Postmortem investigations of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: The role of susceptibility genes

Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 287-293

  Perlman, William R ^a   Weickert, Cynthia Shannon ^a   Akil, Mayada ^a   Kleinman, Joel E ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Brain derived neurotrophic factor; Catechol O methyltransferase; Dopamine; Genetic predisposition to disease; Glutamate; Prefrontal cortex; Schizophrenia; Substantia nigra; Tyrosine hydroxylase

Indexed keywords

BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CATECHOL METHYLTRANSFERASE; CATECHOLAMINE; DOPAMINE; ENZYME; GROWTH FACTOR;

ALLELE; AUTOPSY; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN REGION; CELL SURVIVAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENE; GENE FUNCTION; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENE LOCATION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC CODE; GENETIC DISORDER; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC RISK; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENOME ANALYSIS; GENOMICS; GENOTYPE; HAPLOTYPE; HERITABILITY; HUMAN; HUMAN GENOME; HYPOTHESIS; MENTAL PATIENT; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PYRAMIDAL NERVE CELL; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SYNAPSE; SYNAPTOGENESIS;

CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE; CORPUS STRIATUM; DOPAMINE; GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; RNA, MESSENGER; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 4444346489     PISSN: 11804882     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (109)

1. Lewis DA, Lieberman JA. Catching up on schizophrenia: natural history and neurobiology. Neuron 2000;28:325-34.
2. Gottesman I. Schizophrenia genesis: the origins of madness. New York: Freeman; 1991.
3. Pulver AE. Search for schizophrenia susceptibility genes. Biol Psychiatry 2000;47:221-30.
4. Allen RM, Young SJ. Phencyclidine-induced psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 1978;135:1081-4.
5. Javitt DC. Negative schizophrenic symptomatology and the PCP (phencyclidine) model of schizophrenia. Hillside J Clin Psychiatry 1987;9:12-35.
6. Carlsson A. The current status of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1988;1:179-86.
7. Deutsch SI, Mastropaolo J, Schwartz BL, Rosse RB, Morihisa JM. A "glutamatergic hypothesis" of schizophrenia. Rationale for pharmacotherapy with glycine. Clin Neuropharmacol 1989;12:1-13.
8. Suddath RL, Christison GW, Torrey EF, Casanova MF, Weinberger DR. Anatomical abnormalities in the brains of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 1990;322:789-94.
9. Andreasen NC, Arndt S, Swayze V 2nd, Cizadlo T, Flaum M, O'Leary D, et al. Thalamic abnormalities in schizophrenia visualized through magnetic resonance image averaging. Science 1994;266:294-8.
10. Chua SE, McKenna PJ. Schizophrenia - a brain disease? A critical review of structural and functional cerebral abnormality in the disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1995;166:563-82.
11. Kotrla KJ, Weinberger DR. Brain imaging in schizophrenia. Annu Rev Med 1995;46:113-22.
12. McCarley RW, Wible CG, Frumin M, Hirayasu Y, Levitt JJ, Fischer IA, et al. MRI anatomy of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1999;45:1099-119.
13. Berman KF, Torrey EF, Daniel DG, Weinberger DR. Regional cerebral blood flow in monozygotic twins discordant and concordant for schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:927-34.
14. Weinberger DR, Berman KF, Suddath R, Torrey EF. Evidence of dysfunction of a prefrontal-limbic network in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging and regional cerebral blood flow study of discordant monozygotic twins. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:890-7.
15. Lewis DA, Akil M. Cortical dopamine in schizophrenia: strategies for postmortem studies. J Psychiatr Res 1997;31:175-95.
16. Badner JA, Gershon ES. Meta-analysis of whole-genome linkage scans of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2002;7:405-11.
17. Levinson D, Lewis C, Wise L. Meta-analysis of genome scans for schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 2002;114:700-1.
18. Harrison PJ, Owen MJ. Genes for schizophrenia? Recent findings and their pathophysiological implications. Lancet 2003;361:417-9.
19. Leonard S, Gault J, Hopkins J, Logel J, Vianzon R, Short M, et al. Association of promoter variants in the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit gene with an inhibitory deficit found in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:1085-96.
20. Stefansson H, Sigurdsson E, Steinthorsdottir V, Bjornsdottir S, Sigmundsson T, Ghosh S, et al. Neuregulin 1 and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 2002;71:877-92.
21. Straub RE, Jiang Y, MacLean CJ, Ma Y, Webb BT, Myakishev MV, et al. Genetic variation in the 6p22.3 gene DTNBP1, the human ortholog of the mouse dysbindin gene, is associated with schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 2002;71:337-48.
22. Muglia P, Vicente AM, Verga M, King N, Macciardi F, Kennedy JL. Association between the BDNF gene and schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2003;8:146-7.
23. Szekeres G, Juhasz A, Rimanoczy A, Keri S, Janka Z. The C270T polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene is associated with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2003;65:15-8.
24. Shifman S, Bronstein M, Sternfeld M, Pisante-Shalom A, Lev-Lehman E, Weizman A, et al. A highly significant association between a COMT haplotype and schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 2002;71:1296-302.
25. Hashimoto T, Volk DW, Buchheit SE, Lewis DA. Expression of BDNF and TrkB mRNAs in prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia (poster). Program no. 703.7. 2002 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington: Society for Neuroscience; 2002. Available: http://sfn.scholarone.com/itin2002 /index.html (accessed 2004 June 8).
26. Webster MJ, Wyatt EJ, Kleinman JE, Weickert CS. BDNF and TrkB mRNA levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of individuals with major mental illness (poster). Program no. 703.7. 2003 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington: Society for Neuroscience; 2003. Available: http://sfn.schol arone.com/itin2003/index.html (accessed 2004 June 8).
27. Weickert CS, Hyde TM, Lipska BK, Herman MM, Weinberger DR, Kleinman JE. Reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor in prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2003;8:592-610.
28. Mannisto PT, Kaakkola S. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): biochemistry, molecular biology, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy of the new selective COMT inhibitors. Pharmacol Rev 1999;51:593-628.
29. Egan MF, Goldberg TE, Kolachana BS, Callicott JH, Mazzanti CM, Straub RE, et al. Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:6917-22.
30. Rosa A, Zarzuela A, Cuesta M, Peralta V, Martinez-Larrea A, Serrano F, et al. New evidence for association between COMT gene and prefrontal neurocognitive functions in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2002;53(Suppl):69.
31. Bilder RM, Volavka J, Czobor P, Malhotra AK, Kennedy JL, Ni X, et al. Neurocognitive correlates of the COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism in chronic schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2002;52:701-7.
32. Malhotra AK, Kestler LJ, Mazzanti C, Bates JA, Goldberg T, Goldman D. A functional polymorphism in the COMT gene and performance on a test of prefrontal cognition. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:652-4.
33. Weinberger DR, Berman KF, Zec RF. Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:114-24.
34. Park S, Holzman PS. Schizophrenics show spatial working memory deficits. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:975-82.
35. Carter CS, Perlstein W, Ganguli R, Brar J, Mintun M, Cohen JD. Functional hypofrontality and working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:1285-7.
36. Weinberger DR, Berman KF, Illowsky BP. Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. III. A new cohort and evidence for a monoaminergic mechanism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:609-15.
37. Callicott JH, Bertolino A, Mattay VS, Langheim FJ, Duyn J, Coppola R, et al. Physiological dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia revisited. Cereb Cortex 2000;10:1078-92.
38. Barch DM, Carter CS, Braver TS, Sabb FW, MacDonald A 3rd, Noll DC, et al. Selective deficits in prefrontal cortex function in medication-naive patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:280-8.
39. Daniel DG, Weinberger DR, Jones DW, Zigun JR, Coppola R, Handel S, et al. The effect of amphetamine on regional cerebral blood flow during cognitive activation in schizophrenia. J Neurosci 1991;11:1907-17.
40. Okubo Y, Suhara T, Suzuki K, Kobayashi K, Inoue O, Terasaki O, et al. Decreased prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors in schizophrenia revealed by PET. Nature 1997;385:634-6.
41. Abi-Dargham A, Mawlawi O, Lombardo I, Gil R, Martinez D, Huang Y, et al. Prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors and working memory in schizophrenia. J Neurosci 2002;22:3708-19.
42. Akil M, Pierri JN, Whitehead RE, Edgar CL, Mohila C, Sampson AR, et al. Lamina-specific alterations in the dopamine innervation of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenic subjects. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1580-9.
43. Li T, Sham PC, Vallada H, Xie T, Tang X, Murray RM, et al. Preferential transmission of the high activity allele of COMT in schizophrenia. Psychiatr Genet 1996;6:131-3.
44. Li T, Ball D, Zhao J, Murray RM, Liu X, Sham PC, et al. Family-based linkage disequilibrium mapping using SNP marker haplotypes: application to a potential locus for schizophrenia at chromosome 22q11. Mol Psychiatry 2000;5:77-84.
45. Kunugi H, Vallada HP, Sham PC, Hoda F, Arranz MJ, Li T, et al. Catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphisms and schizophrenia: a transmission disequilibrium study in multiply affected families. Psychiatr Genet 1997;7:97-101.
46. Haber SN, Fudge JL. The primate substantia nigra and VTA: integrative circuitry and function. Crit Rev Neurobiol 1997;11:323-42.
47. Lu XY, Churchill L, Kalivas PW. Expression of D1 receptor mRNA in projections from the forebrain to the ventral tegmental area. Synapse 1997;25:205-14.
48. Carr DB, Sesack SR. Projections from the rat prefrontal cortex to the ventral tegmental area: target specificity in the synaptic associations with mesoaccumbens and mesocortical neurons. J Neurosci 2000;20:3864-73.
49. Pycock CJ, Carter CJ, Kerwin RW. Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex on neurotransmitter systems in subcortical sites in the rat. J Neurochem 1980;34:91-9.
50. Carlsson A. A paradigm shift in brain research. Science 2001; 294:1021-4.
51. Akil M, Kolachana BS, Rothmond DA, Hyde TM, Weinberger DR, Kleinman JE. Catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype and dopamine regulation in the human brain. J Neurosci 2003;23: 2008-13.
52. Kolachana BS, Saunders RC, Weinberger DR. Augmentation of prefrontal cortical monoaminergic activity inhibits dopamine release in the caudate nucleus: an in vivo neurochemical assessment in the rhesus monkey. Neuroscience 1995;69:859-68.
53. Harden DG, King D, Finlay JM, Grace AA. Depletion of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex decreases the basal electrophysiological activity of mesolimbic dopamine neurons. Brain Res 1998;794:96-102.
54. Weinberger DR. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44:660-9.
55. Grace AA. Gating of information flow within the limbic system and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2000;31:330-41.
56. Wassink TH, Nelson JJ, Crowe RR, Andreasen NC. Heritability of BDNF alleles and their effect on brain morphology in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 1999;88:724-8.
57. Krebs MO, Guillin O, Bourdell MC, Schwartz JC, Olie JP, Poirier MF, et al. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene variants association with age at onset and therapeutic response in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2000;5:558-62.
58. Sasaki T, Dai XY, Kuwata S, Fukuda R, Kunugi H, Hattori M, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene and schizophrenia in Japanese subjects. Am J Med Genet 1997;74:443-4.
59. Hawi Z, Straub RE, O'Neill A, Kendler KS, Walsh D, Gill M. No linkage or linkage disequilibrium between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) dinucleotide repeat polymorphism and schizophrenia in Irish families. Psychiatry Res 1998;81:111-6.
60. Virgos C, Martorell L, Valero J, Figuera L, Civeira F, Joven J, et al. Association study of schizophrenia with polymorphisms at six candidate genes. Schizophr Res 2001;49:65-71.
61. Egan MF, Kojima M, Callicott JH, Goldberg TE, Kolachana BS, Bertolino A, et al. The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function. Cell 2003;112:257-69.
62. Tsai G, Passani LA, Slusher BS, Carter R, Baer L, Kleinman JE, et al. Abnormal excitatory neurotransmitter metabolism in schizophrenic brains. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:829-36.
63. Bertolino A, Nawroz S, Mattay VS, Barnett AS, Duyn JH, Moonen CT, et al. Regionally specific pattern of neurochemical pathology in schizophrenia as assessed by multislice proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:1554-63.
64. Bertolino A, Callicott JH, Elman I, Mattay VS, Tedeschi G, Frank JA, et al. Regionally specific neuronal pathology in untreated patients with schizophrenia: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 1998;43:641-8.
65. Block W, Bayer TA, Tepest R, Traber F, Rietschel M, Muller DJ, et al. Decreased frontal lobe ratio of N-acetyl aspartate to choline in familial schizophrenia: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Neurosci Lett 2000;289:147-51.
66. Mirnics K, Middleton FA, Marquez A, Lewis DA, Levitt P. Molecular characterization of schizophrenia viewed by microarray analysis of gene expression in prefrontal cortex. Neuron 2000;28:53-67.
67. Weickert CS, Webster MJ, Hyde TM, Herman MM, Bachus SE, Bali G, et al. Reduced GAP-43 mRNA in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 2001;11:136-47.
68. Vawter MP, Crook JM, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR, Becker KG, et al. Microarray analysis of gene expression in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: a preliminary study. Schizophr Res 2002;58:11-20.
69. Glantz LA, Lewis DA. Reduction of synaptophysin immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Regional and diagnostic specificity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:660-9.
70. Thompson PM, Sower AC, Perrone-Bizzozero NI. Altered levels of the synaptosomal associated protein SNAP-25 in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1998;43:239-43.
71. Honer WG, Falkai P, Chen C, Arango V, Mann JJ, Dwork AJ. Synaptic and plasticity-associated proteins in anterior frontal cortex in severe mental illness. Neuroscience 1999;91:1247-55.
72. Karson CN, Mrak RE, Schluterman KO, Sturner WQ, Sheng JG, Griffin WS. Alterations in synaptic proteins and their encoding mRNAs in prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: a possible neurochemical basis for 'hypofrontality'. Mol Psychiatry 1999;4:39-45.
73. Garey LJ, Ong WY, Patel TS, Kanani M, Davis A, Mortimer AM, et al. Reduced dendritic spine density on cerebral cortical pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;65:446-53.
74. Glantz LA, Lewis DA. Dendritic spine density in schizophrenia and depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:203.
75. Selemon LD, Rajkowska G, Goldman-Rakic PS. Abnormally high neuronal density in the schizophrenic cortex. A morphometric analysis of prefrontal area 9 and occipital area 17. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:805-18; discussion 819-20.
76. Selemon LD, Rajkowska G, Goldman-Rakic PS. Elevated neuronal density in prefrontal area 46 in brains from schizophrenic patients: application of a three-dimensional, stereologic counting method. J Comp Neurol 1998;392:402-12.
77. Rajkowska G, Selemon LD, Goldman-Rakic PS. Neuronal and glial somal size in the prefrontal cortex: a postmortem morphometric study of schizophrenia and Huntington disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:215-24.
78. Pierri JN, Volk CL, Auh S, Sampson A, Lewis DA. Decreased somal size of deep layer 3 pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:466-73.
79. Weickert CS, Kleinman JE. The neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of schizophrenia. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1998;21:57-75.
80. Hofer M, Pagliusi SR, Hohn A, Leibrock J, Barde YA. Regional distribution of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in the adult mouse brain. EMBO J 1990;9:2459-64.
81. Wetmore C, Ernfors P, Persson H, Olson L. Localization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA to neurons in the brain by in situ hybridization. Exp Neurol 1990;109:141-52.
82. Phillips HS, Hains JM, Armanini M, Laramee GR, Johnson SA, Winslow JW. BDNF mRNA is decreased in the hippocampus of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 1991;7:695-702.
83. Friedman WJ, Black IB, Kaplan DR. Distribution of the neurotrophins brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, and neurotrophin-4/5 in the postnatal rat brain: an immunocytochemical study. Neuroscience 1998;84:101-14.
84. Lipska BK, Khaing ZZ, Weickert CS, Weinberger DR. BDNF mRNA expression in rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex: effects of neonatal ventral hippocampal damage and antipsychotic drugs. Eur J Neurosci 2001;14:135-44.
85. Huntley GW, Benson DL, Jones EG, Isackson PJ. Developmental expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor mRNA by neurons of fetal and adult monkey prefrontal cortex. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1992;70:53-63.
86. Webster MJ, Weickert CS, Herman MM, Kleinman JE. BDNF mRNA expression during postnatal development maturation and aging of the human prefrontal cortex. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 2002;139:139-50.
87. Lindholm D, Dechant G, Heisenberg CP, Thoenen H. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a survival factor for cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons and protects them against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. Eur J Neurosci 1993;5:1455-64.
88. Cheng B, Mattson MP. NT-3 and BDNF protect CNS neurons against metabolic/excitotoxic insults. Brain Res 1994;640:56-67.
89. Ghosh A, Carnahan J, Greenberg ME. Requirement for BDNF in activity-dependent survival of cortical neurons. Science 1994;263:1618-23.
90. McAllister AK, Lo DC, Katz LC. Neurotrophins regulate dendritic growth in developing visual cortex. Neuron 1995;15:791-803.
91. McAllister AK, Katz LC, Lo DC. Neurotrophin regulation of cortical dendritic growth requires activity. Neuron 1996;17:1057-64.
92. Zafra F, Hengerer B, Leibrock J, Thoenen H, Lindholm D. Activity dependent regulation of BDNF and NGF mRNAs in the rat hippocampus is mediated by non-NMDA glutamate receptors. EMBO J 1990;9:3545-50.
93. Gwag BJ, Springer JE. Activation of NMDA receptors increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression in the hippocampal formation. Neuroreport 1993;5:125-8.
94. Kang H, Schuman EM. Long-lasting neurotrophin-induced enhancement of synaptic transmission in the adult hippocampus. Science 1995;267:1658-62.
95. Thoenen H. Neurotrophins and neuronal plasticity. Science 1995;270:593-8.
96. Maisonpierre PC, Belluscio L, Friedman B, Alderson RF, Wiegand SJ, Furth ME, et al. NT-3, BDNF, and NGF in the developing rat nervous system: parallel as well as reciprocal patterns of expression. Neuron 1990;5:501-9.
97. Friedman WJ, Ernfors P, Persson H. Transient and persistent expression of NT-3/HDNF mRNA in the rat brain during postnatal development. J Neurosci 1991;11:1577-84.
98. Dugich-Djordjevic MM, Tocco G, Willoughby DA, Najm I, Pasinetti G, Thompson RF, et al. BDNF mRNA expression in the developing rat brain following kainic acid-induced seizure activity. Neuron 1992;8:1127-38.
99. Ringstedt T, Lagercrantz H, Persson H. Expression of members of the trk family in the developing postnatal rat brain. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1993;72:119-31.
100. Knusel B, Rabin SJ, Hefti F, Kaplan DR. Regulated neurotrophin receptor responsiveness during neuronal migration and early differentiation. J Neurosci 1994;14:1542-54.
101. Katoh-Semba R, Takeuchi IK, Semba R, Kato K. Distribution of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rats and its changes with development in the brain. J Neurochem 1997;69:34-42.
102. Itami C, Mizuno K, Kohno T, Nakamura S. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor requirement for activity-dependent maturation of glutamatergic synapse in developing mouse somatosensory cortex. Brain Res 2000;857:141-50.
103. Duman RS. Novel therapeutic approaches beyond the serotonin receptor. Biol Psychiatry 1998;44:324-35.
104. Angelucci F, Aloe L, Vasquez PJ, Mathe AA. Mapping the differences in the brain concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in an animal model of depression. Neuroreport 2000;11:1369-73.
105. Linden AM, Vaisanen J, Lakso M, Nawa H, Wong G, Castren E. Expression of neurotrophins BDNF and NT-3, and their receptors in rat brain after administration of antipsychotic and psychotrophic agents. J Mol Neurosci 2000;14:27-37.
106. Takahashi M, Shirakawa O, Toyooka K, Kitamura N, Hashimoto T, Maeda K, et al. Abnormal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor in the corticolimbic system of schizophrenic patients. Mol Psychiatry 2000;5:293-300.
107. Dawson NM, Hamid EH, Egan MF, Meredith GE. Changes in the pattern of brain-derived neurotrophic factor immunoreactivity in the rat brain after acute and subchronic haloperidol treatment. Synapse 2001;39:70-81.
108. Durany N, Michel T, Zochling R, Boissl KW, Cruz-Sanchez FF, Riederer P, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin 3 in schizophrenic psychoses. Schizophr Res 2001;52: 79-86.
109. Vaidya VA, Duman RS. Depresssion - emerging insights from neurobiology. Br Med Bull 2001;57:61-79.