Direct thrombin inhibitors: Pharmacology and application in cardiovascular anesthesia;Direkte thrombininhibitoren: Pharmakologie und anwendung in der kardiovaskulären anästhesie

Anaesthesist

Volumn 57, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 597-606

  Kozek Langenecker, S A ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

Direct thrombin inhibitors; Haemorrhagie; Haemostasis; Heparin induced thrombocytopenia; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ARGATROBAN; DANAPAROID; DESULFATOHIRUDIN; HEPARIN; HIRULOG; LEPIRUDIN; THROMBIN INHIBITOR;

ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; BLEEDING; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; HEMOSTASIS; HEPARIN INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; REVIEW; THROMBOSIS;

ANESTHESIA; ANTICOAGULANTS; CARDIOVASCULAR SURGICAL PROCEDURES; HEMORRHAGE; HEMOSTASIS; HEPARIN; HEPARIN ANTAGONISTS; HIRUDINS; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE; PEPTIDE FRAGMENTS; RECOMBINANT PROTEINS; THROMBIN; THROMBOSIS;

EID: 45849089854     PISSN: 00032417     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00101-008-1347-5     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Bates S, Weitz J (2000) The mechanisms of action of thrombin inhibitors. J Invasive Cardiol 12: 27F-32F
2. Kozek-Langenecker S, Mohammad S, Masaki T et al. (2000) Effects of heparin, protamine, and heparinase 1 on platelets in vitro using whole blood flow cytometry. Anesth Analg 90: 808-812
3. Xiao Z, Theroux P (1998) Platelet activation with unfractionated heparin at therapeutic concentrations and comparisons with a low-molecular-weight heparin and with a direct thrombin inhibitor. Circulation 97: 251-256
4. Sarich T, Woltz M, Eriksson U (2003) Effects of ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, r-hirudin and enoxaparin on thrombin generation and platelet activation in healthy male subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol 41: 557-564
5. Weitz J (2007) Factor Xa or thrombin: is thrombin a better target? J Thromb Haemost 5: S65-S67
6. Eriksson BI, Dahl O, Buller HR et al. (2005) A new oral direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran etexilate, compared with enoxaparin for prevention of thromboembolic events following total hip or knee replacement: the BISTRO II randomized trial. J Thromb Haemost 3: 103-111
7. Rydel T, Ravichandran K, Tulinsky A (1990) The structure of a complex of recombinant hirudin and human α-thrombin. Science 249: 277-280
8. Eichler P, Friesen H, Lubenow N et al. (2000) Antihirudin antibodies in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia treated with lepirudin: incidence, effects on aPTT, and clinical relevance. Blood 96: 2373-2378
9. Greinacher A, Lubenow N, Eichler P (2003) Anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions associated with lepirudin in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Circulation 108: 2062-2065
10. Veach S, Franks A, Allan M (2007) Severe anaphylactic reaction after repeated intermittent exposure to lepirudin. Pharmacotherapy 27: 760-765
11. Maraganore JM, Bourdon P, Jablonski J et al. (1990) Design and characterization of hirulogs: a novel class of bivalent peptide inhibitors of thrombin. Biochemistry 29: 7095-7101
12. Parry M, Maraganore J, Stone S (1994) Kinetic mechanism for the interaction of hirulog with thrombin. Biochemistry 33: 14807-14814
13. Robson R, White H, Aylward P, Frampton C (2002) Bivalirudin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: effect of renal function, dose and gender. Clin Pharmacol Ther 71: 433-439
14. Chew D, Bhatt D, Kimball W (2003) Bivalirudin provides increasing benefit with decreasing renal function: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Cardiol 92: 919-923
15. Lewis B, Hursting M (2004) Argatroban therapy in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. In: Warkentin T, Greinacher A (eds) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Dekker, New York, pp 437-474
16. Hauptmann J, Sturzebecher J (1999) Synthetic inhibitors of thrombin and factor Xa: from bench to bedside. Thromb Res 93: 203-241
17. Berry C, Girardot C, Lecroffre C, Lunven C (1994) Effect of synthetic thrombin inhibitor argatroban on fibrin- and clot-incorporated thrombin: comparison with heparin and recombinant hirudin. Thromb Haemost 72: 381-386
18. Swan S, Hursting M (2000) The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of argatroban: effect of age, gender, and hepatic or renal dysfunction. Pharmacotherapy 20: 318-329
19. Walenga J, Ahmad S, Hoppensteadt D et al. (2002) Argatroban therapy does not generate antibodies that alter its anticoagulant activity in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Res 105: 401-405
20. Chong B, Magnani H (2004) Danaparoid for the treatment of the heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. In: Warkentin T, Greinacher A (eds) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Dekker, New York, pp 371-398
21. Magnani HN, Gallus AS (2006) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). A report of 1478 clinical outcomes of patients treated with danaparoid (Orgaran) from 1982 to mid-2004. Thromb Haemost 95: 967-981
22. Fenyvesi T, Jorg I, Harenberg J (2002) Monitoring of anticoagulant effects of direct thrombin inhibitors. Semin Thromb Hemost 28: 361-368
23. Clarke R, Mayo G, Fitzgerald G, Fitzgerald D (1991) Combined administration of aspirin and a specific thrombin inhibitor in man. Circulation 83: 1510-1518
24. Moser M, Ruef J, Peter K (2001) Ecarin clotting time but not aPTT correlates with PEG-hirudin plasma activity. J Thromb Thrombolysis 12: 165-169
25. Callas D, Hoppensteadt D, Iqbal O, Fareed J (1996) Ecarin clotting time (ECT) is a reliable method for the monitoring of hirudins, argatroban, efegatran and related drugs in therapeutic and cardiovascular indications(abstract). Ann Haematol 1: A58
26. Callas D, Fareed J (1996) Comparative anticoagulant effects of various thrombin inhibitors, as determined in the ecarin clotting time method. Thromb Res 83: 463-468
27. Pötsch B, Madlener K (2004) Management of cardiopulmonary bypass anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. In: Warkentin T, Greinacher A (eds) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Dekker, New York, pp 531-532
28. Lindhoff-Last E, Piechotta G, Rabe F, Bauersachs R (2000) Hirudin determination in plasma can be strongly influenced by the prothrombin level. Thromb Res 100: 55-60
29. Kieta D, McCammon A, Holman W, Nielson V (2003) Hemostatic analysis of a patient undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery with argatroban anticoagulation. Anesth Analg 96: 956-958
30. Pivalizza E (2002) Monitoring of hirudin therapy with the thromboelastograph. J Clin Anesth 14: 456-458
31. Taketomi T, Szlam F, Vinten-Johansen J et al. (2007) Thrombin-activated thrombelastography for evaluation of thrombin interaction with thrombin inhibitors. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 18: 761-767
32. Casserly I, Kereiakes D, Gray W (2004) Point-of-care ecarin clotting time versus activated clotting time in correlation with bivalirudin concentration. Thromb Res 113: 115-121
33. Cho L, Kottke-Marchant K, Lincoff A (2003) Correlation of point-of-care ecarin clotting time versus activated clotting time with bivalirudin concentration. Am J Cardiol 91: 1110-1112
34. Welsby I, Stafford-Smith M (2004) Monitoring direct thrombin inhibitors: time for standardization (comment). Anesthesiology 101: 1048-1049
35. Harder S, Graff J, Klinkhardt U et al. (2004) Transition from argatroban to oral anticoagulation with phenprocoumon or acenocoumarol: effects on prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and ecarin clotting time. Thromb Haemost 91: 1137-1145
36. Selleng K, Greinacher A (2005) Heparin-induzierte Thrombozytepenie in der Intensivmedizin. Intensivmedizin Update 1: 1-16
37. Warkentin T, Greinacher A (2004) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: recognition, treatment, and prevention: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 126: 311S-337S
38. Muslimani A, Ricaurte B, Daw H (2007) Immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia resulting from preceding exposure to heparin catheter flushes. Am J Haematol 82: 652-655
39. Warkentin T, Hayward C, Boshkowv L (1994) Sera from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia generate platelet-derived microparticles with procoagulant activity: an explanation for the thrombotic complications of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 84: 3691-3693
40. Greinacher A, Vögel H, Janssen U (1999) Lepirudin (recombinant hirudin) for parenteral anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Circulation 100: 587-590
41. Lubenow N, Eichler P, Lietz T et al. (2004) Lepirudin for prophylaxis of thrombosis in patients with acute isolated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an analysis of 3 prospective studies. Blood 104: 3072-3077
42. Warkentin TE, Greinacher A (2004) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: recognition, treatment, and prevention: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 126: 311S-337S
43. Stribling W, Slaughter TF, Houly T, Sane D (2007) Beyond the platelet count: heparin antibodies as independent risk predictors. Am Heart J 153: 900-906
44. Wan C, Warner M, Varennes B de et al. (2006) Clinical presentation, temporal relationship, and outcome in thirty-three patients with type 2 heparin-induced thrombocytopenia after cardiotomy. Ann Thorac Surg 82: 21-27
45. Pappalardo F, Crescnzi G, Franco A, Zangrillo A (2006) Early heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia (HIT) after cardiac surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol 23: 806-814
46. Everett B, Yeh R, Foo S et al. (2007) Prevalence of heparin/platelet factor 4 antibodies before and after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 83: 592-597
47. Kress D, Aronson S, McDonald M et al. (2007) Positive heparin-platelet factor 4 antibody complex and cardiac surgical outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg 83: 1737-1743
48. Kuitunen A, Suojaranta-Ylinen R, Raivio P et al. (2007) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia following cardiac surgery is associated with poor outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 21: 18-22
49. Warkentin T, Kelton J (2001) Temporal aspects of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 344: 1286-1292
50. Pötsch B, Klovekorn W, Madlener K (2000) Use of heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 343: 515-519
51. Edwards J, Hamby J, Worrall N (2003) Successful use of argatroban as a heparin substitute during cardiopulmonary bypass: heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in a high-risk cardiac surgical patient. Ann Thorac Surg 75: 1622-1624
52. Furukawa K, Ohteki H, Hirahara K et al. (2001) The use of argatroban as an anticoagulant for cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 122: 1255-1256
53. Gasparovic H, Nathan N, Fitzgerald D, Aranki S (2004) Severe argatroban-induced coagulopathy in a patient with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ann Thorac Surg 78: 89-91
54. Reichert M, MacGregor D, Kincaid E, Dolinski S (2003) Excessive argatroban anticoagulation for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ann Pharmacother 37: 652-654
55. Kurup V, Transue S, Wu Y et al. (2006) Cardiac surgery in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia - cautions with use of the direct thrombin inhibitor argatroban. Conn Med 70: 245-250
56. Nuttall G, Oliver W, Santarach P (2003) Patients with a history of type II heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis requiring cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: a prospective observational case series. Anesth Analg 96: 344-350
57. Koster A, Hansen R, Kuppe H et al. (2000) Recombinant hirudin as an alternative for anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II: a 1-year experience in 57 patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 14: 243-248
58. Koster A, Spiess B, Chew DP (2004) Effectiveness of bivalirudin as a replacement for heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol 93: 356-359
59. Vasquez J, Vichiendilokkul A, Mahmood S, Baciewicz F (2002) Anticoagulation with bivalirudin during cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 74: 2177-2179
60. Dyke CK, Smedira N, Koster A et al. (2006) A comparison of bivalirudin to heparin with protamine reversal in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: the EVOLUTION-ON study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131: 533-539
61. Smedira N, Dyke CK, Koster A et al. (2006) Anticoagulation with bivalirudin for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: the results of the EVOLUTION-OFF study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131: 686-692
62. Davis Z, Anderson R, Short D (2003) Favorable outcome with bivalirudin anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 74: 2177-2179
63. Bott J, Reddy B, Krick S (2003) Bivalirudin in off-pump myocardial revascularization in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ann Thorac Surg 76: 273-275
64. Aouifi A, Blanc P, Piriou V (2001) Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with type II heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ann Thorac Surg 71: 678-683
65. Warkentin TE, Greinacher A (2003) Heparin-induced thrombopenia and cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 76: 2121-2131
66. Merry AF, Raudkivi PJ, Middleton NG et al. (2004) Bivalirudin versus heparin and protamine in off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 77: 925-931; discussion 931
67. Riess F, Poetszsch B, Madlener K et al. (2007) Recombinant hirudin for cardiopulmonary bypass anticoagulation: a randomized, prospective, and heparin-controlled pilot study. Throrac Cardiovasc Surg 55: 233-238
68. Saravanan P, Rege K, Falter F (2007) Use of continuous venovenous hemofiltration for reversal of anticoagulation with lepirudin post-cardiopulmonary bypass in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia after heart transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 21: 269-272
69. Koster A, Merkle F, Hansen R (2000) Elimination of recombinant hirudin by modified ultrafiltration during simulated cardiopulmonary bypass: assessment of different filter systems. Anesth Analg 91: 265-269
70. Lubenow N, Selleng K, Wollert H (2003) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and cardiopulmonary bypass: perioperative argatroban use. Ann Thorac Surg 75: 577-579
71. Martin M, Kloecker G, Laber D (2006) Argatroban for anticoagulation during cardiac surgery. Eur J Haematol 78: 161-166
72. Cormack G, Kaufman L (2007) Severe heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: when the obvious is not obvious, a case report. J Med Case Rep 1: 1-13
73. Magnani HN, Beijering R, Cate H ten (1997) Orgaran anticoagulation for cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. In: Pifarre R (ed) New anticoagulants for the cardiovascular patient. Hanley & Belfus, Philadelphia, pp 487-500
74. Walls J, Curtis J, Silver D et al. (1992) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in open heart surgical patients: sequelae of late recognition. Ann Thorac Surg 53: 787-791
75. Koster A, Meyer O, Fischer T (2001) One-year experience with the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist tirofiban and heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 122: 1254-1255
76. Schreiber C, Dietrich W, Braun S et al. (2006) Use of heparin upon reoperation in a pediatric patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia after disappearance of antibodies. Clin Res Cardiol 95: 379-382
77. Klenner A, Lubenow N, Ratschke R, Greinacher A (2004) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in children: 12 new cases and review of the literature. Thromb Haemost 91: 719-724
78. Dyke P, Russo P, Mureebe L (2005) Argatroban for anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass in an infant. Pediatr Anesthesia 15: 328-333
79. Malherbe S, Tsui B, Stobart K, Koller J (2004) Argatroban as anticoagulant in cardiopulmonary bypass in an infant and attempted reversal with recombinant activated factor VII. Anesthesiology 100: 443-445
80. Dyke P, Russo P, Mureebe L et al. (2005) Argatroban for anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass in an infant. Pediatric Anesthesia 15: 328-333
81. Hursting M, Dubb J, Verme-Gibboney C (2006) Argatroban anticoagulation in pediatric patients. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 28: 4-10
82. Powner DJ, Hartwell EA, Hoots WK (2005) Counteracting the effects of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents during neurosurgical emergencies. Neurosurgery 57: 823-831; discussion 823-831
83. Ibbotson SH, Grant PJ, Kerry R et al. (1991) The influence of infusions of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) in vivo on the anticoagulant effect of recombinant hirudin (CGP39393) in vitro. Thromb Haemost 65: 64-66
84. Amin DM, Mant TG, Walker SM et al. (1997) Effect of a 15-minute infusion of DDAVP on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of REVASC during a four-hour intravenous infusion in healthy male volunteers. Thromb Haemost 77: 127-132
85. Bove CM, Casey B, Marder VJ (1996) DDAVP reduces bleeding during continued hirudin administration in the rabbit. Thromb Haemost 75: 471-475
86. Butler KD, Dolan SL, Talbot MD, Wallis RB (1993) Factor VIII and DDAVP reverse the effect of recombinant desulphatohirudin (CGP 39393) on bleeding in the rat. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 4: 459-464
87. Irani MS, White HJ Jr, Sexon RG (1995) Reversal of hirudin-induced bleeding diathesis by prothrombin complex concentrate. Am J Cardiol 75: 422-423
88. Fareed J, Walenga JM, Pifarre R et al. (1991) Some objective considerations for the neutralization of the anticoagulant actions of recombinant hirudin. Haemostasis 21 [Suppl 1]: 64-72
89. Oh K, Akers W, Lewis D et al. (2006) Recombinant factor VIIa for refractory bleeding after cardiac surgery secondary to anticoagulation with the direct thrombin inhibitor lepirudin. Pharmacotherapy 26: 569-577
90. Stratmann G, Silva A di, Tseng E et al. (2004) Reversal of direct thrombin inhibition after cardiopulmonary bypass in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Anesth Analg 98: 1635-1639
91. Irani M, White H, Sexon G (1995) Reversal of hirudin-induced bleeding diathesis by prothrombin complex concentrate. Am J Cardiol 75: 422-423
92. Diehl K, Romisch J, Hein B et al. (1995) Investigation of activated prothrombin complex concentrate as potential hirudin antidote in animal models. Haemostasis 25: 182-192
93. Novak G, Bucha E (1995) Prothrombin conversion intermediate effectively neutralizes toxic levels of hirudin. Thromb Res 80: 317-325
94. Yee AJ, Kuter DJ (2006) Successful recovery after an overdose of argatroban. Ann Pharmacother 40: 336-339
95. Murray PT, Reddy BV, Grossman EJ et al. (2004) A prospective comparison of three argatroban treatment regimens during hemodialysis in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 66: 2446-2453
96. Young G, Yonekawa K, Nakagawa P et al. (2007) Recombinant activated factor VII effectively reverses the anticoagulant effects of heparin, enoxaparin, fondaparinux argatroban, and bivalirudin ex vivo as measured using thrombelastography. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 18: 547-553
97. Koster A, Chew DP, Gründel M et al. (2003) An assessment of different filter systems for extracorporeal elimination of bivalirudin: an in vitro study. Anesth Analg 96: 1316-1319
98. Mann M, Tseng EE, Ratcliff M et al. (2005) Use of bivalirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor, and its reversal with modified ultrafiltration during heart transplantation in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Heart Lung Transplant 24: 222-225
99. Kozek-Langenecker S, Fries D, Gütl M et al. (2005) Locoregional anesthesia and coagulation inhibitors. Recommendations of the Task Force on Perioperative Coagulation of the Austrian Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine. Anaesthesist 54: 476-484