메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 154, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 522-528

Cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the action of testosterone on human skeletal muscle. A basis for illegal performance enhancement

Author keywords

Anabolic steroids; Androgen receptor; Exercise training; Hyperplasia; Hypertrophy; Muscle fibre; Myonuclei; Protein synthesis; Regeneration; Satellite cells

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; EPITESTOSTERONE; GONADORELIN DERIVATIVE; OXENDOLONE; PLACEBO; STEROID; TESTOSTERONE; TESTOSTERONE ENANTATE;

EID: 44349115503     PISSN: 00071188     EISSN: 14765381     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.118     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (145)

References (52)
  • 1
    • 0035136380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance characteristics of a carbon isotope ratio method for detecting doping with testosterone based on urine diols: Controls and athletes with elevated testosterone/epitestosterone ratios
    • Aguilera R, Chapman TE, Starcevic B, Hatton CK, Catlin DH (2001). Performance characteristics of a carbon isotope ratio method for detecting doping with testosterone based on urine diols: controls and athletes with elevated testosterone/epitestosterone ratios. Clin Chem 47: 292-300.
    • (2001) Clin Chem , vol.47 , pp. 292-300
    • Aguilera, R.1    Chapman, T.E.2    Starcevic, B.3    Hatton, C.K.4    Catlin, D.H.5
  • 2
    • 14544273263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of testosterone on fat cell lipolysis. Species differences and possible role in polycystic ovarian syndrome
    • Arner P (2005). Effects of testosterone on fat cell lipolysis. Species differences and possible role in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Biochimie 87: 39-43.
    • (2005) Biochimie , vol.87 , pp. 39-43
    • Arner, P.1
  • 4
    • 8944233864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men
    • Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, Callegari C, Clevenger B, Phillips J et al. (1996). The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. N Engl J Med 335: 1-7.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.335 , pp. 1-7
    • Bhasin, S.1    Storer, T.W.2    Berman, N.3    Callegari, C.4    Clevenger, B.5    Phillips, J.6
  • 6
    • 0034793432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of testosterone administration and weight training on muscle architecture
    • Blazevich AJ, Giorgi A (2001). Effect of testosterone administration and weight training on muscle architecture. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33: 1688-1693.
    • (2001) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.33 , pp. 1688-1693
    • Blazevich, A.J.1    Giorgi, A.2
  • 7
    • 0022380040 scopus 로고
    • The control of cell mass and replication. The DNA unit - a personal 20-year study
    • Cheek DB (1985). The control of cell mass and replication. The DNA unit - a personal 20-year study. Early Hum Dev 12: 211-239.
    • (1985) Early Hum Dev , vol.12 , pp. 211-239
    • Cheek, D.B.1
  • 8
    • 0036744815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The regulation of Notch signaling controls satellite cell activation and cell fate determination in postnatal myogenesis
    • Conboy IM, Rando TA (2002). The regulation of Notch signaling controls satellite cell activation and cell fate determination in postnatal myogenesis. Dev Cell 3: 397-409.
    • (2002) Dev Cell , vol.3 , pp. 397-409
    • Conboy, I.M.1    Rando, T.A.2
  • 9
    • 0033927588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The adipose tissue metabolism: Role of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone
    • De Pergola G (2000). The adipose tissue metabolism: role of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24 (Suppl 2): S59-S63.
    • (2000) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord , vol.24 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • De Pergola, G.1
  • 11
    • 0030008005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testosterone up-regulates androgen receptors and decreases differentiation of porcine myogenic satellite cells in vitro
    • Doumit ME, Cook DR, Merkel RA (1996). Testosterone up-regulates androgen receptors and decreases differentiation of porcine myogenic satellite cells in vitro. Endocrinology 137: 1385-1394.
    • (1996) Endocrinology , vol.137 , pp. 1385-1394
    • Doumit, M.E.1    Cook, D.R.2    Merkel, R.A.3
  • 12
    • 26444443048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skeletal muscle morphology in power-lifters with and without anabolic steroids
    • Eriksson A, Kadi F, Malm C, Thornell LE (2005). Skeletal muscle morphology in power-lifters with and without anabolic steroids. Histochem Cell Biol 124: 167-175.
    • (2005) Histochem Cell Biol , vol.124 , pp. 167-175
    • Eriksson, A.1    Kadi, F.2    Malm, C.3    Thornell, L.E.4
  • 13
    • 0042315340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testosterone stimulates intracellular calcium release and mitogen-activated protein kinases via a G protein-coupled receptor in skeletal muscle cells
    • Estrada M, Espinosa A, Müller M, Jaimovich E (2003). Testosterone stimulates intracellular calcium release and mitogen-activated protein kinases via a G protein-coupled receptor in skeletal muscle cells. Endocrinology 144: 3586-3597.
    • (2003) Endocrinology , vol.144 , pp. 3586-3597
    • Estrada, M.1    Espinosa, A.2    Müller, M.3    Jaimovich, E.4
  • 14
    • 33748740924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated testosterone induces apoptosis in neuronal cells
    • Estrada M, Varshney A, Ehrlich BE (2006). Elevated testosterone induces apoptosis in neuronal cells. J Biol Chem 281: 25492-25501.
    • (2006) J Biol Chem , vol.281 , pp. 25492-25501
    • Estrada, M.1    Varshney, A.2    Ehrlich, B.E.3
  • 15
    • 0036081614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testosterone administration to older men improves muscle function: Molecular and physiological mechanisms
    • Ferrando AA, Sheffield-Moore M, Yeckel CW, Gilkison C, Jiang J, Achacosa A et al. (2002). Testosterone administration to older men improves muscle function: molecular and physiological mechanisms. Am J Physiol 282: 601-607.
    • (2002) Am J Physiol , vol.282 , pp. 601-607
    • Ferrando, A.A.1    Sheffield-Moore, M.2    Yeckel, C.W.3    Gilkison, C.4    Jiang, J.5    Achacosa, A.6
  • 17
    • 0026076582 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the effects of high dose testosterone and 19-nortestosterone to a replacement dose of testosterone on strength and body composition in normal men
    • Friedl KE, Dettori JR, Hannan CJ, Patience TH, Plymate SR (1991). Comparison of the effects of high dose testosterone and 19-nortestosterone to a replacement dose of testosterone on strength and body composition in normal men. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 40: 607-612.
    • (1991) J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol , vol.40 , pp. 607-612
    • Friedl, K.E.1    Dettori, J.R.2    Hannan, C.J.3    Patience, T.H.4    Plymate, S.R.5
  • 18
    • 0033385650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscular strength, body composition and health responses to the use of testosterone enanthate: A double blind study
    • Giorgi A, Weatherby RP, Murphy PW (1999). Muscular strength, body composition and health responses to the use of testosterone enanthate: a double blind study. J Sci Med Sport 2: 341-355.
    • (1999) J Sci Med Sport , vol.2 , pp. 341-355
    • Giorgi, A.1    Weatherby, R.P.2    Murphy, P.W.3
  • 19
    • 2942541820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes
    • Hartgens F, Kuipers H (2004). Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Sports Med 34: 513-554.
    • (2004) Sports Med , vol.34 , pp. 513-554
    • Hartgens, F.1    Kuipers, H.2
  • 20
    • 0029792307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body composition, cardiovascular risk factors and liver function in long-term androgenic-anabolic steroids using bodybuilders three months after drug withdrawal
    • Hartgens F, Kuipers H, Wijnen JA, Keizer HA (1996). Body composition, cardiovascular risk factors and liver function in long-term androgenic-anabolic steroids using bodybuilders three months after drug withdrawal. Int J Sports Med 17: 429-433.
    • (1996) Int J Sports Med , vol.17 , pp. 429-433
    • Hartgens, F.1    Kuipers, H.2    Wijnen, J.A.3    Keizer, H.A.4
  • 22
    • 0028277808 scopus 로고
    • Immunohistochemical detection of the androgen receptor with monoclonal antibody F39.4 in routinely processed, paraffin-embedded human tissues after microwave pre-treatment
    • Janssen PJ, Brinkmann AO, Boersma WJ, Van der Kwast TH (1994). Immunohistochemical detection of the androgen receptor with monoclonal antibody F39.4 in routinely processed, paraffin-embedded human tissues after microwave pre-treatment. J Histochem Cytochem 42: 1169-1175.
    • (1994) J Histochem Cytochem , vol.42 , pp. 1169-1175
    • Janssen, P.J.1    Brinkmann, A.O.2    Boersma, W.J.3    Van der Kwast, T.H.4
  • 23
    • 0033629761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation of human skeletal muscle to training and anabolic steroids
    • Kadi F (2000). Adaptation of human skeletal muscle to training and anabolic steroids. Acta Physiol Scand 646: 1-52.
    • (2000) Acta Physiol Scand , vol.646 , pp. 1-52
    • Kadi, F.1
  • 24
    • 44349097653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hormonal and growth factor-related mechanisms involved in the adaptation of skeletal muscle to exercise
    • Kraemer W, Rogol A eds, Chapter 22. Blackwell: Massachusetts, USA, pp
    • Kadi F (2005). Hormonal and growth factor-related mechanisms involved in the adaptation of skeletal muscle to exercise. In: Kraemer W, Rogol A (eds). The endocrine System in Sports and Exercise. Olympic Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine vol. XI, Chapter 22. Blackwell: Massachusetts, USA, pp 306-318.
    • (2005) The endocrine System in Sports and Exercise. Olympic Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine , vol.11 , pp. 306-318
    • Kadi, F.1
  • 25
    • 0034070966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The expression of androgen receptors in human neck and limb muscles: Effects of training and self-administration of androgenic-anabolic steroids
    • Kadi F, Bonnerud P, Eriksson A, Thornell LE (2000). The expression of androgen receptors in human neck and limb muscles: effects of training and self-administration of androgenic-anabolic steroids. Histochem Cell Biol 113: 25-29.
    • (2000) Histochem Cell Biol , vol.113 , pp. 25-29
    • Kadi, F.1    Bonnerud, P.2    Eriksson, A.3    Thornell, L.E.4
  • 26
    • 0347361625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Satellite cells and myonuclei in young and elderly women and men
    • Kadi F, Charifi N, Denis C, Lexell J (2004a). Satellite cells and myonuclei in young and elderly women and men. Muscle Nerve 29: 120-127.
    • (2004) Muscle Nerve , vol.29 , pp. 120-127
    • Kadi, F.1    Charifi, N.2    Denis, C.3    Lexell, J.4
  • 27
    • 27744588587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The behaviour of satellite cells in response to exercise: What have we learned from human studies?
    • Kadi F, Charifi N, Denis C, Lexell J, Andersen JL, Schjerling P et al. (2005). The behaviour of satellite cells in response to exercise: what have we learned from human studies? Pflugers Arch 451: 319-327.
    • (2005) Pflugers Arch , vol.451 , pp. 319-327
    • Kadi, F.1    Charifi, N.2    Denis, C.3    Lexell, J.4    Andersen, J.L.5    Schjerling, P.6
  • 28
    • 33745060807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The number of satellite cells in slow and fast fibres from human vastus lateralis muscle
    • Kadi F, Charifi N, Henriksson J (2006). The number of satellite cells in slow and fast fibres from human vastus lateralis muscle. Histochem Cell Biol 126: 83-87.
    • (2006) Histochem Cell Biol , vol.126 , pp. 83-87
    • Kadi, F.1    Charifi, N.2    Henriksson, J.3
  • 29
    • 0032707488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of anabolic steroids on the muscle cells of strength-trained athletes
    • Kadi F, Eriksson A, Holmner S, Thornell L-E (1999). Effects of anabolic steroids on the muscle cells of strength-trained athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31: 1528-1534.
    • (1999) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.31 , pp. 1528-1534
    • Kadi, F.1    Eriksson, A.2    Holmner, S.3    Thornell, L.-E.4
  • 30
    • 4444338265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of heavy resistance training and detraining on satellite cells in human skeletal muscles
    • Kadi F, Schjerling P, Andersen LL, Charifi N, Madsen JL, Christensen LR et al. (2004b). The effects of heavy resistance training and detraining on satellite cells in human skeletal muscles. J Physiol 558: 1005-1012.
    • (2004) J Physiol , vol.558 , pp. 1005-1012
    • Kadi, F.1    Schjerling, P.2    Andersen, L.L.3    Charifi, N.4    Madsen, J.L.5    Christensen, L.R.6
  • 31
    • 84995827230 scopus 로고
    • Influence of several C19-steroids on the growth of individual muscles of the guinea pig
    • Kochakian CD, Tillotson C (1957). Influence of several C19-steroids on the growth of individual muscles of the guinea pig. Endocrinology 60: 607-618.
    • (1957) Endocrinology , vol.60 , pp. 607-618
    • Kochakian, C.D.1    Tillotson, C.2
  • 32
    • 0017119763 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the androgen receptor in the skeletal muscle of the rat
    • Krieg M (1976). Characterization of the androgen receptor in the skeletal muscle of the rat. Steroids 28: 261-274.
    • (1976) Steroids , vol.28 , pp. 261-274
    • Krieg, M.1
  • 33
    • 33845415733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of endogenous testosterone production attenuates the response to strength training: A randomized, placebo-controlled, and blinded intervention study
    • Kvorning T, Andersen M, Brixen K, Madsen K (2006). Suppression of endogenous testosterone production attenuates the response to strength training: a randomized, placebo-controlled, and blinded intervention study. Am J Physiol 291: 1325-1332.
    • (2006) Am J Physiol , vol.291 , pp. 1325-1332
    • Kvorning, T.1    Andersen, M.2    Brixen, K.3    Madsen, K.4
  • 34
    • 33846236830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of testosterone does not blunt mRNA expression of myoD, myogenin, IGF, myostatin or androgen receptor post strength training in humans
    • Kvorning T, Andersen M, Brixen K, Schjerling P, Suetta C, Madsen K (2007). Suppression of testosterone does not blunt mRNA expression of myoD, myogenin, IGF, myostatin or androgen receptor post strength training in humans. J Physiol 578: 579-593.
    • (2007) J Physiol , vol.578 , pp. 579-593
    • Kvorning, T.1    Andersen, M.2    Brixen, K.3    Schjerling, P.4    Suetta, C.5    Madsen, K.6
  • 35
    • 0000284083 scopus 로고
    • The male accessory tissues: Structure, androgen, and physiology
    • Knobil E, Neill J eds, Raven Press: New York, pp
    • Luke M, Coffey D (1994). The male accessory tissues: structure, androgen, and physiology. In: Knobil E, Neill J (eds). The Physiology of the Reproduction. Raven Press: New York, pp 1435-1488.
    • (1994) The Physiology of the Reproduction , pp. 1435-1488
    • Luke, M.1    Coffey, D.2
  • 36
    • 34547624489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of anti-inflammatory medication on exercise-induced myogenic precursor cell responses in humans
    • Mackey AL, Kjaer M, Dandanell Jorgensen S, Mikkelsen KH, Holm L, Dossing S et al. (2007). The influence of anti-inflammatory medication on exercise-induced myogenic precursor cell responses in humans. J Appl Physiol 103: 425-431.
    • (2007) J Appl Physiol , vol.103 , pp. 425-431
    • Mackey, A.L.1    Kjaer, M.2    Dandanell Jorgensen, S.3    Mikkelsen, K.H.4    Holm, L.5    Dossing, S.6
  • 37
    • 0031733473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testosterone deficiency in young men: Marked alterations in whole body protein kinetics, strength, and adiposity
    • Mauras N, Hayes V, Welch S, Rini A, Helgeson K, Dokler M et al. (1998). Testosterone deficiency in young men: marked alterations in whole body protein kinetics, strength, and adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 1886-1892.
    • (1998) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.83 , pp. 1886-1892
    • Mauras, N.1    Hayes, V.2    Welch, S.3    Rini, A.4    Helgeson, K.5    Dokler, M.6
  • 38
    • 0000642664 scopus 로고
    • Satellite cell of skeletal muscle fibers
    • Mauro A (1961). Satellite cell of skeletal muscle fibers. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 9: 493-495.
    • (1961) J Biophys Biochem Cytol , vol.9 , pp. 493-495
    • Mauro, A.1
  • 39
    • 0015102314 scopus 로고
    • Satellite cells as the source of nuclei in muscles of growing rats
    • Moss FP, Leblond CP (1971). Satellite cells as the source of nuclei in muscles of growing rats. Anat Rec 170: 421-435.
    • (1971) Anat Rec , vol.170 , pp. 421-435
    • Moss, F.P.1    Leblond, C.P.2
  • 40
    • 33751175205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of myonuclear addition may explain differential myofiber growth among resistance-trained young and older men and women
    • Petrella J, Kim J, Cross J, Kosek D, Bamman M (2006). Efficacy of myonuclear addition may explain differential myofiber growth among resistance-trained young and older men and women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 291: 937-946.
    • (2006) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab , vol.291 , pp. 937-946
    • Petrella, J.1    Kim, J.2    Cross, J.3    Kosek, D.4    Bamman, M.5
  • 41
    • 0016754233 scopus 로고
    • A direct effect of testosterone on muscle cells in tissue culture
    • Powers ML, Florini JR (1975). A direct effect of testosterone on muscle cells in tissue culture. Endocrinology 97: 1043-1047.
    • (1975) Endocrinology , vol.97 , pp. 1043-1047
    • Powers, M.L.1    Florini, J.R.2
  • 43
    • 0030934910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Confirming testosterone administration by isotope ratio mass spectrometric analysis of urinary androstanediols
    • Shackleton CH, Phillips A, Chang T, Li Y (1997). Confirming testosterone administration by isotope ratio mass spectrometric analysis of urinary androstanediols. Steroids 62: 379-387.
    • (1997) Steroids , vol.62 , pp. 379-387
    • Shackleton, C.H.1    Phillips, A.2    Chang, T.3    Li, Y.4
  • 44
    • 0242468434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Androgens stimulate myogenic differentiation and inhibit adipogenesis in C3H 10T1/2 pluripotent cells through an androgen receptor-mediated pathway
    • Singh R, Artaza J, Taylor W, Gonzalez-Cadavid N, Bhasin S (2003). Androgens stimulate myogenic differentiation and inhibit adipogenesis in C3H 10T1/2 pluripotent cells through an androgen receptor-mediated pathway. Endocrinology 144: 5081-5088.
    • (2003) Endocrinology , vol.144 , pp. 5081-5088
    • Singh, R.1    Artaza, J.2    Taylor, W.3    Gonzalez-Cadavid, N.4    Bhasin, S.5
  • 45
    • 0036298091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testosterone-induced increase in muscle size in healthy young men is associated with muscle fiber hypertrophy
    • Sinha-Hikim I, Artaza J, Woodhouse L, Gonzalez-Cadavid N, Singh AB, Lee MI et al. (2002). Testosterone-induced increase in muscle size in healthy young men is associated with muscle fiber hypertrophy. Am J Physiol 283: 154-164.
    • (2002) Am J Physiol , vol.283 , pp. 154-164
    • Sinha-Hikim, I.1    Artaza, J.2    Woodhouse, L.3    Gonzalez-Cadavid, N.4    Singh, A.B.5    Lee, M.I.6
  • 46
    • 33747641590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of testosterone supplementation on skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy and satellite cells in community-dwelling older men
    • Sinha-Hikim I, Cornford M, Gaytan H, Lee ML, Bhasin S (2006). Effects of testosterone supplementation on skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy and satellite cells in community-dwelling older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 3024-3033.
    • (2006) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.91 , pp. 3024-3033
    • Sinha-Hikim, I.1    Cornford, M.2    Gaytan, H.3    Lee, M.L.4    Bhasin, S.5
  • 47
    • 0038678058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testosterone-induced muscle hypertrophy is associated with an increase in satellite cell number in healthy, young men
    • Sinha-Hikim I, Roth SM, Lee MI, Bhasin S (2003). Testosterone-induced muscle hypertrophy is associated with an increase in satellite cell number in healthy, young men. Am J Physiol 285: 197-205.
    • (2003) Am J Physiol , vol.285 , pp. 197-205
    • Sinha-Hikim, I.1    Roth, S.M.2    Lee, M.I.3    Bhasin, S.4
  • 48
    • 6344291192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Androgen receptor in human skeletal muscle and cultured muscle satellite cells: Up-regulation by androgen treatment
    • Sinha-Hikim I, Taylor WE, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Zheng W, Bhasin S (2004). Androgen receptor in human skeletal muscle and cultured muscle satellite cells: up-regulation by androgen treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89: 5245-5255.
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 5245-5255
    • Sinha-Hikim, I.1    Taylor, W.E.2    Gonzalez-Cadavid, N.F.3    Zheng, W.4    Bhasin, S.5
  • 49
    • 37648999862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From population- to subject-based limits of T/E ratio to detect testosterone abuse in elite sports
    • Sottas PE, Saudan C, Schweizer C, Baume N, Mangin P, Saugy M (2008). From population- to subject-based limits of T/E ratio to detect testosterone abuse in elite sports. Forensic Sci Int 174: 166-172.
    • (2008) Forensic Sci Int , vol.174 , pp. 166-172
    • Sottas, P.E.1    Saudan, C.2    Schweizer, C.3    Baume, N.4    Mangin, P.5    Saugy, M.6
  • 51
    • 0024003959 scopus 로고
    • Androgen abuse by athletes
    • Wilson JD (1988). Androgen abuse by athletes. Endocr Rev 9: 181-199.
    • (1988) Endocr Rev , vol.9 , pp. 181-199
    • Wilson, J.D.1
  • 52
    • 0002379936 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of anabolic steroid use: A discussion of methodological issues
    • Yesalis CE ed, Human kinetics: champaign, IL, USA, pp
    • Yesalis CE (ed). (1993). Incidence of anabolic steroid use: a discussion of methodological issues. Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. Human kinetics: champaign, IL, USA, pp 49-69.
    • (1993) Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise , pp. 49-69


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.