Acute myeloid leukemia

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 341, Issue 14, 1999, Pages 1051-1062

  Löwenberg, Bob ^a   Downing, James R ^b   Burnett, Alan ^c  

^a ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b ST JUDE CHILDREN S RESEARCH HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYCLOSPORIN; CYTARABINE; GLYCOPROTEIN P; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

ACUTE GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; INCIDENCE; MOLECULAR CLONING; PATHOGENESIS; PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REMISSION; REVIEW;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; CORE BINDING FACTOR ALPHA 2 SUBUNIT; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; HEMATOPOIETIC CELL GROWTH FACTORS; HUMANS; LEUKEMIA, MYELOMONOCYTIC, ACUTE; LEUKEMIA, NONLYMPHOCYTIC, ACUTE; PROGNOSIS; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS; RECURRENCE; REMISSION INDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-2; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; TRANSLOCATION, GENETIC;

EID: 0345713156     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199909303411407     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Kosary CL, Ries LAG, Miller BA, Hankey BF, Edwards BK, eds. SEER cancer statistics review, 1973-1992: tables and graphs. Bethesda, Md.: National Cancer Institute, 1995. (NIH publication no. 96-2789.)
2. Catovsky D, Matutes E, Buccheri V, et al. A classification of acute leukaemia for the 1990s. Ann Hematol 1991;62:16-21.
3. Ryan DH. Phcnotypic heterogeneity in acute leukemia. Clin Chim Acta 1992;206:9-23.
4. Matutes E, Pombo de Oliveira M, Foroni L, Morilla R, Catovsky D. The role of ultrastructural cytochemistry and monoclonal antibodies in clarifying the nature of undifferentiated cells in acute leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1988;69:205-11.
5. Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, et al. Proposals for the classification of the acute leukaemias. Br J Haematol 1976;33:451-8.
6. Idem. Proposed revised criteria for the classification of acute myeloid leukemia: a report of the French-American-British Cooperative Group. Ann Intern Med 1985;103:620-5.
7. Idem. Criteria for the diagnosis of acute leukemia of mcgakaryocytc lineage (M7): a report of the French-American-British Cooperative Group. Ann Intern Med 1985;103:460-2.
8. Bloomfield CD, Brunning RD. The revised French-American-British classification of acute myeloid leukemia: is new better? Ann Intern Med 1985;103:614-6.
9. Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, et al. Proposal for the recognition of minimally differentiated acute myeloid leukaemia (AML-MO). Br J Haematol 1991;78:325-9.
10. Koike T. Megakaryoblastic leukemia: the characterization and identification of megakaryoblasts. Blood 1984;64:683-92.
11. Rowley JD. Chromosome changes in acute leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1980;44:339-46.
12. Yunis JJ. Recurrent chromosomal defects are found in most patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1984;11: 125-37.
13. Bitter MA, Le Beau MM, Rowley JD, Larson RA, Golomb HM, Vardiman JW. Associations between morphology, karyotype, and clinical features in myeloid leukemias. Hum Pathol 1987;18:211-25.
14. Lo Coco F, Diverio D, Pandolfi PP, et al. Molecular evaluation of residual disease as a predictor of relapse in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Lancet 1992;340:1437-8.
15. Grimwade D, Solomon E. Characterisation of the PML/RAR alpha rearrangement associated with t(15;17) acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1997;220:81-112.
16. Chambon P. A decade of molecular biology of retinoic acid receptors. FASEB J 1996;10:940-54.
17. Horlein AJ, Naar AM, Heinzel T, et al. Ligand-independent repression by the thyroid hormone receptor mediated by a nuclear receptor co-repressor. Nature 1995;377:397-404.
18. Kurokawa R, Soderstrom M, Horlein A, et al. Polarity-specific activities of retinoic acid receptors determined by a co-repressor. Nature 1995; 377:451-4.
19. Nagy L, Kao HY, Chakravarti D, et al. Nuclear receptor repression mediated by a complex containing SMRT, mSin3A, and histone deacetylase. Cell 1997;89:373-80.
20. Grignani F, De Matteis S, Nervi C, et al. Fusion proteins of the retinoic acid receptor-alpha recruit histone deacetylase in promyelocytic leukaemia. Nature 1998;391:815-8.
21. Lin RJ, Nagy L, Inoue S, Shao W, Miller WH Jr, Evans RM. Role of the histone deacetylase complex in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Nature 1998;391:811-4.
22. He LZ, Guidez F, Tribioli C, et al. Distinct interactions of PML-RARα and PLZF-RARα with co-repressors determine differential responses to RA in APL. Nat Genet 1998;18:126-35.
23. Warrell RP Jr, de Thé H, Wang Z-Y, Degos L. Acute promyelocytic leukemia. N Engl I Med 1993;329:177-89.
24. Look AT. Oncogenic transcription factors in the human acute leukemias. Science 1997;278:1059-64.
25. Miyoshi H, Shimizu K, Kozu T, Maseki N, Kaneko Y, Ohki M. t(8;21) Breakpoints on chromosome 21 in acute myeloid leukemia are clustered within a limited region of a single gene, AML1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991;88:10431-4.
26. Erickson P, Gao J, Chang KS, et al. Identification of breakpoints in t(8;21) acute myelogcnous leukemia and isolation of a fusion transcript, AML1/ETO, with similarity to Drosophila segmentation gene, runt. Blood 1992;80:1825-31.
27. Daga A, Tighe JE, Calabi F. Leukemia/Drosophila homology. Nature 1992;356:484.
28. Okuda T, van Deursen J, Hiebert SW, Grosveld G, Downing JR. AML1, the target of multiple chromosomal translocations in human leukemia, is essential for normal fetal liver hematopoiesis. Cell 1996;84:321-30.
29. Wang Q, Stacy T, Binder M, Marin-Padilla M, Sharpe AH, Speck NA. Disruption of the Cbfa2 gene causes necrosis and hemorrhaging in the central nervous system and blocks definitive hematopoiesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93:3444-9.
30. Wang Q, Stacy T, Miller JD, et al. The CBFβ subunit is essential for CBFα2 (AML1) function in vivo. Cell 1996;87:697-708.
31. Sasaki K, Yagi H, Bronson RT, et al. Absence of fetal liver hematopoiesis in mice deficient in transcriptional coactivator core binding factor beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93:12359-63.
32. Liu P, Tarle SA, Hajra A, et al. Fusion between transcription factor CBFJβ/PEBP2β and a myosin heavy chain in acute myeloid leukemia. Science 1993;261:1041-4.
33. Meyers S, Lenny N, Hiebert SW. The t(8;21) fusion protein interferes with AML-1B-dependent transcriptional activation. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:1974-82.
34. Frank R, Zhang J, Uchida H, Meyers S, Hiebert SW, Nimer SD. The AML1/ETO fusion protein blocks transactivation of the GM-CSF promoter by AML1B. Oncogene 1995;11:2667-74.
35. Westendorf JJ, Yamamoto CM, Lenny N, Downing JR, Selsted ME, Hiebert SW. The t(8;21) fusion product, AML-1-ETO, associates with C/EBP-α, inhibits C/EBP-α-dependent transcription, and blocks granulocytic differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 1998;18:322-33.
36. Lutterbach B, Sun D, Schuetz J, Hiebert SW. The MYND motif is required for repression of basal transcription from the multidrug resistance 1 promoter by the t(8;21) fusion protein. Mol Cell Biol 1998;18:3604-11.
37. Wang J, Hoshino T, Redner RL, Kajigaya S, Liu JM. Novel human nuclear receptor co-repressor: cloning and identification as a binding partner for the ETO proto-oncoprotein. Blood 1997;90:Suppl 1:245a. abstract.
38. Arthur DC, Bloomfield CD. Partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 16 and bone marrow eosinophilia in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: a new association. Blood 1983;61:994-8.
39. Le Beau MM, Larson RA, Bitter MA, Vardiman JW, Golomb HM, Rowley JD. Association of an inversion of chromosome 16 with abnormal marrow cosinophils in acute myelomonocytic leukemia: a unique cytoge netic-clinicopathological association. N Engl J Med 1983;309:630-6.
40. Shurtleff SA, Meyers S, Hiebert SW, et al. Heterogeneity in CBFβ/MYH11 fusion messages encoded by the inv(16)(p13q22) and the t(16; 16)(p13;q22) in acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood 1995;85:3695-703.
41. Costello R, Sainty D, Lecine P, et al. Detection of CBFβ/MYH11 fusion transcripts in acute myeloid leukemia: heterogeneity of cytological and molecular characteristics. Leukemia 1997;11:644-50.
42. Kanno Y, Kanno T, Sakakura C, Bae SC, Ito Y. Cytoplasmic sequestration of the polyomavirus enhancer binding protein 2 (PEBP2)/core binding factor alpha (CBFalpha) subunit by the leukemia-related PEBP2/CBFbeta-SMMHC fusion protein inhibits PEBP2/CBF-mediated transactivation. Mol Cell Biol 1998;18:4252-61.
43. Rubnitz JE, Behm FG, Downing JR. 11q23 Rearrangements in acute leukemia. Leukemia 1996;10:74-82.
44. Waring PM, Cleary ML. Disruption of a homolog of trithorax by 11q23 translocations: leukemogenic and transcriptional implications. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1997;220:1-23.
45. Cui X, De Vivo I, Slany R, Miyamoto A, Firestein R, Cleary ML. Association of SET domain and myotubularin-related proteins modulates growth control. Nat Genet 1998;18:331-7.
46. Dong F, Brynes RK, Tidow N, Weite K, Löwenberg B, Touw IP. Mutations in the gene for the granulocyte colony-stimulating-factor receptor in patients with acute myeloid leukemia preceded by severe congenital neutropenia. N Engl J Med 1995;333:487-93.
47. Dong F, Dale DC, Bonilla MA, et al. Mutations in the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor gene in patients with severe congenital neutropenia. Leukemia 1997;11:120-5.
48. Hermans MH, Ward AC, Antonissen C, Karis A, Lowenberg B, Touw IP. Perturbed granulopoiesis in mice with a targeted mutation in the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor gene associated with severe chronic neutropenia. Blood 1998;92:32-9.
49. van Putten WLJ, Löwenberg B. Prognostic factors in adult AML. Blood 1997;90:Suppl 1:65a. abstract.
50. WHO Handbook for reporting results of cancer treatment. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1979.
51. Yunis JJ, Brunning RD, Howe RB, Lobell M. High-resolution chromosomes as an independent prognostic indicator in adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 1984;311:812-8.
52. Keating MJ, Smith TL, Kantarjian H, et al. Cytogenetic pattern in acute myelogenous leukemia: a major reproducible determinant of outcome. Leukemia 1988;2:403-12.
53. Mrozek K, Heinonen K, de la Chapelle A, Bloomfield CD. Clinical significance of cytogenetics in acute myeloid leukemia. Semin Oncol 1997; 24:17-31.
54. Grimwade D, Walker H, Oliver F, et al. The importance of diagnostic cytogenetics on outcome in AML: analysis of 1,612 patients entered into the MRC AML 10 trial. Blood 1998;92:2322-33.
55. Löwenberg B, Suciu S, Archimbaud E, et al. Mitoxantrone versus daunorubicin in induction-consolidation chemotherapy - the value of lowdose cytarabine for maintenance of remission, and an assessment of prognostic factors in acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly: final report of the Leukemia Cooperative Group of the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Dutch-Belgian Hemato-Oncology Cooperative Hovon Group Randomized Phase III Study AML-9. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:872-81.
56. van Leeuwen FE. Risk of acute myelogenous leukaemia and myelodysplasia following cancer treatment. Baillicres Clin Haematol 1996;9:57-85.
57. Kyle RA, Pierre RV, Bayrd ED. Multiple myeloma and acute myelomonocytic leukemia: report of four cases possibly related to melphalan. N Engl J Med 1970;283:1121-5.
58. Levine EG, Bloomfield CD. Leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes secondary to drug, radiation, and environmental exposure. Semin Oncol 1992;19:47-84.
59. Pedersen-Bjergaard J. Radiotherapy- and chemotherapy-induced myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia: a review. Leuk Res 1992;16:61-5.
60. Pui C-H, Ribeiro RC, Hancock ML, et al. Acute myeloid leukemia in children treated with epipodophyllotoxins for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1682-7.
61. Berman E, Heller G, Santorsa J, et al. Results of a randomized trial comparing idarubicin and cytosine arabinoside with daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside in adult patients with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood 1991;77:1666-74.
62. Vogler WR, Velez-Garcia E, Weiner RS, et al. A phase III trial comparing idarubicin and daunorubicin in combination with cytarabine in acute myelogenous leukemia: a Southeastern Cancer Study Group study. J Clin Oncol 1992;10:1103-11.
63. Wiernik PH, Banks PLC, Case DC Jr, et al. Cytarabine plus idarubicin or daunorubicin as induction and consolidation therapy for previously untreated adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1992;79:313-9.
64. Arlin Z, Case DC Jr, Moore J, et al. Randomized multicenter trial of cytosine arabinoside with mitoxantrone or daunorubicin in previously untreated adult patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). Leukemia 1990;4:177-83.
65. The AML Collaborative Group. A systemic collaborative overview of randomized trials comparing idarubicin with daunorubicin (or other anthracyclines) as induction therapy for acute mycloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1998;103:100-9.
66. Burnett AK, Goldstone AH, Stevens R, et al. Allo and auto BMT reduce relapse risk in AML in CR1 but do not significantly improve overall survival: results of the MRC AML 10 Trial. Br J Haematol 1996;93:Suppl 2:313. abstract.
67. Bishop JF, Lowenthal PM, Joshua D, et al. Etoposide in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1990;75:27-32.
68. Bishop JF, Matthews JP, Young GA, et al. A randomized study of high-dose cytarabine in induction in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1996;87: 1710-7.
69. Weick JK, Kopecky KJ, Appelbaum FR, et al. A randomized investigation of high-dose versus standard-dose cytosinc arabinoside with daunorubicin in patients with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Blood 1996;88:2841-51.
70. Thomas ED, Buckner CD, Clift RA, et al. Marrow transplantation for acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in first remission. N Engl J Med 1979; 301:597-9.
71. Appelbaum FR, Dahlberg S, Thomas ED, et al. Bone marrow transplantation or chemotherapy after remission induction for adults with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia: a prospective comparison. Ann Intern Med 1984;101:581-8.
72. Champlin RE, Ho WG, Gale RP, et al. Treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia: a prospective controlled trial of bone marrow transplantation versus consolidation chemotherapy. Ann Intern Med 1985;102:285-91.
73. Cassileth PA, Harrington DP, Appelbaum FR, et al. Chemotherapy compared with autologous or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in the management of acute mycloid leukemia in first remission. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1649-56.
74. Keating S, de Witte T, Suciu S, et al. The influence of HLA-matched sibling donor availability on treatment outcome for patients with AML: an analysis of the AML 8A study of the EORTC Leukaemia Cooperative Group and GIMEMA. Br J Haematol 1998;102:1344-53.
75. Stevens RF, Hann IM, Wheatley K, Gray RG. Marked improvements in outcome with chemotherapy alone in paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia: results of the United Kingdom Medical Research Council's 10th AML trial. Br J Haematol 1998;101:130-40.
76. Löwenberg B, Abels J, van Bekkum DW, et al. Transplantation of nonpurified autologous bone marrow in patients with AML in first remission. Cancer 1984;54:2840-3.
77. Burnett AK, Tansey P, Watkins R, et al. Transplantation of unpurged autologous bone-marrow in acute myeloid leukaemia in first remission. Lancet 1984;2:1068-70.
78. Löwenberg B, Verdonck LJ, Dekker AW, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia in first remission: results of a Dutch prospective study. J Clin Oncol 1990;8:287-94.
79. Gorin NC, Labopin M, Meloni G, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute myeloblastic leukemia in Europe: further evidence of the role of marrow purging by mafosfamide. Leukemia 1991;5: 896-904.
80. Harousseau J-L, Cahn J-Y, Pignon B, et al. Comparison of autologous bone marrow transplantation and intensive chemotherapy as postremission therapy in adult acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1997;90:2978-86.
81. Zittoun RA, Mandelli F, Willemze R, et al. Autologous or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation compared with intensive chemotherapy in acute myelogcnous leukemia. N Engl J Med 1995:332:217-23.
82. Burnett AK, Goldstone AH, Stevens RMF, et al. Randomised compar ison of addition of autologous bone-marrow transplantation to intensive chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia in first remission: results of MRC AML 10 trial. Lancet 1998;351:700-8.
83. Ravindranath Y, Yeager AM, Chang MN, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation versus intensive consolidation chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia in childhood. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1428-34.
84. Brenner MK, Rill DR, Moen RC, et al. Gene-marking to trace origin of relapse after autologous bone-marrow transplantation. Lancet 1993;341: 85-6.
85. Plunkett W, Liliemark JO, Adams TM, et al. Saturation of 1-β-D-ara-binofuranosylcytosine 5′-triphosphate accumulation in leukemia cells during high-dose 1-β-D-arabinoruranosylcytosine therapy. Cancer Res 1987; 47:3005-11.
86. Mayer RJ, Davies RB, Schiffer CA, et al. Intensive postremission chemotherapy in adults with acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:896-903.
87. Kern W, Aul C, Maschmeyer G, et al. Superiority of high-dose over intermediate-dose cytosine arabinoside in the treatment of patients with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia: results of an age-adjusted prospective randomized comparison. Leukemia 1998;12:1049-55.
88. Petersen FB, Lynch MHE, Clift RA, et al. Autologous marrow transplantation for patients with acute myeloid leukemia in untreated first relapse or in second complete remission. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:1353-60.
89. Clift RA, Buckner CD, Thomas ED, et al. The treatment of acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia by allogeneic marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1987;2:243-58.
90. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for leukaemia in Europe: report from the Working Party on Leukaemia, European Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation. Lancet 1988;1:1379-82.
91. Kernan NA, Bartsch G, Ash RC, et al. Analysis of 462 transplantations from unrelated donors facilitated by the National Marrow Donor Program. N Engl J Med 1993;328:593-602.
92. Leith CP, Kopecky KJ, Godwin J, et al. Acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly: assessment of multidrug resistance (MDR1) and cytogcnctics distinguishes biologic subgroups with remarkably distinct responses to standard chemotherapy: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Blood 1997;89: 3323-9.
93. Löwenberg B. Treatment of the elderly patient with acute leukaemia. Baillieres Clin Haematol 1996;9:147-59.
94. Löwenberg B, Zittoun R, Kerkhofs H, et al. On the value of intensive remission-induction chemotherapy in elderly patients of 65+ years with acute myeloid leukemia: a randomized phase III study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Leukemia Group. J Clin Oncol 1989;7:1268-74.
95. Terpstra WE, Löwenberg B. Application of myeloid growth factors in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 1997;11:315-27.
96. Schiffer CA. Hematopoietic growth factors as adjuncts to the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1996;88:3675-85.
97. Löwenberg B, Touw IP. Hematopoietic growth factors and their receptors in acute leukemia. Blood 1993;81:281-92.
98. Dombret H, Chastang C, Fenaux P, et al. A controlled study of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in elderly patients after treatment for acute myelogenous leukemia. N Engl J Med 1995:332: 1678-83.
99. Godwin JE, Kopecky KJ, Head DR, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in elderly patients with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group study (9031). Blood 1998;91:3607-15.
100. Rowe JM, Andersen JW, Mazza JJ, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled phase III study of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in adult patients (>55 to 70 years of age) with acute myelogenous leukemia: a study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E1490). Blood 1995;86:457-62.
101. Stone RM, Berg DT, George SL, et al. Granulocyte - macrophage colony-stimulating factor after initial chemotherapy for elderly patients with primary acute myelogenous leukemia. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1671-7.
102. Löwenberg B, Boogaerts MA, Daenen SMGJ, et al. Value of different modalities of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor applied during or after induction therapy of acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:3496-506.
103. Witz F, Sadoun A, Perrin MC, et al. A placebo-controlled study of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor administered during and after induction treatment for de novo acute myelogenous leukemia in elderly patients. Blood 1998;91:2722-30.
104. Zittoun R, Suciu S, Mandelli F, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor associated with induction treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia: a randomized trial by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Leukemia Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:2150-9.
105. Löwenberg B, Suciu S, Archimbaud E, et al. Use of recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor during and after remission induction chemotherapy in patients aged 61 years and older with acute myeloid leukemia (AML): final report of AML-11, a phase III randomized study of the Leukemia Cooperative Group of the European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC-LCG) and the Dutch Belgian Hemato-Oncology Cooperative Group (HOVON). Blood 1997;90:2952-61.
106. Heil G, Hoelzer D, Sanz MA, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III study of fiigrastim in remission induction and consolidation therapy for adults with de novo acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1997;90:4710-8.
107. Sanz MA, de la Rubia J, Sanz GF, et al. Busulfan and cyctophosphamide followed by autologous blood stem-cell transplantation for patients with acute mycloblastic leukemia in first complete remission: a report from a single institution. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:1661-7.
108. Demirer T, Petersen FB, Bensinger WI, et al. Autologous transplantation with peripheral blood stem cells collected after granuiocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996;18:29-34.
109. Vellenga E, van Putten WLJ, Boogaerts MA, et al. Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation as an alternative to autologous marrow transplantation in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia? Bone Marrow Transplant 1999;23:1279-82.
110. Löwenberg B, Sonneveld P. Resistance to chemotherapy in acute leukemia. Curr Opin Oncol 1998;10:31-5.
111. Sonneveld P. Multidrug resistance in acute myeloid leukaemia. Bailliercs Clin Haematol 1996;9:185-203.
112. Cole SP, Bhardwaj G, Gerlach JH, et al. Overexpression of a transporter gene in a multidrug-resistant human lung cancer cell line. Science 1992;258:1650-4.
113. Scheper RJ, Broxterman HJ, Scheffer GL, et al. Overexpression of a M(r) 110,000 vesicular protein in non-P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance. Cancer Res 1993;53:1475-9.
114. List AF, Spier CS, Grogan TM, et al. Overexpression of the major vault transporter protein lung-resistance protein predicts treatment outcome in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1996;87:2464-9.
115. Filipits M, Pohl G, Stranzl T, et al. Expression of the lung resistance protein predicts poor outcome in de novo acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1998;91:1508-13.
116. Solary E, Witz B, Caillot D, et al. Combination of quinine as a potential reversing agent with mitoxantrone and cytarabine for the treatment of acute leukemias: a randomized multicentcr study. Blood 1996;88:1198-205.
117. List AF, Spier C, Greer J, et al. Phase I/II trial of cyclosporin as a chemotherapy-resistance modifier in acute leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1993;11: 1652-60.