; cytochrome p450; earthworm; Eisenia fetida; expressed sequence tags; ferritin; Folsomia candida; glutathione S transferase; heat shock protein; Lumbricus rubellus; messenger RNA; metabolomics; metallothionein; metals; microarray; mixture toxicity; mode of action; mollusc; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; oribatid mites; pesticides; phytochelatin synthase; potworm; proteomics; species sensitivity; surface enhanced laser desorption ionisation; transcriptomics; vitellogenin

Indexed keywords

ACARI; CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS; CANDIDA; CARABIDAE; COLLEMBOLA; EISENIA FETIDA; ENCHYTRAEUS ALBIDUS; FOLSOMIA CANDIDA; INVERTEBRATA; LUMBRICUS RUBELLUS; MOLLUSCA; ORCHESELLA CINCTA; ORIBATIDA;

EID: 46149101190     PISSN: 18722423     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2423(08)00004-5     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Achazi R.K., Flenner C., Livingstone D.R., Peters L.D., Schaub K., and Scheiwe E. Cytochrome P450 and dependent activities in unexposed and PAH-exposed terrestrial annelids. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 121 (1998) 339-350
2. Alvarez O.A., Jager T., Kooijman S.A.L.M., and Kammenga J.E. Responses to stress of Caenorhabditis elegans populations with different reproductive strategies. Funct. Ecol. 19 (2005) 656-664
3. Ankley G.T., Daston G.P., Degitz S.J., Denslow N.D., Hoke R.A., Kennedy S.W., Miracle A.L., Perkins E.J., Snape J., Tillitt D.E., Tyler C.R., and Versteeg D. Toxicogenomics in regulatory ecotoxicology. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 4055-4065
4. Arts M.-J., Schill R.O., Knigge T., Eckwert H., Kammenga J.E., and Köhler H.-R. Stress proteins (hsp70, hsp60) induced in isopods and nematodes by field exposure to metals in a gradient near Avonmouth, UK. Ecotoxicology 13 (2004) 739-755
5. Arukwe A., Kullman S.W., and Hinton D.E. Differential biomarker gene and protein expressions in nonylphenol and estradiol-17 beta treated juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Pharmacol. Toxicol. 129 (2001) 1-10
6. Arukwe A., Yadetie F., Male R., and Goksoyr A. In vivo modulation of nonylphenol-induced zonagenesis and vitellogenesis by the antiestrogen, 3,3′ 4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB-77) in juvenile fish. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 10 (2001) 5-15
7. Borgeraas J., Nilsen K., and Stenersen J. Methods for purification of glutathione transferases in the earthworm genus Eisenia, and their characterization. Comp. Biochem. Physiol C Pharmacol. Toxicol. 114 (1996) 129-140
8. Brion F., Tyler C.R., Palazzi X., Laillet B., Porcher J.M., Garric J., and Flammarion P. Impacts of 17 beta-estradiol, including environmentally relevant concentrations, on reproduction after exposure during embryo-larval-, juvenile- and adult-life stages in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquat. Toxicol. 68 (2004) 193-217
9. Bundy J.G., Lenz E.M., Bailey N.J., Gavaghan C.L., Svendsen C., Spurgeon D., Hankard P.K., Osborn D., Weeks J.M., Trauger S.A., Speir P., Sanders I., Lindon J.C., Nicolson J.K., and Tang H. Metabonomic assessment of toxicity of 4-fluoraniline, 3,5-difluoraniline and 2-fluoro-4-methylaniline to the earthworm Eisenia veneta (Rosa): Identification of new endogenous biomarkers. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21 (2002) 1966-1972
10. Bundy J.G., Osborn D., Week J.M., Lindon J.C., and Nicholson J.K. NMR-based metabonomic approach to the investigation of coelomic fluid biochemistry in earthworms under toxic stress. FEBS Lett. 500 (2001) 31-35
11. Bundy J.G., Spurgeon D.J., Svendsen C., Hankard P.K., Weeks J.M., Osborn D., Lindon J.C., and Nicholson J.K. Environmental metabonomics: Applying combination biomarker analysis in earthworms at a metal contaminated site. Ecotoxicology 13 (2004) 797-806
12. Bustin S.A. Absolute quantification of mRNA using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 25 (2000) 169-193
13. Celius T., Matthews J.B., Giesy J.P., and Zacharewski T.R. Quantification of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) zona radiata and vitellogenin mRNA levels using real-time PCR after in vivo treatment with estradiol-17 beta or alpha-zearalenol. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 75 (2000) 109-119
14. Custodia, N., Won, S. J., Novillo, A., Wieland, M., Li, C. and Callard, I. P. (2001). Caenorhabditis elegans as an environmental monitor using DNA microarray analysis. Environmental hormones: The scientific basis of endocrine disruption. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 948,32-42.
15. Dallinger R., Lagg B., Egg M., Schipflinger R., and Chabicovsky M. Cd accumulation and Cd-metallothionein as a biomarker in Cepaea hortensis (Helicidae, Pulmonata) from laboratory exposure and metal-polluted habitats. Ecotoxicology 13 (2004) 757-772
16. Davison A., and Blaxter M.L. An expressed sequence tag survey of gene expression in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, an intermediate vector of Fasciola hepatica. Parasitology 130 (2005) 539-552
17. De Coen W.M., and Janssen C.R. A multivariate biomarker-based model predicting population-level responses of Daphnia magna. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22 (2003) 2195-2201
18. Denslow N.D., Bowman CJ., Ferguson R.J., Lee H.S., Hemmer M.J., and Folmar L.C. Induction of gene expression in sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) treated with 17 beta-estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, or ethinylestradiol: The use of mRNA fingerprints as an indicator of gene regulation. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 121 (2001) 250-260
19. Downes M.R., Byrne J.C., Dunn M.J., Fitzpatrick J.M., Watson R.W.G., and Pennington S.R. Application of proteomic strategies to the identification of urinary biomarkers for prostate cancer: A review. Biomarkers 11 (2006) 406-416
20. Eason C.T., Booth L.H., Brennan S., and Ataria J. Cytochrome P450 activity in 3 earthworm species. In: Sheppard S., Bembridge J., Holmstrup M., and Posthuma L. (Eds). Advances in Earthworm Ecotoxicology (1998), SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL 191-198
21. Eggen R.I.L., Behra R., Burkhardt-Holm P., Escher B.I., and Schwegert N. Challenges in ecotoxicology. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 59A-64A
22. Environment Agency. A public consultation on a framework and methods for assessing harm to ecosystems from contaminants in soil (2003), Environment Agency for England and Wales, Bristol, UK
23. Ferguson P.L., and Smith R.D. Proteome analysis by mass spectrometry. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 32 (2003) 399-424
24. Fielden M.R., Pearson C., Brennan R., and Kolaja K.L. Preclinical drug safety analysis by chemogenomic profiling in the liver. Am. J. Pharmacogenomics 5 (2005) 161-171
25. Focarelli R., La Sala G.B., Balasini M., and Rosati F. Carbohydrate-mediated sperm-egg interaction and species specificity: A clue from the Unio elongatulus model. Cells Tissues Organs 168 (2001) 76-81
26. Forbes V.E., Palmqvist A., and Bach L. The use and misuse of biomarkers in ecotoxicology. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 25 (2006) 272-280
27. Fu Q., and Van Eyk J.E. Proteomics and heart disease: Identifying biormarkers of clinical utility. Expert Rev. Proteomics 3 (2006) 237-249
28. Galay-Burgos M., Spurgeon D.J., Weeks J.M., Stürzenbaum S.R., Morgan A.J., and Kille P. Developing a new method for soil pollution monitoring using molecular genetic biomarkers. Biomarkers 8 (2003) 229-239
29. Gibb J.O.T., Holmes E., Nicholson J.K., and Weeks J.M. Proton NMR spectroscopic studies on tissue extracts of invertebrate species with pollution indicator potential. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 118 (1997) 587-598
30. Griffin J.L., and Bollard M.E. Metabonomics: Its potential as a tool in toxicology for safety assessment and data integration. Curr. Drug Metab. 5 (2004) 389-398
31. Hans R.K., Khan M.A., Farooq M., and Beg M.U. Glutathione S transferase activity in an earthworm (Pheretima posthuma) exposed to 3 insecticides. Soil Biol. Biochem. 25 (1993) 509-511
32. Hensbergen P.J., Donker M.H., Van Velzen M.J.M., Roelofs D., Van DerSchors R.C., Hunziker P.E., and Van Straalen N.M. Primary structure of a cadmium-induced metallothionein from the insect Orchesella cincta (Collembola). Eur. J. Biochem. 259 (1999) 197-203
33. Hughes J., Longhorn S.J., Papadopoulou A., Theodorides K., de Riva A., Mejia-Chang M., Foster P.G., and Vogler A.P. Dense taxonomic EST sampling and its applications for molecular systematics of the Coleoptera (beetles). Mol. Biol. Evol. 23 (2006) 268-278
34. Inomata K., Kobari F., Yoshida-Noro C., Myohara M., and Tochinai S. Possible neural control of asexually reproductive fragmentation in Enchytraeus japonensis (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae). Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. 37 (2000) 35-42
35. ISO. (1999). Soil quality - Inhibition of reproduction of collembola (Folsomia candida) by soil pollutants. Rep. No. ISO11267. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
36. Jager T., Fleuren R., Hogendoorn E.A., and De Korte G. Elucidating the routes of exposure for organic chemicals in the earthworm, Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta). Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (2003) 3399-3404
37. Jonker M.J., Piskiewicz A.M., Castella N.I.I., and Kammenga J.E. Toxicity of binary mixtures of cadmium-copper and carbendazim-copper to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23 (2004) 1529-1537
38. Jonker M.J., Sweijen R., and Kammenga J.E. Toxicity of simple mixtures to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in relation to soil sorption. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23 (2004) 480-488
39. Jonker M.J., Svendsen C., Bedaux J.J.M., Bongers M., and Kammenga J.E. Significance testing of synergistic/antagonistic, dose level-dependent, or dose ratio-dependent effects in mixture dose-response analysis. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 24 (2005) 2701-2713
40. Kammenga, J. (2000). Potential and limitations of soil invertebrate biomarkers: final report of the EU BIOPRINT field project. In SETAC Europe 11th Annual Meeting, p. 47, Madrid.
41. Kammenga J.E., and Riksen J.A.G. Comparing differences in species sensitivity to toxicants: Phenotypic plasticity versus concentration-response relationships. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15 (1996) 1649-1653
42. Kammenga J.E., Dallinger R., Donker M.H., Kohler H.R., Simonsen V.R.T., and Weeks J.M. Biomarkers in terrestrial invertebrates: Potential and limitations for ecotoxicological soil risk assessment. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 164 (2000) 93-147
43. Kille P., Sturzenbaum S.R., Galay M., Winters C., and Morgan A.J. Molecular diagnosis of pollution impact in earthworms - towards integrated biomonitoring. Pedobiologia 43 (1999) 602-607
44. Knigge T., and Kohler H.R. Lead impact on nutrition, energy reserves, respiration and stress protein (hsp 70) level in Porcellio scaber (Isopoda) populations differently preconditioned in their habitats. Environ. Pollut. 108 (2000) 209-217
45. Kohler H.R., Alberti G., Seniczak S., and Seniczak A. Lead-induced hsp70 and hsp60 pattern transformation and leg malformation during postembryonic development in the oribatid mite, Archegozetes longisetosus Aoki. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 141 (2005) 398-405
46. Korsloot A., Van Gestel C.A.M., and Van Straalen N.M. Environmental Stress and Cellular Response in Arthropods (2004), CRC Press, London, UK
47. Kuperman, R. G., Checkai, R. T., Ruth, L. M., Henry, T., Simini, M., Kimmel, D. G., Phillips, C. T. and Bradley, B. P. (2004). A proteome based assessment of the earthworm Eisenia fetida response to chemical warfare agents (CWA) in a sandy loam soil. Pedobiologia 47,617-621.
48. Lee S.E., Yoo D.H., Son J., and Cho K. Proteomic evaluation of cadmium toxicity on the midge Chironomus riparius Meigen larvae. Proteomics 6 (2006) 945-957
49. Lenz E.M., Bright J., Knight R., Westwood F.R., Davies D., Major H., and Wilson I.D. Metabonomics with H-1-NMR spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry applied to the investigation of metabolic changes caused by gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat. Biomarkers 10 (2005) 173-187
50. Liao V.H.C., and Freedman J.H. Cadmium-regulated genes from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans - identification and cloning of new cadmium-responsive genes by differential display. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 31962-31970
51. Liao V.H.C., Dong J., and Freedman J.H. Molecular characterization of a novel, cadmium-inducible gene from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans - a new gene that contributes to the resistance to cadmium toxicity. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 42049-42059
52. Lindon J.C., Keun H.C., Ebbels T.M.D., Pearce J.M.T., Holmes E., and Nicholson J.K. The Consortium for Metabonomic Toxicology (COMET): Aims, activities and achievements. Pharmacogenomics 6 (2005) 691-699
53. Lindon J.C., Nicholson J.K., Holmes E., Antti H., Bollard M.E., Keun H., Beckonert O., Ebbels T.M., Reilly M.D., Robertson D., Stevens G.J., Luke P., Breau A.P., Cantor G.H., Bible R.H., Niederhauser U., Senn H., Schlotterbeck G., Sidelmann U.G., Laursen S.M., Tymiak A., Car B.D., Lehman-Mckeeman L., Colet J.M., Loukaci A., and Thomas C. Contemporary issues in toxicology - the role of metabonomics in toxicology and its evaluation by the COMET project. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 187 (2003) 137-146
54. Margulies M., Egholm M., Altman W.E., Attiya S., Bader J.S., Bemben L.A., Berka J., Braverman M.S., Chen Y.J., Chen Z.T., Dewell S.B., Du L., Fierro J.M., Gomes X.V., Godwin B.C., He W., Helgesen S., Ho C.H., Irzyk G.P., Jando S.C., Alenquer M.L., Jarvie T.P., Jirage T.P., Jirage K.B., Kim J.B., Knight J.R., Lanza J.R., Leamon J.R., Lefkowitz S.M., Lei M., Li J., Lohman K.L., Lu H., Makhijani V.B., McDade K.E., McKenna M.P., Myers E.W., Nickerson E., Nobile J.R., Plant R., Puc B.P., Ronan M.T., Roth G.T., Sarkis G.J., Simons G.J., Simons J.F., Simpson J.W., Srinivasan M., Tartaro K.R., Tomasz A., Vogt K.A., Volkmer G.A., Wang S.H., Wang Y., Weiner M.P., Yu P., Begley R.F., and Rothberg J.M. Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors. Nature 437 (2005) 376-380
55. Marino F., Winters C., and Morgan A.J. Heat shock protein (hsp60, hsp70, hsp90) expression in earthworms exposed to metal stressors in the field and laboratory. Pedobiologia 43 (1999) 615-624
56. Menzel R., Bogaert T., and Achazi R. A systematic gene expression screen of Caenorhabditis elegans cytochrome P450 genes reveals CYP35 as strongly xenobiotic inducible. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 395 (2001) 158-168
57. Menzel R., Rodel M., Kulas J., and Steinberg C.E.W. CYP35: Xenobiotically induced gene expression in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 438 (2005) 93-102
58. Nadeau D., Corneau S., Plante I., Morrow G., and Tanguay R.M. Evaluation for Hsp70 as a biomarker of effect of pollutants on the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. Cell Stress Chaperones 6 (2001) 153-163
59. Natsoulis G., El Ghaoui L., Lanckriet G.R.G., Tolley A.M., Leroy F., Dunlea S., Eynon B.P., Pearson C.I., Tugendreich S., and Jarnagin K. Classification of a large microarray data set: Algorithm comparison and analysis of drug signatures. Genome Res. 15 (2005) 724-736
60. Newman M.C., and Unger M.A. Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology. 2nd Edition (2003), Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL
61. Nicholson J.K., and Wilson I.D. Understanding 'global' systems biology: Metabonomics and the continuum of metabolism. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2 (2003) 668-676
62. Nicholson J.K., Connelly J., Lindon J.C., and Holmes E. Metabonomics: A platform for studying drug toxicity and gene function. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 1 (2002) 153-161
63. Nottrot F., Joosse E.N.G., and Vanstraalen N.M. Sublethal effects of iron and manganese soil pollution on Orchesella cincta (Collembola). Pedobiologia 30 (1987) 45-53
64. Novillo A., Won S.J., Li C., and Callard I.P. Changes in nuclear receptor and vitellogenin gene expression in response to steroids and heavy metal in Caenorhabditis elegans. Integr. Comp. Biol. 45 (2005) 61-71
65. OECD. (2004). Guideline for the testing of chemicals. Earthworm reproduction test (Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei). Rep. No. No. 222. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Geneva.
66. Okuno A., Katayama H., and Nagasawa H. Partial characterization of vitellin and localization of vitellogenin production in the terrestrial isopod, Armadillidium vulgare. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 126 (2000) 397-407
67. Oumi T., Ukena K., Matsushima O., Ikeda T., Fujita T., Minakata H., and Nomoto K. Annetocin - an oxytocin-related peptide isolated from the earthworm, Eisenia-foetida. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 198 (1994) 393-399
68. Pampanin D.M. Integrated approach to ecosystem evaluation and control: Use of classic and new biomarkers (2004), (Thesis). Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Research Council (CNR), University of Venice p. 330
69. Parker J.B., Leone A.M., McMillian M., Nie A., Kemmerer M., Bryant S., Herlich J., Yieh L., Bittner A., Liu X., Wan J., and Johnson M.D. Toxicant class separation using gene expression profiles determined by cDNA microarray. Toxicol. Sci. 72 (2003) 743
70. Peakall D. Animal Biomarkers and Pollution Indicators (1992), Chapman and Hall, London, UK
71. Peredney C.L., and Williams P.L. Utility of Caenorhabditis elegans for assessing heavy metal contamination in artificial soil. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39 (2000) 113-118
72. Porte C., Janer G., Lorusso L.C., Ortiz-Zarragoitia M., Cajaraville M.P., Fossi M.C., and Canesi L. Endocrine disruptors in marine organisms: Approaches and perspectives. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 143 (2006) 303-315
73. Posthuma L., Hogervorst R.F., Joosse E.N.G., and Van Straalen N.M. Genetic variation and covariation for characteristics associated with cadmium tolerance in natural populations of the springtail Orchesella cincta (L.). Evolution 47 (1993) 619-631
74. Reichert K., and Menzel R. Expression profiling of five different xenobiotics using a Caenorhabditis elegans whole genome microarray. Chemosphere 61 (2005) 229-237
75. Ricketts H.J., Morgan A.J., Spurgeon D., and Kille P. Measurement of annetocin gene expression: A new reproductive biomarker in earthworm ecotoxicology. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 57 (2004) 4-10
76. Robertson D.G., Lindon J.C., Nicholson J.K., and Holmes E. Metabonomics in Toxicity Assessment (2005), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
77. Roelofs D., Overhein L., de Boer M.E., Janssens T.K.S., and van Straalen N.M. Additive genetic variation of transcriptional regulation: Metallothionein expression in the soil insect Orchesella cincta. Heredity 96 (2006) 85-92
78. Römbke J., and Moser T. Validating the enchytraeid reproduction test: Organisation and results of an international ringtest. Chemosphere 46 (2002) 1117-1140
79. Rouabahsadaoui L., and Marcel R. Analysis of proteinic nutrients in clitellum and cocoons albumin in Eisenia fetida Sav (Annelida Oligochaeta) - evidence for a vitellogenin-like glycolipoprotein. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 35 (1995) 491-501
80. Rumpf S., Hetzel F., and Frampton C. Lacewings (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae and chrysopidae) and integrated pest management: Enzyme activity as biomarker of sublethal insecticide exposure. J. Econ. Entomol. 90 (1997) 102-108
81. SaintDenis M., Labrot F., Narbonne J.F., and Ribera D. Glutathione, glutathione-related enzymes, and catalase activities in the earthworm Eisenia fetida andrei. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35 (1998) 602-614
82. Sheader D.L., Williams T.D., Lyons B.P., and Chipman J.K. Oxidative stress response of European flounder (Platichthys flesus) to cadmium determined by a custom cDNA microarray. Mar. Environ. Res. 62 (2006) 33-44
83. Silvestre F., Dierick J.F., Dumont V., Dieu M., Raes M., and Devos P. Differential protein expression profiles in anterior gills of Eriocheir sinensis during acclimation to cadmium. Aquat. Toxicol. 76 (2006) 46-58
84. Sivasundar A., and Hey J. Population genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans: The paradox of low polymorphism in a widespread species. Genetics 163 (2003) 147-157
85. Snape J.R., Maund S.J., Pickford D.B., and Hutchinson T.H. Ecotoxicogenomics: The challenge of integrating genomics into aquatic and terrestrial ecotoxicology. Aquat. Toxicol. 67 (2004) 143-154
86. Soetaert A., Moens L.N., Van der Ven K., Van Leemput K., Naudts B., Blust R., and De Coen W.M. Molecular impact of propiconazole on Daphnia magna using a reproduction-related cDNA array. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 142 (2006) 66-76
87. Solassol J., Jacot W., Lhermitte L., Boulle N., Maudelonde T., and Mange A. Clinical proteomics and mass spectrometry profiling for cancer detection. Expert Rev. Proteomics 3 (2006) 311-320
88. Spurgeon D.J., Ricketts H., Svendsen C., Morgan A.J., and Kille P. Hierarchical responses of soil invertebrates (earthworms) to toxic metal stress. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 5327-5334
89. Steenbergen N.T.T.M., Iaccino F., DeWinkel M., Reijnders L., and Peijnenburg W.J.G.M. Development of a biotic ligand model and a regression model predicting acute copper toxicity to the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 5694-5702
90. Steiner G., Suter L., Boess F., Gasser R., de Vera M.C., Albertini S., and Ruepp S. Discriminating different classes of toxicants by transcript profiling. Environ. Health Perspect. 112 (2004) 1236-1248
91. Sterenborg I., and Roelofs D. Field-selected cadmium tolerance in the springtail Orchesella cincta is correlated with increased metallothionein mRNA expression. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 33 (2003) 741-747
92. Stroomberg G.J., Ariese F., van Gestel C.A.M., van Hattum B., Velthorst N.H., and van Straalen N.M. Pyrene biotransformation products as biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in terrestrial Isopoda: Concentration-response relationship, and field study in a contaminated forest. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22 (2003) 224-231
93. Sturzenbaum S.R., Georgiev O., Morgan A.J., and Kille P. Cadmium detoxification in earthworms: From genes to cells. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 6283-6289
94. Sturzenbaum S.R., Parkinson J., Blaxter M., Morgan A.J., Kille P., and Georgiev O. The earthworm Expressed Sequence Tag project. Pedobiologia 47 (2003) 447-451
95. Svendsen C., Spurgeon D.J., Weeks J.M., and Hankard P.K. A review: Lysosomal membrane stability measured by neutral red retention - is it a workable earthworm biomarker?. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 57 (2004) 20-29
96. Swain S.C., Keusekotten K., Baumeister R., and Sturzenbaum S.R. C. elegans metallothioneins: New insights into the phenotypic effects of cadmium toxicosis. J. Mol. Biol. 341 (2004) 951-959
97. Triebskorn R., Adam S., Casper H., Honnen W., Pawert M., Schramm M., Schwaiger J., and Kohler H.R. Biomarkers as diagnostic tools for evaluating effects of unknown past water quality conditions on stream organisms. Ecotoxicology 11 (2002) 451-465
98. Van Gestel C.A.M., and Koolhaas J.E. Water-extractability, free ion activity, and pH explain cadmium sorption and toxicity to Folsomia candida (Collembola) in seven soil-pH combinations. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23 (2004) 1822-1833
99. Van Leeuwen C.J., and Hermens J.L.M. Risk Assessment of Chemicals: An Introduction (1995), Kluwer, Dordrecht
100. Van Straalen N.M., and Denneman C.A.J. Ecotoxicological evaluation of soil quality criteria. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 18 (1989) 241-251
101. Vatamaniuk O.K., Bucher E.A., Sundaram M.V., and Rea P.A. CeHMT-1, a putative phytochelatin transporter, is required for cadmium tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 23684-23690
102. Venter J.C., Remington K., Heidelberg J.F., Halpern A.L., Rusch D., Eisen J.A., Wu D.Y., Paulsen I., Nelson K.E., Nelson W., Nelson W., Fouts D.E., Levy S., Knap A.H., Lomas M.W., Nealson K., White O., Peterson J., Hoffman J., Parsons R., Baden-Tillson H., Pfannkoch C., Rogers Y.-H., and Smith H.O. Environmental genome shotgun sequencing of the Sargasso Sea. Science 304 (2004) 66-74
103. Viant M.R., Rosenblum E.S., and Tjeerdema R.S. Identification of biomarkers for withering syndrome in red abalone using NMR-based metabonomics. Toxicol. Sci. 72 (2003) 240
104. Viant M.R., Rosenblum E.S., and Tjeerdema R.S. NMR-based metabolomics: A powerful approach for characterizing the effects of environmental stressors on organism health. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (2003) 4982-4989
105. Warne M.A., Lenz E.M., Osborn D., Weeks J.M., and Nicholson J.K. An NMR-based metabonomic investigation of the toxic effects of 3-trifluoromethyl-aniline on the earthworm Eisenia veneta. Biomarkers 5 (2000) 56-72
106. Wasmuth J.D., and Blaxter M.L. Prot4EST: Translating expressed sequence tags from neglected genomes. BMC Bioinformatics 5 (2004) 187
107. Weeks J.M. The value of biomarkers for ecological risk assessment: Academic toys or legislative tools?. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2 (1995) 215-216
108. Weeks J.M., Spurgeon D.J., Svendsen C., Hankard P.K., Kammenga J.E., Dallinger R., Kohler H.R., Simonsen V., and ScottFordsmand J. Critical analysis of soil invertebrate biomarkers: A field case study in Avonmouth, UK. Ecotoxicology 13 (2004) 817-822
109. Wharfe J., Tinsley D., and Crane M. Managing complex mixtures of chemicals - a forward look from the regulators' perspective. Ecotoxicology 13 (2004) 485-492
110. Wheeler J.R., Gimeno S., Crane M., Lopez-Juez E., and Morritt D. Vitellogenin: A review of analytical methods to detect (anti) estrogenic activity in fish. Toxicol. Mech. Methods 15 (2005) 293-306
111. Williams T.D., Gensberg K., Minchin S.D., and Chipman J.K. A DNA expression array to detect toxic stress response in European flounder (Platichthys flesus). Aquat. Toxicol. 65 (2003) 141-157
112. Willuhn J., Schmittwrede H.P., Greven H., and Wunderlich F. cDNA cloning of a cadmium inducible messenger RNA encoding a novel cysteine rich, nonmetallothionein 25 kDa protein in an Enchytraeid earthworm. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 24688-24691