Outcome measures in facial plastic surgery patient-reported and clinical efficacy measures

Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 194-207

  Rhee, John S ^a   McMullin, Brian T ^a  

^a MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; FACE; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; PLASTIC SURGERY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

FACE; HUMANS; RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 44449117355     PISSN: 15212491     EISSN: 15383660     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archfaci.10.3.194     Document Type: Article

References (194)

1. Luce EA. Outcome studies and practice guidelines in plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104(4):1187-1190.
2. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. 2000/2005/2006 National Plastic Surgery Statistics: cosmetic and reconstructive procedure trends. http://www .plasticsurgery.org. Accessed October 15, 2007.
3. Ching S, Thoma A, McCabe RE, Antony MM. Measuring outcomes in aesthetic surgery: a comprehensive review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003; 111(1):469-480.
4. Draaijers LJ, Tempelman FRH, Botman YAM, et al. The Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale: a reliable and feasible tool for scar evaluation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;113(7):1960-1965.
5. Burres S, Fisch U. The comparison of facial grading systems. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1986;112(7):755-758.
6. Murty GE, Diver JP, Kelly PJ, O'Donoghue GM, Bradley PJ. The Nottingham System: objective assessment of facial nerve function in the clinic. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994;110(2):156-161.
7. Cassileth BR, Lusk EJ, Tenaglia AN. Patients' perceptions of the cosmetic impact of melanoma resection. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983;71(1):73-75.
8. Newton-Bishop JA, Nolan C, Turner F, et al. A quality-of-life study in high-risk (thickness >=or 2 mm) cutaneous melanoma patients in a randomized trial of 1-cm versus 3-cm surgical excision margins. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2004;9(2):152-159.
9. Alsarraf R. Outcomes research in facial plastic surgery: a review and new directions. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2000;24(3):192-197.
10. Alsarraf R, Burnett MC. Outcomes research in facial plastic surgery. Facial Plast Surg. 2002;18(2):71-72.
11. Alsarraf R, Larrabee WF Jr, Anderson S, Murakami CS, Johnson CM Jr. Measuring cosmetic facial plastic surgery outcomes: a pilot study. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2001;3(3):198-201.
12. Bock O, Schmid-Ott G, Malewski P, Mrowietz U. Quality of life of patients with keloid and hypertrophic scarring. Arch Dermatol Res. 2006;297(10): 433-438.
13. Finlay AY, Khan GK. Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI): a simple practical measure for routine clinical use. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1994;19(3):210-216.
14. Tan SR, Tope WD. Pulsed dye laser treatment of rosacea improves erythema, symptomatology, and quality of life. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;51(4): 592-599.
15. Jordan R, Cummins C, Burls A. Laser resurfacing of the skin for the improvement of facial acne scarring: a systematic review of the evidence. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142(3):413-423.
16. Blackford S, Roberts D, Salek MS, Finlay A. Basal cell carcinomas cause little handicap. Qual Life Res. 1996;5(2):191-194.
17. Harris DL, Carr AT. The Derriford Appearance Scale (DAS59): a new psychometric scale for the evaluation of patients with disfigurements and aesthetic problems of appearance. Br J Plast Surg. 2001;54(3):216-222.
18. Tebble NJ, Adams R, Thomas DW, Price P. Anxiety and self-consciousness in patients with facial lacerations one week and six months later. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;44(6):520-525.
19. Tebble NJ, Thomas DW, Price P. Anxiety and self-consciousness in patients with minor facial lacerations. J Adv Nurs. 2004;47(4):417-426.
20. Harris DL, Carr AT. Prevalence of concern about physical appearance in the general population. Br J Plast Surg. 2001;54(3):223-226.
21. Cross T, Sheard CE, Garrud P, Nikolopoulos TP, O'Donoghue GM. Impact of facial paralysis on patients with acoustic neuroma. Laryngoscope. 2000; 110(9):1539-1542.
22. Klassen A, Jenkinson C, Fitzpatrick R, Goodacre T. Measuring quality of life in cosmetic surgery patients with a condition-specific instrument: the Derriford Scale. Br J Plast Surg. 1998;51 (5):380-384.
23. Copas JB, Robin AA. The Facial Appearance Sorting Test (FAST): an aid to the selection of patients for rhinoplasty. Br J Plast Surg. 1989;42(1):65-69.
24. Kahn JB, Gliklich RE, Boyev KP, Stewart MG, Metson RB, McKenna MJ. Validation of a patient-graded instrument for facial nerve paralysis: the FaCE scale. Laryngoscope. 2001;111(3):387-398.
25. Lee J, Fung K, Lownie SP, Parnes LS. Assessing impairment and disability of facial paralysis in patients with vestibular schwannoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;133(1):56-60.
26. Teknos TN, Nussenbaum B, Bradford CR, Prince ME, El-Kashlan H, Chepeha DB. Reconstruction of complex parotidectomy defects using the lateral arm free tissue transfer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;129(3):183-191.
27. VanSwearingen JM, Brach JS. The Facial Disability Index: reliability and validity of a disability assessment instrument for disorders of the facial neuromuscular system. Phys Ther 1996;76(12):1288-1298.
28. Godefroy WP, Malessy MJA, Tromp AAM, van der Mey AGL. Intratemporal facial nerve transfer with direct coaptation to the hypoglossal nerve. Otol Neurotol. 2007;28(4):546-550.
29. Coulson SE, Adams RD, O'Dwyer NJ, Croxson GR. Physiotherapy rehabilitation of the smile after long-term facial nerve palsy using video self-modeling and implementation intentions. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134(1): 48-55.
30. Beurskens CHG, Heymans PG. Mime therapy improves facial symmetry in people with long-term facial nerve paresis: a randomised controlled trial. Aust J Physiother. 2006;52(3):177-183.
31. Beurskens CHG, Heymans PG. Positive effects of mime therapy on sequelae of facial paralysis: stiffness, lip mobility, and social and physical aspects of facial disability. Otol Neurotol. 2003;24(4):677-681.
32. Tian FW, Wang ZX, Lu Y, Gou CY, Wang H. Controlled observation on Guanmoxibustion and suspended moxibustion for treatment of herpes simplex virus facial neuritis [in Chinese]. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2006;26(3):166-168.
33. Coulson SE, O'Dwyer NJ, Adams RO, Croxson GR. Expression of emotion and quality of life after facial nerve paralysis. Otol Neurotol. 2004;25(6):1014-1019.
34. Li Y, Liang F-R, Yu S-G, et al. Efficacy of acupuncture and moxibustion in treating Bell's palsy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial in China. Chin Med J (Engl). 2004;117(10):1502-1506.
35. VanSwearingen JM, Cohn JF, Turnbull J, Mrzai T, Johnson P. Psychological distress: linking impairment with disability in facial neuromotor disorders. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;118(6):790-796.
36. Brach JS, VanSwearingen J, Delitto A, Johnson PC. Impairment and disability in patients with facial neuromuscular dysfunction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;117(4):315-321.
37. Carruthers JA, Lowe NJ, Menter MA, et al. A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of glabellar lines. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(6): 840-849.
38. Fagien S, Cox SE, Finn JC, Werschler WP, Kowalski JW. Patient-reported outcomes with botulinum toxin type A treatment of glabellar rhytids: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33(1): S2-S9.
39. Lowe NJ, Ascher B, Heckmann M, et al. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-response study of the safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in subjects with crow's feet. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31(3):257-262.
40. Lowe NJ, Lask G, Yamauchi P, Moore D. Bilateral, double-blind, randomized comparison of 3 doses of botulinum toxin type A and placebo in patients with crow's feet. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47(6):834-840.
41. Augustin M, Zschocke I, Seidenglanz K, Lange S, Schiffler A, Amon U. Validation and clinical results of the FLQA-d, a quality of life questionnaire for patients with chronic skin disease. Dermatol Psychosomat. 2000;1(2):12-17.
42. Sommer B, Zschocke I, Bergfeld D, Sattler G, Augustin M. Satisfaction of patients after treatment with botulinum toxin for dynamic facial lines. Dermatol Surg. 2003;29(5):456-460.
43. Robinson K, Gatehouse S, Browning GG. Measuring patient benefit from otorhinolaryngological surgery and therapy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1996; 105(6):415-422.
44. Draper MR, Salam MA, Kumar S. Change in health status after rhinoplasty. J Otolaryngol. 2007;36(1):13-16.
45. MacAndie K, Kemp E. Impact on quality of life of botulinum toxin treatments for essential blepharospasm. Orbit. 2004;23(4):207-210.
46. Konstantinidis I, Triaridis S, Printza A, Triaridis A, Noussios G, Karagiannidis K. Assessment of patient benefit from septo-rhinoplasty with the use of Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI) and Nasal Symptom Questionnaire (NSQ) [erratum appears in Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 2003;57(3):vii]. Acts Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 2003;57(2):123-129.
47. Sharp HR, Tingay RS, Coman S, Mills V, Roberts DN. Computer imaging and patient satisfaction in rhinoplasty surgery. J Laryngol Otol. 2002;116(12): 1009-1013.
48. McKiernan DC, Banfield G, Kumar R, Hinton AE. Patient benefit from functional and cosmetic rhinoplasty. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2001;26(1):50-52.
49. Sood S, Anthony R, Homer JJ, Van Hille P, Fenwick JD. Hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis: assessment of clinical results and patient benefit for facial nerve palsy following acoustic neuroma excision. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2000; 25(3):219-226.
50. Stewart EJ, Robinson K, Wilson JA. Assessment of patient's benefit from rhinoplasty. Rhinology. 1996;34(1):57-59.
51. Cullen RD, House JW, Brackmann DE, Luxford WM, Fisher LM. Evaluation of facial function with a questionnaire: reliability and validity. Otol Neurotol. 2007; 28(5)719-722.
52. Balkrishnan R, McMichael AJ, Camacho FT, et al. Development and validation of a health-related quality of life instrument for women with melasma. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149(3):572-577.
53. Cestari TF, Hexsel D, Viegas ML, et al. Validation of a melasma quality of life questionnaire for Brazilian Portuguese language: the MelasQoL-BP study and improvement of QoL of melasma patients after triple combination therapy. Br J Dermatol. 2006;156(suppl 1):13-20.
54. Dominguez AR, Balkrishnan R, Ellzey AR, Pandya AG. Melasma in Latina patients: cross-cultural adaptation and validation of a quality-of-life questionnaire in Spanish language. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55(1):59-66.
55. Stewart MG, Witsell DL, Smith TL, Weaver EM, Yueh B, Hannley MT. Development and validation of the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) Scale. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130(2):157-163.
56. Most SP. Analysis of outcomes after functional rhinoplasty using a disease-specific quality-of-life instrument. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2006;8(5): 306-309.
57. Most SP. Anterior septal reconstruction: outcomes after a modified extracorporeal septoplasty technique. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2006;8(3):202-207.
58. Egan KK, Kim DW. A novel intranasal stent for functional rhinoplasty and nostril stenosis. Laryngoscope. 2005;115(5):903-909.
59. Rhee JS, Poetker DM, Smith TL, Bustillo A, Burzynski M, Davis RE. Nasal valve surgery improves disease-specific quality of life. Laryngoscope. 2005;115 (3):437-440.
60. Stewart MG, Smith TL, Weaver EM, et al. Outcomes after nasal septoplasty: results from the Nasal Obstruction Septoplasty Effectiveness (NOSE) study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130(3):283-290.
61. van de Kar AL, Kreulen M, van Zuijlen PPM, Oldenburger F. The results of surgical excision and adjuvant irradiation for therapy-resistant keloids: a prospective clinical outcome study [published correction appears in Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;120(2):579]. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119(7):2248-2254.
62. van de Kar AL, Corion LUM, Smeulders MJC, Draaijers LJ, van der Horst CMAM, van Zuijlen PPM. Reliable and feasible evaluation of linear scars by the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116(2): 514-522.
63. Lueg EA, Irish JC, Katz MR, Brown DH, Gullane PJ. A patient- and observer-rated analysis of the impact of lateral rhinotomy on facial aesthetics. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2001;3(4):241-244.
64. Alberty J, Hermann W, Mueller C, Rudack C, Stoll W. Aesthetic outcome of transfacial sinus surgery: the patient's view. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006; 132(11):1190-1195.
65. Hellings PW, Trenite GJN. Long-term patient satisfaction after revision rhinoplasty. Laryngoscope. 2007;117(6):985-989.
66. Alsarraf R, Larrabee WF Jr. Outcomes research in facial plastic surgery. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2001;3(1):7.
67. Singh GC, Hankins MC, Dulku A, Kelly MBH. Psychosocial aspects of botox in aesthetic surgery. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2006;30(1):71-76.
68. Rhee JS, Matthews BA, Neuburg M, Burzynski M, Nattinger AB. Creation of a quality of life instrument for nonmelanoma skin cancer patients. Laryngoscope. 2005;115(7):1178-1185.
69. Rhee JS, Matthews BA, Neuburg M, Logan BR, Burzynski M, Nattinger AB. The skin cancer index: clinical responsiveness and predictors of quality of life. Laryngoscope. 2007;117(3):399-405.
70. Rhee JS, Matthews BA, Neuburg M, Logan BR, Burzynski M, Nattinger AB. Validation of a quality-of-life instrument for patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2006;8(5):314-318.
71. Matthews BA, Rhee JS, Neuburg M, Burzynski ML, Nattinger AB. Development of the facial skin care index: a health-related outcomes index for skin cancer patients. Dermatol Surg. 2006;32(7):924-934.
72. Chren MM, Lasek RJ, Quinn LM, Mostow EN, Zyzanski SJ. Skindex, a quality-of-life measure for patients with skin disease: reliability, validity, and responsiveness. J Invest Dermatol. 1996;107(5):707-713.
73. Chren M-M, Sahay AP, Bertenthal DS, Sen S, Landefeld CS. Quality-of-life outcomes of treatments for cutaneous basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127(6):1351-1357.
74. Weber A, Heger S, Sinkgraven R, Heckmann M, Eisner P, Rzany B. Psychosocial aspects of patients with focal hyperhidrosis: marked reduction of social phobia, anxiety and depression and increased quality of life after treatment with botulinum toxin A. Br J Dermatol. 2005;152(2):342-345.
75. Chren MM, Lasek RJ, Flocke SA, Zyzanski SJ. Improved discriminative and evaluative capability of a refined version of Skindex, a quality-of-life instrument for patients with skin diseases. Arch Dermatol. 1997;133(11):1433-1440.
76. Mehta RP, Wernick Robinson M, Hadlock TA. Validation of the Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire. Laryngoscope. 2007;117(5):923-926.
77. Bayramiçli M. A new classification system and an algorithm for the reconstruction of nasal defects. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2006;59(11):1222-1232.
78. Katz MR, Irish JC, Devins GM, Rodin GM, Gullane PJ. Reliability and validity of an observer-rated disfigurement scale for head and neck cancer patients. Head Neck. 2000;22(2):132-141.
79. Hagedoorn M, Molleman E. Facial disfigurement in patients with head and neck cancer: the role of social self-efficacy. Health Psychol. 2006;25(5):643-647.
80. Gooden EA, Gullane PJ, Irish J, Katz M, Carroll C. Role of the sternocleidomastoid muscle flap preventing Frey's syndrome and maintaining facial contour following superficial parotidectomy. J Otolaryngol. 2001;30(2):98-101.
81. Dropkin MJ, Malgady RG, Scott DW, Oberst MT, Strong EW. Scaling of disfigurement and dysfunction in postoperative head and neck patients. Head Neck Surg. 1983;6(1):559-570.
82. Vickery LE, Latchford G, Hewison J, Bellew M, Feber T. The impact of head and neck cancer and facial disfigurement on the quality of life of patients and their partners. Head Neck. 2003;25(4):289-296.
83. D'Antonio LL, Long SA, Zimmerman GJ, Peterman AH, Petti GH, Chonkich GD. Relationship between quality of life and depression in patients with head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope. 1998;108(6):806-811.
84. Dropkin MJ. Coping with disfigurement/dysfunction and length of hospital stay after head and neck cancer surgery. ORL Head Neck Nurs. 1997;15(1):22-26.
85. Long SA, D'Antonio LL, Robinson EB, Zimmerman G, Petti G, Chonkich G. Factors related to quality of life and functional status in 50 patients with head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope. 1996:106(9, pt 1):1084-1088.
86. D'Antonio LL, Zimmerman GJ, Cella DF, Long SA. Quality of life and functional status measures in patients with head and neck cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;122(5):482-487.
87. Moe KS, Linder T. The lateral transorbital cantnopexy for correction and prevention of ectropion: report of a procedure, grading system, and outcome study. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2000;2(1):9-15.
88. Hamra ST. Composite rhytidectomy and the nasolabial fold. Clin Plast Surg. 1995;22(2):313-324.
89. Hamra ST. The zygorbicular dissection in composite rhytidectomy: an ideal mid-face plane. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102(5):1646-1657.
90. Garcia RE, McCollough EG. Transcutaneous lower eyelid blepharoplasty with fat excision: a shift-resisting paradigm. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2006;8(6): 374-380.
91. Marins RS, Brandt F, Leyden J, Lorenc ZP, Rubin M, Smith S. A randomized, double-blind, multicenter comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of Restylane versus Zyplast for the correction of nasolabial folds. Dermatol Surg. 2003;29(6):588-595.
92. Beer K. A randomized, evaluator-blinded comparison of efficacy of hyaluronic acid gel and avian-sourced hylan B plus gel for correction of nasolabial folds. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33(8):928-936.
93. Bugge H, Negaard A, Skeie L, Bergersen B. Hyaluronic acid treatment of facial fat atrophy in HIV-positive patients. HIV Med. 2007;8(8):475-482.
94. Silvers SL, Eviatar JA, Echavez MI, Pappas AL. Prospective, open-label, 18-month trial of calcium hydroxylapatite (Radiesse) for facial soft-tissue augmentation in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated lipoatrophy: one-year durability. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118(3)(suppl): 34S-45S.
95. Lindqvist C, Tveten S, Bondevik BE, Fagrell D. A randomized, evaluator-blind, multicenter comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of Perlane versus Zyplast in the correction of nasolabial folds. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;115 (1):282-289.
96. Funk E, Brissett AE, Friedman CD, Bressler FJ. HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy: establishment of a validated grading scale. Laryngoscope. 2007;117 (8):1349-1353.
97. Funk E, Bressler FJ, Brissett AE. Contemporary surgical management of HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134(6): 1015-1022.
98. Strasser EJ. An objective grading system for the evaluation of cosmetic surgical results. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104(7):2282-2285.
99. Prado A, Andrades P, Danilla S, Castillo P, Benitez S. Nonresective shrinkage of the septum and fat compartments of the upper and lower eyelids: a comparative study with carbon dioxide laser and Colorado needle. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117(6):1725-1735.
100. Prado A, Andrades P, Danilla S, Castillo P, Leniz P. A clinical retrospective study comparing two short-scar face lifts: minimal access cranial suspension versus lateral SMASectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117(5):1413-1425.
101. Prado A, Andrades P, Benitez S. Preliminary results after face peels using Aldara cream 5% (imiquimod). Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116(5):1563-1568.
102. Calderon W, Andrades PR, Israel G, Cabello R, Leniz P. SMAS graft of the nasolabial area during deep plane rhytidectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004; 114(2):559-564.
103. Giugliano C, Andrades PR, Benitez S. Nasal reconstruction with a forehead flap in children younger than 10 years of age. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114 (2):316-325.
104. Kimbrough-Green CK, Griffiths CE, Finkel LJ, et al. Topical retinoic acid (tretinoin) for melasma in black patients: a vehicle-controlled clinical trial. Arch Dermatol. 1994;130(6):727-733.
105. Soliman MM, Ramadan SA, Bassiouny DA, Abdelmalek M. Combined trichloroacetic acid peel and topical ascorbic acid versus trichloroacetic acid peel alone in the treatment of melasma: a comparative study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2007; 6(2):89-94.
106. Erbil H, Sezer E, Tatan B, Area E, Kurumlu Z. Efficacy and safety of serial glycolic acid peels and a topical regimen in the treatment of recalcitrant melasma. J Dematol. 2007;34(1):25-30.
107. Khemis A, Kaiafa A, Queille-Roussel C, Duteil L, Ortonne JP. Evaluation of efficacy and safety of rucinol serum in patients with melasma: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156(5):997-1004.
108. Wang C-C, Sue Y-M, Yang C-H, Chen C-K. A comparison of Q-switched alexandrite laser and intense pulsed light for the treatment of freckles and lentigines in Asian persons: a randomized, physician-blinded, split-face comparative trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(5):804-810.
109. Torok HM. A comprehensive review of the long-term and short-term treatment of melasma with a triple combination cream. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2006; 7(4):223-230.
110. Levy JL, Pons F, Agopian L, Besson R. A double-blind controlled study of a nonhydroquinone bleaching cream in the treatment of melasma. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2005;4(4):272-276.
111. Nanda S, Grover C, Reddy BS. Efficacy of hydroquinone (2%) versus tretinoin (0.025%) as adjunct topical agents for chemical peeling in patients of melasma. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30(3):385-389.
112. Lawrence N, Cox SE, Brody HJ. Treatment of melasma with Jessner's solution versus glycolic acid: a comparison of clinical efficacy and evaluation of the predictive ability of Wood's light examination. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36 (4):589-593.
113. Barton FE Jr. Rhytidectomy and the nasolabial fold. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992; 90(4):601-607.
114. Sharp HR, Rowe-Jones JM. Assessing outcome in aesthetic rhinoplasty. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2003;28(5):430-435.
115. Ross BG, Fradet G, Nedzelski JM. Development ot a sensitive clinical facial grading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;114(3):380-386.
116. Rogers CR, Schmidt KL, VanSwearingen JM, et al. Automated facial image analysis: detecting improvement in abnormal facial movement after treatment with botulinum toxin A. Ann Plast Surg. 2007;58(1):39-47.
117. Kanerva M, Poussa T, Pitkaranta A. Sunnybrook and House-Brackmann Facial Grading Systems: intrarater repeatability and interrater agreement. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;135(6):865-871.
118. Coulson SE, Croxson GR, Adams RD, O'Dwyer NJ. Reliability of the "Sydney," "Sunnybrook," and "House Brackmann" facial grading systems to assess voluntary movement and synkinesis after facial nerve paralysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;132(4):543-549.
119. Deleyiannis FWB, Askari M, Schmidt KL, Henkelmann TC, VanSwearingen JM, Manders EK. Muscle activity in the partially paralyzed face after placement of a fascial sling: a preliminary report. Ann Plast Surg. 2005;55(5):449-455.
120. Ross BG, Nedzelski JM. Reliability and validity of the Sunnybrook facial grading system. In: Yanagihara IM, Murakami S, eds. New Horizons in Facial Nerve Research and Facial Expression: Proceedings of the VIIIth International Symposium on the Facial Nerve, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan, April 13-18, 1997. Amstelveen, the Netherlands: Kugler Publications; 1998:563-567.
121. Coulson SE, Croxson GR. Assessing physiotherapy rehabilitation outcomes following facial nerve paralysis. Aust J Otolaryngol. 1995;(2):20-24.
122. Coulson SE, Croxson GR, Adams RD. Comparison of the "Sydney" Versus "Sunnybrook" Facial Grading Systems Following Long Term Facial Nerve Paralysis. Sydney, Australia: College of Health Sciences, University of Sydney; 2002.
123. House JW, Brackmann DE. Facial nerve grading system. Otolaryngol Head Heck Surg. 1985;93(2):146-147.
124. Yanagihara N. Grading of facial palsy. In: Fisch U, ed. Facial Nerve Surgery: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Facial Nerve Surgery: Zürich, Switzerland, 9-12 August 1976. Amstelveen, the Netherlands: Kugler Medical Publications; 1977:533-535.
125. Berg T, Jonsson L, Engstrom M. Agreement between the Sunnybrook, House-Brackmann, and Yanagihara facial nerve grading systems in Bell's palsy. Otol Neurotol. 2004;25(6):1020-1026.
126. Hato N, Matsumoto S, Kisaki H, et al. Efficacy of early treatment of Bell's palsy with oral acyclovir and prednisolone. Otol Neurotol. 2003;24(6):948-951.
127. Ikeda M, Nakazato H, Hiroshige K, Abiko Y, Sugiura M. To what extent do evaluations of facial paralysis by physicians coincide with self-evaluations by patients: comparison of the Yanagihara method, the House-Brackmann method, and self-evaluation by patients. Otol Neurotol. 2003;24(2):334-338.
128. Yanagihara N, Hato N, Murakami S, Honda N. Transmastoid decompression as a treatment of Bell palsy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;124(3): 282-286.
129. Satoh Y, Kanzaki J, Yoshihara S. A comparison and conversion table of "the House-Brackmann facial nerve grading system" and "the Yanagihara grading system." Auris Nasus Larynx. 2000;27(3):207-212.
130. Engström M, Jonsson L, Grindlund M, Stalberg E. House-Brackmann and Yanagihara grading scores in relation to electroneurographic results in the time course of Bell's palsy. Acta Otolaryngol. 1998;118(6):783-789.
131. Kunihiro T, Kanzaki J, Yoshihara S, Satoh Y, Satoh A. Hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis after acoustic neuroma resection: influence of the time anastomosis on recovery of facial movement. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 1996; 58(1):32-35.
132. de Ru JA, Braunius WW, van Benthem PPG, Busschers WB, Hordijk GJ. Grading facial nerve function: why a new grading system, the MoReSS, should be proposed. Otol Neurotol. 2006;27(7):1030-1036.
133. de Maio M, Bento RF. Botulinum toxin in facial palsy: an effective treatment for contralateral hyperkinesis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;120(4):917-927.
134. Croxson G, May M, Mester SJ. Grading facial nerve function: House-Brackmann versus Burres-Fisch methods. Am J Otol. 1990;11(4):240-246.
135. Sargent EW, Fadhli OA, Cohen RS. Measurement of facial movement with computer software. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;124(3):313-318.
136. Pillsbury HC, Fisch U. Extratemporal facial nerve grafting and radiotherapy. Arch Otolaryngol. 1979;105(8):441-446.
137. Rickenmann J, Jaquenod C, Cerenko D, Fisch U. Comparative value of facial nerve grading systems. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;117(4):322-325.
138. May M, Schaitkin BM, eds. The Facial Nerve. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Theime Medical Publishers; 2000.
139. Guntinas-Lichius O, Streppel M, Stennert E. Postoperative functional evaluation of different reanimation techniques for facial nerve repair. Am J Surg. 2006; 191(1):61-67.
140. Bascom DA, Schaitkin BM, May M, Klein S. Facial nerve repair: a retrospective review. Facial Plast Surg. 2000;16(4):309-313.
141. Yamaki T, Morimoto S, Ohtaki M, et al. Intracranial facial nerve neurinoma: surgical strategy of tumor removal and functional reconstruction. Surg Neurol. 1998; 49(5):538-546.
142. May M, Sobol SM, Mester SJ. Hypoglossal-facial nerve interpositional-jump graft for facial reanimation without tongue atrophy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991;104(6):818-825.
143. Stennert E, Limberg CH, Frentrup KP. An index for paresis and defective healing: an easily applied method for objectively determining therapeutic results in facial paresis [author's transi]. HNO. 1977;25(7):238-245.
144. Duckert LG, Hohmann D, DeMeester C. Electrical evaluation of the facial nerve in acoustic neuroma patients: preliminary comparison between transcranial magnetic coil stimulation and electroneurography. Am J Otol. 1992;13(2): 113-116.
145. Guntinas-Lichius O, Straesser A, Streppel M. Quality of life after facial nerve repair. Laryngoscope. 2007;117(3):421-426.
146. Adour KK, Wingerd J, Bell DN, Manning JJ, Hurley JP. Prednisone treatment for idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy). N Engl J Med. 1972;287(25): 1268-1272.
147. Alberton DL, Zed PJ. Bell's palsy: a review of treatment using antiviral agents. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(10):1838-1842.
148. Lewis BI, Adour KK. An analysis of the Adour-Swanson and House-Brackmann grading systems for facial nerve recovery. Eur Arch Otorhinolatyngol. 1995; 252(5):265-269.
149. Gidley PW, Gantz BJ, Rubinstein JT. Facial nerve grafts: from cerebellopontine angle and beyond. Am J Otol. 1999;20(6):781-788.
150. Roland JT Jr, Lin K, Klausner LM, Miller PJ. Direct facial-to-hypoglossal neurorrhaphy with parotid release. Skull Base. 2006;16(2):101-108.
151. Sullivan T, Smith J, Kermode J, McIver E, Courtemanche DJ. Rating the burn scar. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1990;11(3):256-260.
152. Sniezek PJ, Walling HW, DeBloom JR III, et al. A randomized controlled trial of high-viscosity 2-octyl cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive versus sutures in repairing facial wounds following Mohs micrographic surgery. Dermatol Surg. 2007; 33(8):966-971.
153. Conologue TD, Norwood C. Treatment of surgical scars with the cryogen-cooled 595 nm pulsed dye laser starting on the day of suture removal. Dermatol Surg. 2006;32(1):13-20.
154. Maján JI. Evaluation of a self-adherent soft silicone dressing for the treatment of hypertrophic postoperative scars. J Wound Care. 2006;15(5):193-196.
155. Alam M, Posten W, Martini MC, Wrone DA, Rademaker AW. Aesthetic and functional efficacy of subcuticular running epidermal closures of the trunk and extremity: a rater-blinded randomized control trial. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142 (10):1272-1278.
156. Moiemen NS, Vlachou E, Staiano JJ, Thawy Y, Frame JD. Reconstructive surgery with Integra dermal regeneration template: histologic study, clinical evaluation, and current practice. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117(7)(suppl):160S-174S.
157. Beausang E, Floyd H, Dunn KW, Orton CI, Ferguson MW. A new quantitative scale for clinical scar assessment. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102(6):1954-1961.
158. Taylor B, McGrouther DA, Bayat A. Use of a non-contact 3D digitiser to measure the volume of keloid scars: a useful tool for scar assessment. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2007:60(1):87-94.
159. Hollander JE, Singer AJ, Valentines, Henry MC. Wound registry: development and validation. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25(5):675-685.
160. Knott PD, Zins JE, Banbury J, Djohan R, Yetman RJ, Papay F. A comparison of dermabond tissue adhesive and sutures in the primary repair of the congenital cleft lip. Ann Plast Surg. 2007;58(2):121-125.
161. Ozturan O, Miman MC, Aktas D, Oncel S. Butylcyanoacrylate tissue adhesive for columellar incision closure. J Laryngol Otol. 2001;115(7):535-540.
162. Bernard L, Doyle J, Friedlander SF, Eichenfield LF, Gibbs NF, Cunningham BB. A prospective comparison of octyl cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive (dermabond) and suture for the closure of excisional wounds in children and adolescents. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137(9):1177-1180.
163. Toriumi DM, O'Grady K, Desai D, Bagal A. Use of octyl-2-cyanoacrylate for skin closure in facial plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102(6):2209-2219.
164. Hollander JE, Valentine SM, McCuskey CF, Turque T, Singer AJ; Stony Brook Wound Registry Study Group. Long-term evaluation of cosmetic appearance of repaired lacerations: validation of telephone assessment. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;31(1):92-98.
165. Quinn JV, Drzewiecki AE, Stiell IG, Elmslie TJ. Appearance scales to measure cosmetic outcomes of healed lacerations. Am J Emerg Med. 1995;13(2): 229-231.
166. Mattick A, Clegg G, Beattie T, Ahmad T. A randomised, controlled trial comparing a tissue adhesive (2-octylcyanoacrylate) with adhesive strips (Steristrips) for paediatric laceration repair. Emerg Med J. 2002;19(5):405-407.
167. Holger JS, Wandersee SC, Hale DB. Cosmetic outcomes of facial lacerations repaired with tissue-adhesive, absorbable, and nonabsorbable sutures. Am J Emerg Med. 2004;22(4):254-257.
168. Duncan JAL, Bond JS, Mason T, et al. Visual analogue scale scoring and ranking: a suitable and sensitive method for assessing scar quality? Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118(4):909-918.
169. Ramirez AL, Reeck J, Maas CS. Botulinum toxin type B (MyoBloc) in the management of hyperkinetic facial lines. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002; 126(5):459-467.
170. Kim EJ, Reeck JB, Maas CS. A validated rating scale for hyperkinetic facial lines. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2004;6(4):253-256.
171. Honeck P, Weiss C, Sterry W, Rzany B; Gladys Study Group. Reproducibility of a four-point clinical severity score for glabellar frown lines. Br J Dermatol. 2003; 149(2):306-310.
172. Rzany B, Ascher B, Fratila A, Monheit GD, Talarico S, Sterry W. Efficacy and safety of 3- and 5-injection patterns (30 and 50 U) of botulinum toxin A (Dysport) for the treatment of wrinkles in the glabella and the central forehead region. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142(3):320-326.
173. Levy JL, Pons F, Jouve E. Management of the ageing eyebrow and forehead; an objective dose-response study with botulinum toxin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2006;20(6):711-716.
174. Day DJ, Littler CM, Swift RW, Gottlieb S. The wrinkle severity rating scale: a validation study. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2004;5(1):49-52.
175. Carruthers A, Carey W, De Lorenzi C, Remington K, Schachter D, Sapra S. Randomized, double-blind comparison of the efficacy of two hyaluronic acid derivatives, Restylane Perlane and Hylaform, in the treatment of nasolabial folds. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31(11, pt2):1591-1598.
176. Lemperle G, Holmes RE, Cohen SR, Lemperle SM. A classification of facial wrinkles. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;108(6):1735-1750.
177. Cohen SR, Berner CF, Busso M, et al. ArteFill: a long-lasting injectable wrinkle filler material - summary of the US Food and Drug Administration trials and a progress report on 4- to 5-year outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118 (3)(suppl):64S-76S.
178. Dijkema SJ, van der Lei B. Long-term results of upper lips treated for rhytides with carbon dioxide laser. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;115(6):1731-1735.
179. Cohen SR, Holmes RE. Artecoll: a long-lasting injectable wrinkle filler material: report of a controlled, randomized, multicenter clinical trial of 251 subjects. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114(4):964-976.
180. Patel MP, Talmor M, Nolan WB. Botox and collagen for glabellar furrows: advantages of combination therapy. Ann Plast Surg. 2004;52(5):442-447.
181. Hund T, Ascher B, Rzany B; Smile Study Group. Reproducibility of two four-point clinical severity scores for lateral canthal lines (crow's feet). Dermatol Surg. 2006;32(10):1256-1260.
182. Kanzaki J, Tos M, Sanna M, Moffat DA, Monsell EM, Berliner KI. New and modified reporting systems from the Consensus Meeting on Systems for Reporting Results in Vestibular Schwannoma. Otol Neurotol. 2003;24(4):642-648.
183. Tapia A, Etxeberria E, Blanch A, Laredo C. A review of 685 rhytidectomies: a new method of analysis based on digitally processed photographs with computer-processed data. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104(6):1800-1810.
184. Yousif NJ, Gosain A, Sanger JR, Larson DL, Matloub HS. The nasolabial fold: a photogrammetric analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994;93(1):70-77.
185. Pitanguy I, Pamplona D, Weber HI, Leta F, Salgado F, Radwanski HN. Numerical modeling of facial aging. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102(1):200-204.
186. Mishima K, Sugahara T, Mori Y, Sakuda M. Application of a new method for anthropometric analysis of the nose. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;98(4): 637-644.
187. Bhatia G, Vannier MW, Smith KE, Commean PK, Riolo J, Young VL. Quantification of facial surface change using a structured light scanner. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994;94(6):768-774.
188. Bashour M. An objective system for measuring facial attractiveness. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118(3):757-774.
189. Johnston VS, Solomon CJ, Gibson SJ, Pallares-Bejarano A. Human facial beauty: current theories and methodologies. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2003;5(5): 371-377.
190. Park HS, Rhee SC, Kang SR, Lee JH. Harmonized profiloplasty using balanced angular profile analysis. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2004;28(2):89-97.
191. Kau CH, Richmond S, Zhurov AI, et al. Reliability of measuring facial morphology with a 3-dimensional laser scanning system. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128(4):424-430.
192. Kau CH, Cronin AJ, Richmond S. A three-dimensional evaluation of postoperative swelling following orthognathic surgery at 6 months. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119(7):2192-2199.
193. Clifton JC, Finley RJ. Quality-of-life measurement in surgical randomized controlled trials. J Invest Surg. 2001;14(5):253-258.
194. Chee GH, Nedzelski JM. Facial nerve grading systems. Facial Plast Surg. 2000; 16(4):315-324.