Chapter 3 Atopic Disorders and Parasitic Infections

Advances in Parasitology

Volumn 66, Issue , 2008, Pages 149-191

  Reddy, Aditya ^a   Fried, Bernard ^a  

^a LAFAYETTE COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHELMINTIC AGENT; CYTOKINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; OMALIZUMAB; PLACEBO;

ALLERGIC ASTHMA; ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS; ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES; ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS; ATOPIC DERMATITIS; ATOPY; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS; HELMINTH; HELMINTHIASIS; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOMODULATION; INFECTION SENSITIVITY; NONHUMAN; PARASITE VIRULENCE; PARASITOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCHISTOSOMA HEMATOBIUM; SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI; TH1 CELL; TH2 CELL; ACUTE DISEASE; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANIMAL; BAGG ALBINO MOUSE; CHILD; CHRONIC DISEASE; DISEASE MODEL; IMMEDIATE TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMUNOLOGY; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; MOUSE; PARASITOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRESCHOOL CHILD;

ANIMALIA; VERMES;

ACUTE DISEASE; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANIMALS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CHRONIC DISEASE; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HELMINTHIASIS; HELMINTHS; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE; IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES; MICE; MICE, INBRED BALB C; PARASITIC DISEASES;

EID: 43449097515     PISSN: 0065308X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-308X(08)00203-0     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Aderele W.I., and Oduwole O. Ascaris and bronchial asthma in children. Afr. J. Med. Med. Sci. 11 (1982) 161-166
2. Alonso-Trujillo J., Rivera-Montoya I., Rodríguez-Sosa M., and Terrazas L.I. Nitric oxide contributes to host resistance against experimental Taenia crassiceps cysticercosis. Parasitol. Res. 100 (2007) 1341-1350
3. Akbari O., Stock P., De Kruyff R.H., and Umetsu D. Role of regulatory T cells in allergy and asthma. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 15 (2003) 627-633
4. Araujo M.I., and de Carvalho E.M. Human schistosomiasis decreases immune responses to allergens and clinical manifestations of asthma. Chem. Immunol. Allergy 90 (2006) 29-44
5. Araujo M.I., Lopes A.A., Medeiros M., Cruz A.A., Sousa-Atta L., Sole D., and Carvalho E.M. Inverse association between skin response to aeroallergens and Schistosoma mansoni infection. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 123 (2000) 145-148
6. Arruda L.K. Tropomyosin in parasites-A crossreactive IgE-binding protein?. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Int. 17 (2005) 243-245
7. Arruda L.K., and Santos A.B. Immunologic responses to common antigens in helminthic infections and allergic disease. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 5 (2005) 399-402
8. Asher M.I., and Weiland S.K. The International study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC). ISAAC steering committee. Clin. Exp. Allergy 28 (1998) 52-66
9. Bachert C., van Cauwenberge P., and Khaltaev N. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (in collaboration with the World Health Organization. Executive summary of the workshop report. 7-10 December 1999, Geneva, Switzerland). Allergy 57 (2002) 841-855
10. Beasley R., Pekkanen J., and Pearce N. Has the role of atopy in the development of asthma been over-emphasized?. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 23 (2001) S149-S150
11. Boguniewicz M., Martin R.J., Martin D., Gibson U., Celniker A., Williams M., and Leung D.Y.M. The effects of nebulized interferon-gamma in asthmatic airways. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 95 (1995) 133-135
12. Brazis P., Queralt M., de Mora F., Ferrer L., and Puigdemont A. Comparative study of histamine release from skin mast cells dispersed from atopic, Ascaris-sensitive and healthy dogs. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 66 (1998) 43-51
13. Bundy D.A.P., Chan M.S., Medley G.F., and Jamison D. Intestinal nematode infections. In: Murray C.J.L., Lopez A.D., and Athers C.D. (Eds). The Global Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva 243-300
14. Burgess I. Allergic reactions to arthropods. Indoor Built Environ. 2 (1993) 64-70
15. Carswell F., Meakins R.H., and Harland P.S. Parasites and asthma in Tanzanian children. Lancet 2 (1976) 706-707
16. Carvalho E.M., Bastos L.S., and Araujo M.I. Worms and allergy. Parasite Immunol. 28 (2006) 525-534
17. Cooper P.J. Can intestinal helminth infections (geohelminths) affect the development and expression of asthma and allergic disease?. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 128 (2002) 398-404
18. Cooper P.J. Intestinal worms and human allergy. Parasite Immunol. 26 (2004) 455-467
19. Cooper P.J., Chico M.E., Rodrigues L.C., Strachan D.P., Anderson H.R., Rodriguez E.A., and Griften G.E. Reduced risk of atopy among school-age children infected with geohelminth parasites in a rural area of the tropics. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 111 (1993) 995-1000
20. Cooper P.J., Chico M.E., Bland M., Griffin G.E., and Nutman T.B. Allergic symptoms, atopy, and geohelminth infections in a rural area of Ecuador. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 168 (2003) 313-317
21. Cooper P.J., Chico M.E., Sandoval C., and Nutman T.B. Atopic phenotype is an important determinant of immunoglobulin E-mediated inflammation and expression of T helper cell type 2 cytokines to Ascaris antigens in children exposed to ascariasis. J. Infect. Dis. 190 (2004) 1338-1346
22. Cooper P.J., Chico M.E., Rodrigues L.C., Strachan D.P., Anderson H.R., Rodriguez E.A., Gaus D.P., and Griffin G.E. Risk factors for atopy among school children in a rural area of Latin America. Clin. Exp. Allergy 34 (2004) 845-852
23. Cooper P.J., Barreto M.L., and Rodrigues L.C. Human allergy and geohelminth infections: A review of the literature and a proposed conceptual model to guide the investigation of possible causal associations. Br. Med. Bull. 79-80 (2006) 203-218
24. Cruz A.A., Popov T., Pawankar R., Annesi-Maesano I., Fokkens W., Kemp J., Ohta K., Price D., and Bousquet J. Common characteristics of upper and lower airways in rhinitis and asthma: ARIA update, in collaboration with GA(2)LEN. Allergy 62 (2007) 1-41
25. Cruz A.A., Lima F., Sarinho E., Ayre G., Martin C., Fox H., and Cooper J.P. Safety of anti-immunoglobulin E therapy with omalizumab in allergic patients at risk of geohelminth infection. Clin. Exp. Allergy 37 (2007) 197-207
26. Dagoye D., Bekele Z., Woldemichael K., Nida H., Yimam M., Hall A., Venn A.J., Britton J.R., Hubbard R., and Lewis S.A. Wheezing, allergy, and parasite infection in children in urban and rural Ethiopia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 15 (2003) 1369-1373
27. Davey G., Venn A.J., Belete H., Berhane Y., and Britton J.R. Wheeze, allergic sensitisation and geohelminth infection in Butajira, Ethiopia. Clin. Exp. Allergy 35 (2005) 301-307
28. Dold S., Heinrich J., Wichmann H.E., and Wjst M. Ascaris-specific IgE and allergic sensitization in a cohort of school children in the former East Germany. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 102 (1998) 414-420
29. Doligalska M., Donskow-Schmelter K., Rzepecka J., and Drela N. Reduced apoptosis in BALB/c mice infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Parasite Immunol. 29 (2007) 283-291
30. Donnelly S., Dalton J.P., and Loukas A. Proteases in helminth-and allergen-induced inflammatory responses. Chem. Immunol. Allergy 90 (2006) 45-64
31. Dow S.W., Schwartze J., Heath T.D., Potter T.A., and Gelfand E.W. Systemic and local interferon gamma gene delivery to the lungs for treatment of allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. Hum. Gene Ther. 10 (1999) 1905-1914
32. Else K.J. Have gastrointestinal nematodes outwitted the immune system?. Parasite Immunol. 27 (2005) 407-415
33. Erb K.L. Helminths, allergic disorders and IgE-mediated immune responses: Where do we stand?. Eur. J. Immunol. 37 (2007) 1170-1173
34. Ferreira M.U., Rubinsky-Elefant G., de Castro T.G., Hoffmann E.H., da Silva-Nunes M., Cardoso M.A., and Muniz P.T. Bottle feeding and exposure to Toxocara as risk factors for wheezing illness among under-five Amazonian children: A population-based cross-sectional study. J. Trop. Pediatr. 53 (2007) 119-124
35. Finkelman F.D., Shea-Donohue T., Goldhill J., Sullivan C.A., Morris S.C., Madden K.B., Gause W.C., and Urban Jr. J.F. Cytokine regulation of host defense against parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes: Lessons from studies with rodent models. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15 (1997) 505-533
36. Flohr C. Dirt, worms and atopic dermatitis. Br. J. Dermatol. 148 (2003) 871-877
37. Flöistrup H., Swartz J., Bergström A., Alm J.S., Scheynius A., van Hage M., Waser M., Braun-Fahrländer C., Schram-Bijkerk D., Huber M., Zutavern A., von Mutius E., et al., The PARSIFAL Study Group. Allergic disease and sensitization in Steiner school children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 117 (2006) 59-66
38. Gale E.A.M. A missing link in the hygiene hypothesis?. Diabetologia 45 (2002) 588-594
39. Geiger S.M., Abrahams-Sandi E., Soboslay P.T., Hoffmann W.H., Pfaff A.W., Graeff-Teixeira C., and Schulz-Key H. Cellular immune responses and cytokine production in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice during the acute phase of Angiostrongylus costaricensis infection. Acta Trop. 80 (2001) 59-68
40. Geiger S.M., Caldas I.R., Glone B.E., Campi-Azevedo A.C., De Oliveira L.M., Brooker S., Diemert D., Correa-Oliveira R., and Bethony J.M. Stage-specific immune responses in human Necator americanus infection. Parasite Immunol. 29 (2007) 347-358
41. Gelpi A.P., and Mustafa A. Seasonal pneumonitis with eosinophilia: A study of larval ascariasis in Saudi Arabs. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 16 (1967) 646-657
42. Gómez-García L., Rivera-Montoya I., Rodríguez-Sosa M., and Terrazas L.I. Carbohydrate components of Taenia crassiceps metacestodes display Th2-adjuvant and anti-inflammatory properties when co-injected with bystander antigen. Parasitol. Res. 99 (2006) 440-448
43. Gratziou C., Lignos M., Dassiou M., and Roussos C. Influence of atopy on exhaled nitric oxide in patients with stable asthma and rhinitis. Eur. Respir. J. 14 (1999) 897-901
44. Guement J.M. Bronchial asthma, spasmodic coryza and parasitic diseases. Nouv. Presse Med 2 (1973) 2125
45. Holgate S.T. The epidemic of allergy and asthma. Nature 402 (1999) B2-B4
46. Holland M.J., Harcus Y.M., Riches P.L., and Maizels R.M. Proteins secreted by the parasitic nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis act as adjuvants for Th2 responses. Eur. J. Immunol. 30 (2000) 1977-1987
47. Huang S.L., Tsai P.F., and Yeh Y.F. Negative association of Enterobius infestation with asthma and rhinitis in primary school children in Taipei. Clin. Exp. Allergy 32 (2002) 1029-1032
48. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee. Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: ISAAC. Lancet 351 (1998) 1225-1232
49. Jarrett E.E., and Kerr J.W. Threadworms and IgE in allergic asthma. Clin. Allergy 3 (1973) 203-207
50. Jenkins S.J., Hewitson J.P., Jenkins G.R., and Mountford A.P. Modulation of the host's immune response by schistosome larvae. Parasite Immunol. 27 (2005) 385-393
51. Joubert J.R., de Klerk H.C., and Malan C. Ascaris lumbricoides and allergic asthma: A new perspective. S. Afr. Med. J. 56 (1979) 599-602
52. Kamal S.M., and Sayed K.E. Immune modulation by helminthic infections: Worms and viral infections. Parasite Immunol. 28 (2006) 483-496
53. Kamradt T., Goggel R., and Erb K.J. Induction, exacerbation and inhibition of allergic and autoimmune diseases by infection. Trends Immunol. 26 (2005) 260-267
54. Karadag B., Ege M., Bradley J.E., Braun-Fahrlander C., Riedler J., Nowak D., and von Mutius E. The role of parasitic infections in atopic diseases in rural schoolchildren. Allergy 61 (2006) 996-1001
55. Kayhan B., Telatar H., and Karacadag S. Bronchial asthma associated with intestinal parasites. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 69 (1978) 605-606
56. Kennedy M.W. Immune response to Anisakis simplex and other ascarid nematodes. Allergy 55 (2000) 7-13
57. King E.M., Kim H.T., Dang N.T., Michael E., Drake L., Needham C., Haque R., Bundy D.A., and Webster J.P. Immuno-epidemiology of Ascaris lumbricoides infection in a high transmission community: Antibody responses and their impact on current and future infection intensity. Parasite Immunol. 27 (2005) 89-96
58. Knox D.P. Proteinase inhibitors and helminth parasite infection. Parasite Immunol. 29 (2007) 57-71
59. La Flamme A.C., Ruddenklau K., and Backstrom B.T. Schistosomiasis decreases central nervous system inflammation and alters the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Infect. Immun. 71 (2003) 4996-5004
60. Lack G., Renz H., Saloga J., Bradley K.L., Loaden J., Leung D.Y.M., Larsen G., and Gelfand E.W. Nebulized but not parenteral IFN-gamma decreases IgE production and normalizes airway function in a murine model of allergen sensitization. J. Immunol. 152 (1994) 2546-2554
61. Lack G., Bradley K.L., Hamelmann E., Renz H., Loader J., Leung D.Y.M., Larsen G., and Gelfand E.W. Nebulized IFN-gamma inhibits the development of secondary allergen responses in mice. J. Immunol. 157 (1996) 1432-1439
62. Larsen F.S., and Hanifin J.M. Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis. Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am. 22 (2002) 1-24
63. Leonardi-Bee J., Pritchard D., Britton J., and The Parasites in Asthma Collaboration. Asthma and current intestinal parasite infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 174 (2006) 514-523
64. Li X.M., Chopra R.K., Chou T.Y., Schofield B.H., Wills-Karp M., and Huang S.K. Mucosal IFN-gamma gene transfer inhibits pulmonary allergic responses in mice. J. Immunol. 157 (1996) 3216-3219
65. Li C.Y., Li F., and Qiu H.L. Clinical analysis of 41 cases with eosinophil asthma associated Ascaris infection. [Chinese] Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 18 (2000) 223
66. Lima C., Perini A., Garcia M.L.B., Martins M.A., Teixeira M.M., and Macedo M.S. Eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness are profoundly inhibited by a helminth (Ascaris suum) extract in a murine model of asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy 32 (2002) 1659-1666
67. Lopez-Saez M.P., Zubeldia J.M., Caloto M., Olalde S., Pelta R., Rubio M., and Baeza M.L. Is Anisakis simplex responsible for chronic urticaria?. Allergy Asthma Proc. 24 (2003) 339-345
68. Lynch N.R., Lopez R.I., Di Prisco-Fuenmayor M.C., Hagel I., Medouze L., Viana G., Ortega C., and Prato G. Allergic reactivity and socio-economic level in a tropical environment. Clin. Allergy 17 (1987) 199-207
69. Lynch N.R., Hagel I., Perez M., Di Prisco M.C., Lopez R., and Alvarez N. Effect of antihelminthic treatment on the allergic reactivity of children in a tropical slum. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 92 (1993) 404-411
70. Lynch N.R., Palenque M., Hagel I., and Di Prisco M.C. Clinical improvement of asthma after anthelminthic treatment in a tropical situation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 156 (1997) 50-54
71. Maizels R.M., and Yazdanbakhsh M. Immune regulation by helminth parasites: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3 (2003) 733-744
72. Maizels R.M., Balic A., Gomez-Escobar N., Nair M., Taylor M.D., and Allen J.E. Helminth parasites-Masters of regulation. Immunol. Rev. 201 (2004) 89-116
73. Maloy K.J., and Powrie F. Regulatory T cells in the control of immune pathology. Nat. Immunol. 2 (2001) 816-822
74. Martin E.S. Increase of mast cells in the peritoneal cavity of rats treated atopic patient's serum. Allergol. Immunopathol. 4 (1976) 131-138
75. Martin R.J., Boguniewicz M., Henson J.E., Celniker A.C., Williams M., Giorno R.C., and Leung D.Y.M. The effects of inhaled interferon-gamma in normal human airways. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148 (1993) 1677-1682
76. Matricardi P.M., Rosmini F., Ferrigno L., Nisini R., Rapicetta M., Chionne P., Stroffolini T., Pasquini P., and D'Amelio R. Cross-sectional retrospective study of prevalence of atopy among Italian military students with antibodies against hepatitis A virus. Br. Med. J. 314 (1997) 999-1003
77. McSharry C., Xia Y., Holland C.V., and Kennedy M.W. Natural immunity to Ascaris lumbricoides associated with immunoglobulin E antibody to ABA-1 allergen and inflammation indicators in children. Infect. Immun. 67 (1999) 484-489
78. Medeiros Jr. M., Figueiredo J.P., Almeida M.C., Matos M.A., Araujo M.I., Cruz A.A., Atta A.M., Rego M.A.V., de Jesus A.R., and Taketomi E. Schistosoma mansoni infection is associated with a reduced course of asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 111 (2003) 947-951
79. Medeiros Jr. M., Almeida M.C., Figueiredo J.P., Atta A.M., Mendes C.M., Araújo M.I., Taketomi E.A., Terra S.A., Silva D.A., and Carvalho E.M. Low frequency of positive skin tests in asthmatic patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni exposed to high levels of mite allergens. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 15 (2004) 142-147
80. Mingomataj E.C., Xhixha F., and Gjata E. Helminths can protect themselves against rejection inhibiting hostile respiratory allergy symptoms. Allergy 61 (2006) 400-406
81. Morera P. Abdominal angiostrongyliasis. A public health problem?. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 21 (1988) 81-83
82. Motta A.C., and van Oosterhout A.J.M. T cells in asthma: Lessons from mouse models. Drug Discov. Today Dis. Models 3 (2006) 199-204
83. Muto R., Imai S., Tezuka H., Furuhashi Y., and Fujita K. The biological activity of ABA-1-like protein from Ascaris lumbricoides. J. Med. Dent. Sci. 48 (2001) 95-104
84. Ndiaye M., and Bousquet J. Allergies and parasitoses in sub-Saharan Africa. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 26 (2004) 105-114
85. Nyan O.A., Walraven G.E.L., Banya W.A.S., Milligan P., Van Der Sande M., Ceesay S.M., Del Prete G., and McAdam K.P. Atopy, intestinal helminth infection and total serum IgE in rural and urban adult Gambian communities. Clin. Exp. Allergy 31 (2001) 1672-1678
86. Obihara C.C., Beyers N., Gie R.P., Hoekstra M.O., Fincham J.E., Marais B.J., Lombard C.J., Dini L.A., and Kimpen J.L. Respiratory atopic disease, Ascaris-immunoglobulin E and tuberculin testing in urban South African children. Clin. Exp. Allergy 36 (2006) 640-648
87. Ogilvie B.M., and de Savigny D. Immune response to nematodes. In: Cohen S., and Warren K.S. (Eds). Immunology of Parasitic Infections (1982), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, England 715-757
88. Ogorodova L.M., Freidin M.B., Sazonov A.E., Fedorova O.S., Gerbek I.E., Cherevko N.A., and Yu Lebedeva N. A pilot screening of prevalence of atopic states and opisthorchosis and their relationship in people of Tomsk Oblast. Parasitol. Res. 101 (2007) 1165-1168
89. Palmer L.J., Celedon J.C., Weiss S.T., Wang B., Fang Z., and Xu X. Ascaris lumbricoides infection is associated with increased risk of childhood asthma and atopy in rural China. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 165 (2002) 1489-1493
90. Pascual C.Y., Crespo J.F., San Martin S., Ornia N., Ortega T., Caballero M., Muñoz-Pereira M., and Martin-Esteban M. Cross-reactivity between IgE-binding proteins from Anisakis, German cockroach, and chironomids. Allergy 52 (1997) 514-520
91. Pereira M.U., Sly P.D., Pitrez P.M., Jones M.H., Escouto D., Dias A.C.O., Weiland S.K., and Stein R.T. Nonatopic asthma is associated with helminth infections and bronchiolitis in poor children. Eur. Respir. J. 29 (2007) 1154-1160
92. Perzanowski M.S., Nganga L.W., Carter M.C., Odhiambo J., Ngan P., Vaughan J.W., and Chapman M.P. Atopy, asthma, and antibodies to Ascaris among rural and urban children in Kenya. J. Pediatr. 140 (2002) 582-588
93. Pinto L.A., Dias A.C.O., Rymer B.L., Fernandes F.F., Barbosa G.L., Jones M.H., Teixeira C.G., Stein R.T., and Pitrez P.M.C. Effect of Angiostrongylus costaricensis extract on eosinophilic pulmonary response in BALB/c mice. Parasitol. Res. 98 (2006) 295-298
94. Ponte E., Lima F., Araujo M.I., Maria I., Oliveira R.R., Cardoso L.S., and Cruz A.A. Skin test reactivity and Der p1-induced IL-10 production in patients with asthma or rhinitis infected with Ascaris. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 96 (2006) 713-718
95. Priftanji A., Strachan D., Burr M., Sinamati J., Shkurti A., Grabocka E., Kaur B., and Fitzpatrick S. Asthma and allergy in Albania and the UK. Lancet 358 (2001) 1426-1427
96. Read A.F., and Skorping A. The evolution of tissue migration by parasitic nematode larvae. Parasitology 111 (1995) 359-371
97. Redecke V., Hacker H., Datta S.K., Fermin A., Pitha P.M., Broide D.H., and Razet E. Activation of Toll-like receptor 2 induces a Th2 immune response and promotes experimental asthma. J. Immunol. 172 (2004) 2729-2743
98. Reddy A., and Fried B. The use of Trichuris suis and other helminth therapies to treat Crohn's disease. Parasitol. Res. 100 (2007) 921-927
99. Reece J.J., Siracusa M.C., and Scott A.L. Innate immune responses to lung-stage helminth infection induce alternatively activated alveolar macrophages. Infect. Immunol. 74 (2006) 4970-4981
100. Romagnani S. The increased prevalence of allergy and the hygiene hypothesis: Missing immune deviation, reduced immune suppression, or both?. Immunology 112 (2004) 352-363
101. Rzepecka J., Donskow-Schmelter K., and Doligalska M. Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection down-regulates eotaxin concentration and CCR3 expression on lung eosinophils in murine allergic pulmonary inflammation. Parasite Immunol. 29 (2007) 405-413
102. Sabin E.A., Araujo M.I., Carvalho E.M., and Pearce E.J. Impairment of tetanus toxoid-specific Th1-like immune responses in humans infected with Schistosoma mansoni. J. Infect. Dis. 173 (1996) 269-272
103. Sales V.S., Rodrigues C.E., Trombone A.P.F., Lima R.C., Santos A.B.R., Oliver C., Ferriani V.P.L., Chapman M.D., and Arruda L.K. Infection with Ascaris lumbricoides in preschool children: Role in wheezing and IgE responses to inhalant allergens. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 109 (2002) S27
104. Schäfer T., Meyer T., Ring J., Wichmann H.-E., and Heinrich J. Worm infestation and the negative association with eczema (atopic/nonatopic) and allergic sensitization. Allergy 60 (2005) 1014-1020
105. Scrivener S., Yemaneberhan H., Zebenigus M., Tilahun D., Girma S., Ali S., McElroy P., Custovic A., Woodcock A., and Pritchard D. Independent effects of intestinal parasite infection and domestic allergen exposure on the risk of wheeze in Ethiopia: A nested case-control study. Lancet 358 (2001) 1493-1499
106. Sears M.R. Descriptive epidemiology of asthma. Lancet 350 (1997) SII1-SII4
107. Sears M.R. Evolution of asthma through childhood. Clin. Exp. Allergy 28 (1998) 82-91
108. Shaheen S.O., Aaby P., Hall A.J., Barker D.J.P., Heyes C.B., Shiella A.W., and Goudiaby A. Measles and atopy in Guinea-Bissau. Lancet 347 (1996) 1792-1796
109. Shirakawa T., Enomoto T., Shimazu S., and Hopkin J.M. The inverse association between tuberculin responses and atopic disorder. Science 275 (1997) 77-79
110. Smits H.H., and Yazdanbakhsh M. Chronic helminth infections modulate allergen-specific immune responses: Protection against development of allergic disorders?. Ann. Int. Med. 39 (2007) 428-439
111. Smits H.H., Hartgers F.C., and Yazdanbakhsh M. Helminth infections: Protection from atopic disorders. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 5 (2005) 42-50
112. Spergel J.M., and Paller A.S. Atopic dermatitis and the atopic march. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 112 (2003) S118-S127
113. Turner J.D., Faulkner H., Kamgno J., Kennedy M.W., Behnke J., Boussinesq M., and Bradley J.E. Allergen-specific IgE and IgG4 are markers of resistance and susceptibility in a human intestinal nematode infection. Microbes Infect. 7 (2005) 990-996
114. Trujillo-Vargas C.M., Werner-Klein M., Wohlleben G., Polte T., Hansen G., Ehlers S., and Erb K.J. Helminth-derived products inhibit the development of allergic responses in mice. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 175 (2007) 336-344
115. van den Biggelaar A.H., van Ree R., Rodrigues L.C., Lell B., Deelder A., Kremsner P., and Yazdanbakhsh M. Decreased atopy in children infected with: A role for parasite-induced interleukin-10. Lancet 356 (2000) 1723-1727
116. van den Biggelaar A.H., Lopuhaa C., van Ree R., van der Zee J.S., Jans J., Hoek A., Migombet B., Borrmann S., Luckner D., Kremsner P.G., and Yazdanbakhsh M. The prevalence of parasite infestation and house dust mite sensitization in Gabonese schoolchildren. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 126 (2001) 231-238
117. van den Biggelaar A.H., Boorman S., Kremsner P., and Yazdanbakhsh M. Immune responses induced by repeated treatment do not result in protective immunity to Schistosoma haematobium: Interleukin (IL)-5 and Il-10 responses. J. Infect. Dis. 186 (2002) 1474-1482
118. van den Biggelaar A.H., Rodrigues L.C., van Ree R., Zee J.S., van der Hoeksma-Kruize Y.C.M., Souverijn J.H.M., Missinou M.A., Borrmann S., Kremsner P.G., and Yazdanbakhsh M. Long-term treatment of intestinal helminths increases mite skin-test reactivity in Gabonese schoolchildren. J. Infect. Dis. 189 (2004) 892-900
119. van der Kleij D., and Yazdanbakhsh M. Control of inflammatory diseases by pathogens: Lipids and the immune system. Eur. J. Immunol. 33 (2003) 2953-2963
120. von Hertzen L.C., and Haahtela T. Asthma and atopy-The price of affluence?. Allergy 59 (2004) 124-137
121. Wang C.C., Nolan T.J., Schad G.A., and Abraham D. Infection in mice with the helminth Strongyloides stercoralis suppresses pulmonary allergic responses to ovalbumin. Clin. Exp. Allergy 31 (2001) 495-503
122. Weiss S. Parasites and asthma/allergy: What is the relationship?. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 105 (2000) 205-210
123. Williams H., Robertson C., Stewart A., Aït-Khaled N., Anabwani G., Anderson R., Asher I., Beasley R., Björkstén B., Burr M., Clayton T., Crane J., et al. Worldwide variations in the prevalence of symptoms of atopic eczema in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 103 (1999) 125-138
124. Wilson M.S., Taylor M.D., Balic A., Finney C.A., Lamb J.R., and Maizels R.M. Suppression of allergic airway inflammation by helminth-induced regulatory T cells. J. Exp. Med. 202 (2005) 1199-1212
125. Yazdanbakhsh M., and Wahyuni S. The role of helminth infections in protection from atopic disorders. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 5 (2005) 386-391
126. Yazdanbakhsh M., van den Biggelaar A., and Maizels R.M. Th2 responses without atopy: Immunoregulation in chronic helminth infections and reduced allergic disease. Trends Immunol. 22 (2001) 372-377
127. Yazdanbakhsh M., Kremsner P.G., and van Ree R. Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis. Science 296 (2002) 490-494
128. Zaccone P., Fehervari Z., Jones F.M., Sidobre S., Kronenberg M., Dunne D.W., and Cooke A. Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the activity of the innate immune response and prevent onset of type 1 diabetes. Eur. J. Immunol. 33 (2003) 1439-1449
129. Zaccone P., Fehervari Z., Phillips J.M., Dunne D.W., and Cooke A. Parasitic worms and inflammatory diseases. Parasite Immunol. 28 (2006) 515-523