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The few reported highly enantioselective hydrogenations of heteroaromatic compounds result in partial saturation of the aromatic system and the creation of a single stereocenter: 2-Methylquinoxaline to 2-methyl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinoxaline: a) C. Bianchini, P. Barbaro, G. Scapacci, E. Farnetti, M. Graziani, Organometallics 1998, 17, 3308;
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For diastereoselective hydrogenations of o-toluic acid derivatives, see: d) M. Besson, F. Delbecq, P. Gallezot, S. Neto, C. Pinel, Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 949.
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Representative stereoselective hydrogenations of pyridines: diastereoselective: a) H. Steiner, P. Giannousis, A. Pische-Jacques, H.-U. Blaser, Top. Catal. 2000, 13, 191;
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enantioselective: f) H.-U. Blaser, H. Hönig, M. Studer, C. Wedemeyer-Exl, J. Mol. Catal. A 1999, 139, 253;
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It is generally accepted that the hydrogen atoms are transferred to the face of the pyridinium ring that is adsorbed on the catalyst. Stepwise hydrogenation may give rise to partially hydrogenated species with different coordination modes. See: L. A. M. M. Barbosa, P. Sautet, J. Catal. 2003, 217, 23.
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Barbosa, L.A.M.M.1
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note
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In some cases the hydrogenation can be stopped at aminal 6, e.g. in the case of 6g or 6j. An investigation of their synthetic utility is ongoing and will be reported in due course.
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note
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4 (CCDC-230264), respectively.
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33
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4544315777
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note
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The absolute stereochemistry of the products was determined unequivocally by comparison of optical rotation data with literature values (3a, 3b, 3d; N-Boc derivative of 3c), by X-ray-analysis of 3i (CCDC-230263), 6g (CCDC-230265), 6j (CCDC-230266), and 7 (CCDC-230267). CCDC 230262-230267 contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/conts/retrieving.html (or from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12, Union Road, Cambridge CB21EZ, UK; fax: (+44)1223-336-033; or deposit@ ccdc.cam.ac.uk).
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0037178121
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3, toluene, 140°C) varies in the choice of the optimal ligand: whereas less reactive substrates benefited from the use of N,N′-dimethylethylendiamine, phenanthroline proved to be superior for more reactive substrates.
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J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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Klapars, A.1
Huang, X.2
Buchwald, S.L.3
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note
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2/C [100, 98]. In all cases the S enantiomer is formed predominantly.
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36
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0041054503
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Cleavage of a chiral auxiliary often leaves behind an undesired functional group, whereas in this case, a C-H bond is formed on the parent molecule. The term "traceless cleavage" is usually used in the context of traceless linkers: S. Bräse, S. Dahmen, Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 1899.
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Chem. Eur. J.
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Dahmen, S.2
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4544225265
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note
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Whereas the reaction with acetaldehyde can be explained as a reductive amination, the reaction with acetic anhydride is less well understood since amides seem to be tolerated under the reaction conditions (see Table 1, entry 6).
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