Acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly: Conventional and novel treatment approaches

Blood Reviews

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 221-234

  Craig, Chad M ^a   Schiller, Gary J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute myeloid leukemia; Elderly; Treatment

Indexed keywords

5 AZA 2' DEOXYCYTIDINE; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ARSENIC TRIOXIDE; BEVACIZUMAB; CLOFARABINE; CLORETAZINE; CYTARABINE; DAUNORUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; GEMTUZUMAB OZOGAMICIN; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; HEMOPOIETIC GROWTH FACTOR; IDARUBICIN; LINTUZUMAB; MELARSOPROL; MITOXANTRONE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; SGN 33; TIOGUANINE; TIPIFARNIB; VASCULOTROPIN INHIBITOR; VATALANIB;

ACUTE GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; ARTICLE; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HUMAN; LOW DRUG DOSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; ARABINONUCLEOSIDES; ARSENICALS; AZACITIDINE; CYTARABINE; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; HUMANS; HYDRAZINES; IDARUBICIN; LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACUTE; MIDDLE AGED; OXIDES; RECURRENCE; SULFONAMIDES;

EID: 43849102536     PISSN: 0268960X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2008.03.002     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Stone R.M., O'Donnell M.R., and Sekeres M.A. Acute myeloid leukemia. Hematology (2004) 98-117
2. Lowenberg B., Downing J.R., and Burnett A. Acute Myeloid Leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine 341 14 (1999) 1051-1062
3. Ries LG, Melbert D, Krapcho M, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2004, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2004/, based on November 2006 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, 2007.
4. th edition. CMP Healthcare Media, Oncology Publishing Group: Manhasset NY, 369-385.
5. Menzin J., Lang K., Earle C.C., et al. The outcomes and costs of acute myeloid leukemia among the elderly. Archives of Internal Medicine 162 (2002) 1597-1603
6. Cheson B.D., Bennett J.M., Kopecky K.J., et al. Revised recommendations of the International Working Group for Diagnosis, Standardization of Response Criteria, Treatment Outcomes, and Reporting Standards for Therapeutic Trials in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology 21 24 (2003) 4642-4649
7. Lowenberg B., Zittoun R., Kerkhofs H., et al. On the value of intensive remission induction chemotherapy in elderly patients of 65+ years with acute myeloid leukemia: a randomized phase III study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Leukemia Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology 7 (1989) 1268-1274
8. Tilly H., Castaigne S., Bordessoule D., et al. Low-dose cytarabine versus intensive chemotherapy in the treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in the elderly. Journal of Clinical Oncology 8 (1990) 272-279
9. Disperati P., Minden M.D., and Gupta V. Acute promyelocytic leukemia in patients aged 70 years and over - A single center experience of unselected patients. Leukemia & Lymphoma 48 8 (2007) 1654-1658
10. Baudard M., Marie J.P., Cadiou M., et al. Acute myelogenous leukaemia in the elderly: retrospective study of 235 consecutive patients. British Journal of Haematology 86 1 (1994) 82-91
11. Jabbour EJ, Estey E, Kantarjian HM, et al. Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2006;81(2): 247-260. Available at [www.mayoclinicproceedings.com].
12. Stone R.M. The Difficult Problem of Acute Myeloid Leukemia in the Older Adult. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 52 (2002) 363-371
13. Van Leeuwen F.E. Risk of acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplasia following cancer treatment. Bailliere's Clinical Haematology 9 1 (1996) 57-85
14. Appelbaum F.R., Gundacker H., Head D.R., et al. Age and acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 107 9 (2006) 3481-3485
15. Mayer R.J., Davis R.B., Schiffer C.A., et al. Intensive postremission chemotherapy in adults with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer and Leukemia Group B. New England Journal of Medicine 331 14 (1994) 896-903
16. Stone R.M. Novel therapeutic agents in acute myeloid leukemia. Experimental Hematology 35 (2007) 166-167
17. National Comprehensive Cancer Network Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 2003;1(4): 520-539. Updated version available at [http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp?button =I%2BAgree%23site].
18. Grimwade D., Walker H., Harrison G., et al. The predictive value of hierarchical cytogenetic classification in older adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML): analysis of 1065 patients entered into the United Kingdom Medical Research Council AML11 trial. Blood 98 5 (2001) 1312-1320
19. Grimwade D., Walker H., Oliver F., et al. The importance of diagnostic cytogenetics on outcome in AML: analysis of 1,612 patients entered into the MRC AML 10 trial. The Medical Research Council Adult and Children's Leukemia Working Parties. Blood 92 7 (1998) 2322-2333
20. Johnson P.R., Ryder W.D., and Yin J.A. Validation of a model to predict survival in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. British Journal of Haematology 90 (1995) 954-956
21. Johnson P.R., and Yin J.A. Prognostic factors in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Leukemia and Lymphoma 16 (1994) 51-56
22. Kantarjian H., O'brien S., Cortes J., et al. Results of intensive chemotherapy in 998 patients age 65 years or older with acute myeloid leukemia or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome: predictive prognostic models for outcome. Cancer 106 5 (2006) 1090-1098
23. Grigg A.P., Reynolds J., McQuillan A., et al. Prognostic features for response and survival in elderly patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia treated with mitoxantrone and intermediate dose cytarabine. Leukemia and Lymphoma 46 3 (2005) 367-375
24. Johnson P.R., Hunt L.P., and Yin J.A. Prognostic factors in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukaemia: development of a model to predict survival. British Journal of Haematology 85 2 (1993) 300-306
25. Zhong Z, Liu ZC, Li JW. The Clinical Observation on Arsenic Trioxide with ATRA in Treating Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia for Six Years [abstract]. Blood 2007;110(11): Abstract 2868.
26. Fenaux P., Chevret S., and de Botton S. Treatment of older adults with acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Best Practice and Research Clinical Haematology 16 (2003) 495-501
27. Sanz M.A., Vellenga E., Rayon C., et al. All-transretinoic acid and anthracycline monochemotherapy for the treatment of elderly patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 104 (2004) 3490-3493
28. Latagliata R., Avvisati G., Lo Coco F., et al. The role of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) treatment in newly-diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia patients aged > 60 years. Annals of Oncology 8 (1997) 1273-1275
29. Mangelli F., Latagliata R., Avvisati G., et al. Treatment of elderly patients (> or = 60 years) with newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Results of the Italian multicenter group BIMEMA with ATRA and idarubicin (AIDA) protocols. Leukemia 17 (2003) 1085-1090
30. Ades L., Chevret S., De Botton S., et al. Outcome of acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with all transretinoic acid and chemotherapy in elderly patients: the European group experience. Leukemia 19 (2005) 230-233
31. Juliusson G., Hoglund M., Karlsson K., et al. Increased remissions from one course for intermediate-dose cytosine arabinoside and idarubicin in elderly acute myeloid leukaemia when combined with cladribine. A randomized population-based phase II study. British Journal of Haematology 123 5 (2003) 810-818
32. Ferrara F., Annunziata M., Copia C., et al. Therapeutic options and treatment results for patients over 75 years of age with acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 83 2 (1998) 126-131
33. Lowenberg B., Suciu S., Archimbaud E., et al. Mitoxantrone versus daunorubicin in in induction-consolidation chemotherapy-the value of low-dose cytarabine for maintenance of remission, and an assessment of prognostic factors in acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly: final report. European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Dutch-Belgian hemato-Oncology Cooperative Hovon Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology 16 3 (1998) 872-881
34. Leoni F., Ciolli S., Nozzoli C., et al. Idarubicin in induction treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly. Haematologica 82 (1997) 13-18
35. Vey N., Coso D., Bardou V.J., et al. The benefit of induction chemotherapy in patients age > or = 75 years. Cancer 101 2 (2004) 231-235
36. Rowe J.M., Neuberg D., Friedenberg W., et al. A phase 3 study of three induction regimens and of priming with GM-CSF in older adults with acute myeloid leukemia: a trial by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Blood 103 2 (2004) 479-485
37. Goldstone A.H., Burnett A.K., Wheatley K., et al. Attempts to improve treatment outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in older patients: the results of the United Kingdome Medical Research Council AML11trial. Blood 98 (2001) 1302-1311
38. Faderl S., Verstovsek S., Cortes J., et al. Clofarabine and cytarabine combination as induction therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in patients 50 years of age or older. Blood 108 1 (2006) 45-51
39. Anderson J.E., Kopecky K.J., Willman C.L., et al. Outcome after induction chemotherapy for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia is not improved with mitoxantrone and etoposide compared to cytarabine and daunorubicin: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Blood 100 (2002) 389-3876
40. Fey M.F. ESMO Minimum Clinical Recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) in adult patients. Annals of Oncology 14 (2003) 1161-1162
41. Hann I.M., Stevens R.F., Goldstone A.H., et al. Randomized comparison of DAT versus ADE as induction chemotherapy in children and younger adults with acute myeloid leukemia. Results of Medical Research Council's 10th AML trial (MRC AML10). Adult and Childhood Leukaemia Working Parties of the Medical Research Council. Blood 89 7 (1997) 2311-2318
42. Bow E.J., Stuherland J.A., Kilpatrick M.G., et al. Therapy of untreated acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly: remission-induction using a non-cytarabine-containing regimen of mitoxantrone plus etoposide. Journal of Clinical Oncology 14 4 (1996) 1345-1352
43. Milligan D.W., Grimwade D., Cullis J.O., et al. Guidelines on the management of acute myeloid leukaemia in adults. British Journal of Haematology 135 4 (2006) 450-474
44. Wahlin A., Markevarn B., Golovleva I., et al. Prognostic significance of risk group stratification in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. British Journal of Haematology 115 1 (2001) 25-33
45. Marcucci G., Stock W., Dai G., et al. Phase I study of oblimersen sodium, an antisense to Bcl-2, in untreated older patients with acute myeloid leukemia: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and clinical activity. Journal of Clinical Oncology 23 25 (2005) 3404-3411
46. Moore J., Seiter K., Kolitz J., et al. A Phase II study of Bcl-2 antisense (oblimersen sodium) combined with gemtuzumab ozogamicin in older patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first relapse. Leukemia Research 30 7 (2006) 777-783
47. Knapper S., Burnett A.K., Littlewood T., et al. A phase 2 trial of the FLT3 inhibitor lestaurtinib (CEP701) as first-line treatment for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia not considered fit for intensive chemotherapy. Blood 108 (2006) 3263-3270
48. Cheng Y., and Paz K. Tandutinib, an oral, small-molecule inhibitor of FLT3 for the treatment of AML and other cancer indications. IDrugs: The Investigational Drugs Journal 11 1 (2008) 46-56
49. Levis M., Pham R., Smith B.D., et al. In vitro studies of a FLT-3 inhibitor combined with chemotherapy: sequence of administration is important to achieve synergistic cytotoxic effects. Blood 104 (2004) 1145-1150
50. Leith C.P., Kopecky K.J., Godwin J., et al. Acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly: assessment of multidrug resistance (MDR1) and cytogenetics distinguishes biologic subgroups with remarkably distinct responses to standard chemotherapy: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Blood 89 (1997) 3323-3329
51. Van den Heuvel-Eibrink M.M., van der Holt B., and Burnett A.K. CD34-related coexpression of MDR1 and BCRP indicated a clinically resistant phenotype in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) of older age. Annals of Hematology 86 5 (2007) 329-337
52. Baer M.R., George S.L., Dodge R.K., et al. Phase 3 study of the multidrug resistance modulator PSC-833 in previously untreated patients 60 years of age and older with acute myeloid leukemia: Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 9720. Blood 100 4 (2002) 1224-1232
53. Van der Holt B., Lowenberg B., Burnett A.K., et al. The value of the MDR1 reversal agent PSC-833 in addition to daunorubicin and cytarabine in the treatment of elderly patients with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia (AML), in relation to MDR1 status at diagnosis. Blood 106 8 (2005) 2646-2654
54. Greenberg P.L., Lee S.J., Advani R., et al. Mitoxantrone, etoposide, and cytarabine with or without valspodar in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome: a phase III trial (E2995). Journal of Clinical Oncology 22 6 (2004) 1078-1086
55. Connelly-Smith L., Pattinson J., Grundy M., et al. P-glycoprotein is downregulated in KG1a-primitive leukemia cells by LDL cholesterol deprivation and by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Experimental Hematology 35 12 (2007) 1793-1800
56. Yang D.H., Lee J.J., Mun Y.C., et al. Predictable prognostic factor of CD56 expression in patients with acute myeloid leukemia with t(8:21) after high dose cytarabine or allogenetic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. American Journal of Hematology 82 1 (2007) 1-587
57. Wang D, Ke XY, Wang J, et al. Correlation between MDR1 genetic polymorphism and prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia [abstract, article in Chinese]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2007;87(20): 1384-1388.
58. Stone R.M., Berg D.T., George S.L., et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor after initial chemotherapy for elderly patients with primary acute myelogenous leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine 332 (1995) 1671-1677
59. Stone R.M., Berg D.T., George S.L., et al. Postremission therapy in older patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia: a randomized trial comparing mitoxantrone and intermediate-dose cytarabine with standard-dose cytarabine. Blood 98 3 (2001) 548-553
60. Smith T.J., Khatcheressian J., Lyman G.H., et al. Update of Recommendations for the Use of White Blood Cell Growth Factors: An Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of Clinical Oncology 24 (2006) 3187-3205
61. Burnett A.K., Milligan D., Prentice, et al. A comparison of low-dose cytarabine and hydroxyurea with or without all-trans retinoic acid for acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome in patients not considered fit for intensive treatment. Cancer 109 6 (2007) 1114-1124
62. Tilly H, Castaigne S, Sigaux F, et al. Treatment of acute myeloblastic leukemia in elderly patients with low-dose cytosine arabonoside [abstract, article in French]. Presse Medicale 1985;14(15): 827-831.
63. Kantarjian H.M., Jeha S., Gandhi V., et al. Clofarabine: past, present, and future. Leukemia & Lymphoma 48 10 (2007) 1922-1930
64. Burnett AK, Russell N, Kell JW, et al. A phase 2 evaluation of single agent clofarabine as first line treatment for older patients with AML who are not considered fit for intensive chemotherapy [abstract]. Blood 2004;104: 248.
65. Giles F., Rizzieri D., Karp J., et al. Cloretazine (VNP40101M), a novel sulfonylhydrazine alkylating agent, in patients age 60 years or older with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology 25 1 (2007) 1-2
66. Schiller GJ, DeAngelo DJ, Pigneux A, et al. Phase II Study of VNP40101M (Cloretazine) in Elderly Patients with De Novo Poor Risk Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) [abstract]. Blood 2007;110(11): Abstract 917.
67. Estey E. Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndromes in Older Patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology 25 14 (2007) 1908-1915
68. Bouabdallah R., Lefrere F., Rose C., et al. A phase II trial of induction and consolidation therapy of acute myeloid leukemia with weekly oral idarubicin alone in poor risk elderly patients. Leukemia 13 10 (1999) 1491-1496
69. Blum W., Klisovic R.B., Hackanson B., et al. Phase I study of decitabine alone or in combination with valproic acid in acute myeloid leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology 25 25 (2007) 3884-3891
70. Maslak P., Chanel S., Camacho L.H., et al. Pilot study of combination transcriptional modulation therapy with sodium phenylbutyrate and 5-azacytidine in patients with acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Leukemia 20 2 (2006) 212-217
71. Thatikonda C, Rossetti JM, Shadduck RK, et al. Combination Methyltransferase and Histone Deacetylase Inhibition in Elderly Patients with Secondary Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [abstract]. Blood 2007;110(11): Abstract 4387.
72. Mathews V., George B., and Lakshmi K.M. Single-agent arsenic trioxide in the treatment of newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia: durable remissions with minimal toxicity. Blood 107 7 (2006) 2527-2632
73. Parmar S., Rundhaugen L.M., Boehlke L., et al. Phase II trial of arsenic trioxide in relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia, secondary leukemia and/or newly diagnosed patients at least 65 years old. Leukemia Research 28 9 (2004) 909-919
74. Rivi R., Calleja E., Konig A., et al. Organic arsenical melarsoprol shows growth suppressive activity via programmed cell death on APL and other myeloid and lymphoid leukemia derived cell lines. Blood 88 suppl (1996) 68a
75. Soignet S.L., Tong W.P., Hirschfeld S., et al. Clinical study of an organic arsenical, melarsoprol, in patients with advanced leukemia. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 44 5 (1999) 417-421
76. Raza A, Jurcic JG, Roboz GJ, et al. Complete Remissions Observed in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Following Prolonged Exposure to SGN-33 (lintuzumab), a Humanized Monoclonal Antibody Targeting CD33 [abstract]. Blood 2007;110(11): Abstract 159.
77. Lancet J.E., Gojo I., Gotlib J., et al. A phase 2 study of the farnesyl transferase inhibitor tipifarnib in poor-risk and elderly patients with previously untreated acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood 109 4 (2007) 1387-1394
78. Harousseau J.L., Lancet J.E., Reiffers J., et al. A phase 2 study of the oral farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in patients with refractory or relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 109 12 (2007) 5151-5156
79. Karp J.E., Lancet J.E., Kaufmann S.H., et al. Clinical and biologic activity of the franesyltransferase inhibitor R115777 in adults with refractory and relapsed acute leukemias: a phase 1 clinical-laboratory correlative trial. Blood 97 (2001) 3361-3369
80. Raponi M., Horousseau J.L., Lancet J.E., et al. Identification of molecular predictors of response in a study of tipifarnib treatment in relapsed and refractory acute myelogenous leukemia. Clinical Cancer Research 13 7 (2007) 2254-2260
81. Stone R.M., and Mayer R.J. The approach to the elderly patient with acute myeloid leukemia. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 7 1 (1993) 65-79
82. Schiffer C.A., Dodge R., and Larson R.A. Long-term follow-up of Cancer and Leukemia Group B studies in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer 80 (1997) 2210-2214
83. Schiller G., and Lee M. Long-term outcome of high-dose cytarabine-based consolidation chemotherapy for older patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia and Lymphoma 25 (1997) 111-119
84. Grovdal M, Khan R, Aggerholm A, et al. Maintenance Treatment with Azacytidine for Patients with High Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes or Acute Myeloid Leukaemia in Complete Remission after Intensive Chemotherapy [abstract]. Blood 2007;110(11): Abstract 818.
85. Brune M., Sastaigne S., Catalano J., et al. Improved leukemia-free survival after postconsolidation immunotherapy with histamine dihydrochloride and interleukin-2 in acute myeloid leukemia: results of a randomized phase 3 trial. Blood 108 1 (2006) 88-96
86. Saunter C., Berchtold W., Fopp M., et al. Acute myelogenous leukaemia: maintenance chemotherapy after early consolidation treatment does not prolong survival. Lancet 1 (1984) 379-382
87. Champlin R., Jacobs A., Gale R.P., et al. Prolonged survival in acute myelogenous leukaemia without maintenance chemotherapy. Lancet 1 (1984) 894-896
88. Saunter C., Alberto P., Berchtold W., et al. Long-term results of two Swiss AML studies. Haematology and Blood Transfusion 30 (1987) 38-44
89. Bradstock K.F., Matthews J.P., Lowenthal R.M., et al. A randomized trial of high versus conventional dose cytarabine in consolidation chemotherapy for adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia in first remission after induction therapy containing high dose cytarabine. Blood 105 (2005) 481-488
90. Pautas C, Thomas X, Merabet F, et al. Randomized Comparison of Standard Induction with Daunorubicin (DNR) for 3 Days vs Idarubicin (IDA) for 3 or 4 Days in AML pts Aged 50 to 70 and of Maintenance with Interleukin 2. Final Analysis of the ALFA 9801 Study [abstract]. Blood 2007;110(11): Abstract 162.
91. Brune ML, Rowe JM, Szer J, et al. Post-Consolidation Immunotherapy with Histamine Dihydrochloride and Interleukin-2 in AML: Long Term Follow-Up of Leukemia-Free Survival and Overall Survival [abstract]. Blood 2007;110(11): Abstract 1846.
92. Kolb H.J., Schmid C., Barrett A.J., et al. Graft-versus-leukemia reactions in allogeneic chimeras. Blood 103 (2004) 767-776
93. Alsabti E.A., Taleb A.M., Raji H.M., et al. Clinical trials in vaccination with leukemia associated antigens in acute myelogenous leukemia. The Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine 49 3 (1979) 157-168
94. Berneman ZN, Driessche AV, de Velde AV, et al. Vaccination of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients with Dendritic Cells Electroporated with mRNA Encoding the Wilms' Tumor Protein WT1: A Phase I/II Trial [abstract]. Blood 2007;110(11): Abstract 158.
95. Li L., Giannopaulos K., Reinhardt P., et al. Immunotherapy for patients with acute myeloid leukemia using autologous dendritic cells generated from leukemic blasts. International Journal of Oncology 28 (2006) 855-861
96. Rezvani K,Yong SMA, Mielke S, et al. Leukemia-Associated Antigen Specific T-Cell Responses Following Combined PR1 and WT1 Peptide Vaccination in Patients with Myeloid Malignancies [abstract]. Blood 2007;110(11): Abstract 287.
97. Greiner J, Schmitt A, Giannopoulos, et al. Immunological and Clinical Responses in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS), Multiple Myeloma (MM) and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) after RHAMM-R3 Peptide Vaccination [abstract]. Blood 2007;110(11): Abstract 1806.
98. Le Q, Melenhorst JJ, Hensel N, et al. Human Neutrophil Elastase Stimulating CD4+ and CD8+ Cells is a Potential Protein Vaccine for Leukemia Patients with Diverse HLA Types [abstract]. Blood 2007;110(11): Abstract 1807.
99. Ochi T, Fujiwara H, Suemori K, et al. Aurora-A Kinase: A Novel Target for the Immunotherapy Against Human Leukemias [abstract]. Blood 2007;110(11): Abstract 1796.
100. Alyea E.P., Kim H.T., Ho V., et al. Comparative outcome of nonmyeloablative and myeloablative allogenic hematopoietic cell transplantation for patients older than 50 years of age. Blood 105 (2005) 1810-1814
101. Scott B.L., Sandmaier B.M., Storer B., et al. Myeloablative vs nonmyeloablative Allogenic transplantation for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myelogenous leukemia with multilineage dysplasia: a retrospective analysis. Leukemia 20 1 (2006) 128-135
102. Bertz H., Potthoff K., and Finke J. Allogenic stem-cell transplantation from related and unrelated donors in older patients with myeloid leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology 21 8 (2003) 1480-1484
103. Sayer H.G., Kroger M., Beyer, et al. Reduced intensity conditioning for allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: disease status by marrow blasts is the strongest prognostic factor. Bone Marrow Transplant 31 (2003) 1089-1095
104. Blaise D., Vey N., Faucher C., et al. Current status of reduced intensity conditioning allogenic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 92 4 (2007) 533-541
105. Estey E., de Lima M., and Tibes R. Prospective feasibility analysis of reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Blood 109 4 (2007) 1395-1400
106. Schetelig J, Bornhauser M, Schmid C, et al. Comparable Outcome after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation from Matched Unrelated and Sibling Donors in Elderly Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia-Results of a Retrospective Analysis in 368 Patients [abstract]. Blood 2007;110(11): Abstract 172.
107. Brenner M.K., Rill D.R., Moen R.C., et al. Gene-marking to trace origin of relapse after autologous bone-marrow transplantation. Lancet 341 (1993) 85-86
108. Herr A.L., Labopin M., Blaise D., et al. HLA-identical sibling allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation with reduced intensity conditioning compared to autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for elderly patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 21 1 (2007) 129-135
109. Gale R.E., Hills R., Kottaridis P.D., et al. No evidence that FLT3 status should be considered as an indicator for transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML): an analysis of 1135 patients, excluding acute promyelocytic leukemia, from the UK MRC AML10 and 12 trials. Blood 106 10 (2005) 3658-3665
110. Ferrara F., Viola A., Copia C., et al. Age has no influence on mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia. Hematological Oncology. 25 (2007) 84-89
111. Ljungman P., Urbano-Ispizua A., Cavazzana-Calvo M., et al. Allogenic and autologous transplantation for haematological diseases, solid tumours and immune disorders: definitions and current practice in Europe. Bone Marrow Transplant 37 (2006) 439-449
112. Watson M., Buck G., Wheatley K., et al. Adverse impact of bone marrow transplantation on quality of life in acute myeloid leukaemia patients; analysis of the UK Medical Research Council AML 10 Trial. European Journal of Cancer 40 7 (2004) 971-978
113. Wallen H., Gooley T.A., Deeg H.J., et al. Ablative allogenic hematopoietic cell transplantation in adults 60 years of age and older. Journal of Clinical Oncology 23 15 (2005) 3439-3446
114. Gerber H.P., Malik A.K., Solar G.P., et al. VEGF regulates haematopoietic stem cell survival by an internal autocrine loop mechanism. Nature 417 (2002) 954-958
115. Fiedler W., Graeven U., Ergun S., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor, a possible paracrine growth factor in human acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 89 (1997) 1870-1875
116. Zhou J, Khng J, Jasinghe VJ, et al. In vivo activity of ABT-869, a multi-target kinase inhibitor, against acute myeloid leukemia with wild-type FLT3 receptor. Leukemia Research 2007; (Article in press), doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2007.11.025.
117. Karp J.E., Gojo I., Pili R., et al. Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor for relapsed and refractory adult acute myelogenous leukemias: therapy with sequential 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine, mitoxantrone, and bevacizumab. Clinical Cancer Research 11 (2004) 3577-3585
118. Douer D., Watkins K., Levine A.M., et al. Induction of complete remission using single agent clofarabine in a patient with primary refractory acute myeloblaste leukemia. Leukemia & Lymphoma 44 12 (2003) 2135-2136
119. Kantarjian H., Gandhi V., Cortes J., et al. Phase 2 clinical and pharmacologic study of clofarabine in patients with refractory or relapsed acute leukemia. Blood 102 (2003) 2379-2386
120. Faderl S., Gandhi V., O'Brien S., et al. Results of a phase 1-2 study of clofarabine in combination with cytarabine (ara-C) in relapsed and refractory acute leukemias. Blood 105 3 (2005) 940-947
121. Giles F., Verstovsek S., Faderl S., et al. A phase II study of Cloretazine (VNP40101M), a novel sulfonylhydrazine alkylating agent, in patients with very high risk relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia Research 30 12 (2006) 1591-1595
122. Pagano L., Fianchi L., Caira M., et al. The role of Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia patients. Oncogene 26 (2007) 3679-3690
123. Bross P.F., Beitz J., Chen G., et al. Approval summary: Gemtuzumab ozogamicin in relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. Clinical Cancer Research 7 (2001) 1490-1496
124. Taksin A.L., Legrand O., Raffoux E., et al. High efficacy and safety profile of fractionated doses of Mylotarg as induction therapy in patients with relapsed acute myeloblastic leukemia: a prospective study of the alfa group. Leukemia 21 1 (2007) 66-77
125. Tsimberidou A., Cortes J., Thomas D., et al. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin, fludarabine, cytarabine and cylcosporine combination regimen in patients with CD33+ primary resistant or relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia Research 27 10 (2003) 893-897
126. Feldman E.J., Brandwein J., Stone R., et al. Phase III randomized multicenter study of a humanized anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody, lintuzumab, in combination with chemotherapy, versus chemotherapy alone in patients with refractory or first-relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology 23 (2005) 41110-41116