Insights in metabolism and toxin production from the complete genome sequence of Clostridium tetani

Anaerobe

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 53-68

  Brüggemann, Holger ^a   Gottschalk, Gerhard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Clostridium tetani; Comparative genomics; Tetanus disease; Tetanus toxin; Virulence plasmid pE88

Indexed keywords

ABC TRANSPORTER; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; BACTERIAL TOXIN; BACTERIOCIN; BACTERIUM LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; BUTYRIC ACID; CELL SURFACE PROTEIN; COLLAGENASE; CYTOLYSIN; GANGLIOSIDE; LIPID; NEUROTOXIN; PLASMID DNA; PROTEIN HISTIDINE KINASE; RIBOSOME RNA; RNA POLYMERASE; SIGMA FACTOR; SYNAPTOBREVIN; TETANUS TOXIN;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BACILLUS CEREUS; BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME; BACTERIAL GENOME; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BIOGENESIS; CARBOXY TERMINAL SEQUENCE; CATALYSIS; CELL INTERACTION; CLOSTRIDIUM; CLOSTRIDIUM HISTOLYTICUM; CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS; CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI; DIMERIZATION; FERMENTATION TECHNIQUE; FRAMESHIFT MUTATION; GAS GANGRENE; GENE CLUSTER; GENE CONTROL; GENE FUNCTION; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENE ISOLATION; GENE LOCATION; GENE REPLICATION; GENE SEQUENCE; GENE STRUCTURE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOME ANALYSIS; GENOMICS; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HYDROLYSIS KINETICS; LIPID DEGRADATION; LIPOLYSIS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; OPEN READING FRAME; OXIDATION KINETICS; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN DNA BINDING; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN MOTIF; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; PSEUDOGENE; REGULATORY MECHANISM; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; SHORT SURVEY; SPOROGENESIS; STREPTOCOCCUS SALIVARIUS; SYNAPSE VESICLE; TOXIN SYNTHESIS; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CLOSTRIDIA; CLOSTRIDIUM; CLOSTRIDIUM ACETOBUTYLICUM; CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS; CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI; POSIBACTERIA; PROKARYOTA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 1942486733     PISSN: 10759964     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2003.08.001     Document Type: Short Survey

References (59)

1. Finn C.W., Silver R.P., Habig W.H., Hardegree M.C. The structural gene for tetanus toxin is on a plasmid. Science. 224:1984;881-884.
2. Eisel U., Jarausch W., Goretzki K., Henschen A., Engels J., Weller U., Hudel M., Habermann E., Niemann H. Tetanus toxin. primary structure, expression in E coli, and homology with botulinum toxins. EMBO J. 5:1986;2495-2502.
3. Fairweather N.F., Lyness V.A. The complete nucleotide sequence of tetanus toxin. Nucleic Acids Res. 14:1986;7809-7812.
4. Brüggemann H., Bäumer S., Fricke W.F., Wiezer A., Liesegang H., Decker I., Herzberg C., Martinez-Arias R., Merkl R., Henne A., Gottschalk G. The genome sequence of Clostridium tetani, the causative agent of tetanus disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100:2003;1316-1321.
5. Grigoriev A. Analyzing genomes with cumulative skew diagrams. Nucleic Acids Res. 26:1998;2286-2290.
6. Marvaud J.C., Eisel U., Binz T., Niemann H., Popoff M.R. TetR is a positive regulator of the tetanus toxin gene in Clostridium tetani and is homologous to BotR. Infect Immun. 66:1998;5698-5702.
7. Schiavo G., Montecucco C. The structure and mode of action of botulinum and tetanus toxin. Rood J.I., McClane B.A., Songer J.G., Titball R.W. The clostridia; molecular biology and pathogenesis. 1997;295-322 San Diego, Academic Press.
8. Schiavo G., Benfenati F., Poulain B., Rossetto O., Polverino de Laureto P., DasGupta B.R., Montecucco C. Tetanus and botulinum-B neurotoxins block neurotransmitter release by proteolytic cleavage of synaptobrevin. Nature. 359:1992;832-835.
9. Matsushita O., Yoshihara K., Katayama S.I., Minami J., Okabe A. Purification and characterization of a Clostridium perfringens 120-kilodalton collagenase and nucleotide sequence of the corresponding gene. J Bacteriol. 176:1994;149-156.
10. Matsushita O., Jung C.M., Katayama S., Minami J., Takahashi Y., Okabe A. Gene duplication and multiplicity of collagenases in Clostridium histolyticum. J Bacteriol. 181:1999;923-933.
11. Harrington D.J. Bacterial collagenases and collagen-degrading enzymes and their potential role in human disease. Infect Immun. 64:1996;1885-1891.
12. The international polycystic kidney disease consortium. Polycystic kidney disease: the complete structure of the PKD1 gene and its protein. Cell 1995;81:289-98.
13. Matsushita O., Koide T., Kobayashi R., Nagata K., Okabe A. Substrate recognition by the collagen-binding domain of Clostridium histolyticum class I collagenase. J Biol Chem. 276:2001;8761-8770.
14. Read T.D., Salzberg S.L., Pop M., Shumway M., Umayam L., Jiang L., Holtzapple E., Busch J.D., Smith K.L., Schupp J.M., Solomon D., Keim P., Fraser C.M. Comparative genome sequencing for discovery of novel polymorphisms in Bacillus anthracis. Science. 296:2002;2028-2033.
15. Saitou N., Nei M. The neighbour-joining method. a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees Mol Biol Evol. 4:1987;406-425.
16. Mani N., Dupuy B. Regulation of toxin synthesis in Clostridium difficile by an alternative RNA polymerase sigma factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:2001;5844-5849.
17. Garnier T., Cole S.T. Studies of UV-inducible promoters from Clostridium perfringens in vivo and in vitro. Mol Microbiol. 2:1988;607-614.
18. Marvaud J.C., Gibert M., Inoue K., Fujinaga Y., Oguma K., Popoff M.R. botR/A is a positive regulator of botulinum neurotoxin and associated non-toxin protein genes in Clostridium botulinum A. Mol Microbiol. 29:1998;1009-1018.
19. Shimizu T., Ohtani K., Hirakawa H., Ohshima K., Yamashita A., Shiba T., Ogasawara N., Hattori M., Kuhara S., Hayashi H. Complete genome sequence of Clostridium perfringens, an anaerobic flesh-eater. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 99:2002;996-1001.
20. Nölling J., Breton G., Omelchenko M.V., Makarova K.S., Zeng Q., Gibson R., Lee H.M., Dubois J., Qiu D., Hitti J., Wolf Y.I., Tatusov R.L., Sabathe F., Doucette-Stamm L., Soucaille P., Daly M.J., Bennett G.N., Koonin E.V., Smith D.R. Genome sequence and comparative analysis of the solvent-producing bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum. J Bacteriol. 183:2001;4823-4838.
21. Ivanova N., Sorokin A., Anderson I., Galleron N., Candelon B., Kapatral V., Bhattacharyya A., Reznik G., Mikhailova N., Lapidus A., Chu L., Mazur M., Goltsman E., Larsen N., D'Souza M., Walunas T., Grechkin Y., Pusch G., Haselkorn R., Fonstein M., Ehrlich S.D., Overbeek R., Kyrpides N. Genome sequence of Bacillus cereus and comparative analysis with Bacillus anthracis. Nature. 423:2003;87-91.
22. Takami H., Nakasone K., Takaki Y., Maeno G., Sasaki R., Masui N., Fuji F., Hirama C., Nakamura Y., Ogasawara N., Kuhara S., Horikoshi K. Complete genome sequence of the alkaliphilic bacterium Bacillus halodurans and genomic sequence comparison with Bacillus subtilis. Nucleic Acids Res. 28:2000;4317-4331.
23. Kunst F., Ogasawara N., Moszer I., Albertini A.M., Alloni G., Azevedo V., Bertero M.G., Bessieres P., Bolotin A., Borchert S., Borriss R., Boursier L., Brans A., Braun M., Brignell S.C., Bron S., Brouillet S., Bruschi C.V., Caldwell B., Capuano V., Carter N.M., Choi S.K., Codani J.J., Connerton I.F., Danchin A.et al. The complete genome sequence of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Nature. 390:1997;249-256.
24. Ross K.F., Ronson C.W., Tagg J.R. Isolation and characterization of the lantibiotic salivaricin A and its structural gene salA from Streptococcus salivarius 20P3. Appl Environ Microbiol. 59:1993;2014-2021.
25. Tsuda H., Yamashita Y., Shibata Y., Nakano Y., Koga T. Genes involved in bacitracin resistance in Streptococcus mutans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 46:2002;3756-3764.
26. Garnier T., Cole S.T. Identification and molecular genetic analysis of replication functions of the bacteriocinogenic plasmid pIP404 from Clostridium perfringens. Plasmid. 19:1988;151-160.
27. Gustafsson C., Persson B.C. Identification of the rrmA gene encoding the 23S rRNA m1G745 methyltransferase in Escherichia coli and characterization of an m1G745-deficient mutant. J Bacteriol. 180:1998;359-365.
28. Lowe T.M., Eddy S.R. tRNAscan-SE. a program for improved detection of transfer RNA genes in genomic sequence Nucleic Acids Res. 25:1997;955-964.
29. Delcher A.L., Harmon D., Kasif S., White O., Salzberg S.L. Improved microbial gene identification with GLIMMER. Nucleic Acids Res. 27:1999;4636-4641.
30. Overbeek R., Larsen N., Pusch G.D., D'Souza M., Selkov E., Kyrpides N., Fonstein M., Maltsev N., Selkov E. WIT. integrated system for high-throughput genome sequence analysis and metabolic reconstruction Nucleic Acids Res. 28:2000;123-125.
31. Karjalainen T., Waligora-Dupriet A.J., Cerquetti M., Spigaglia P., Maggioni A., Mauri P., Mastrantonio P. Molecular and genomic analysis of genes encoding surface-anchored proteins from Clostridium difficile. Infect Immun. 69:2001;3442-3446.
32. Calabi E., Ward S., Wren B., Paxton T., Panico M., Morris H., Dell A., Dougan G., Fairweather N. Molecular characterization of the surface layer proteins from Clostridium difficile. Mol Microbiol. 40:2001;1187-1199.
33. Waligora A.J., Hennequin C., Mullany P., Bourlioux P., Collignon A., Karjalainen T. Characterization of a cell surface protein of Clostridium difficile with adhesive properties. Infect Immun. 69:2001;2144-2153.
34. Kuroda A., Sekiguchi J. Molecular cloning and sequencing of a major Bacillus subtilis autolysin gene. J Bacteriol. 173:1991;7304-7312.
35. Calabi E., Calabi F., Phillips A.D., Fairweather N.F. Binding of Clostridium difficile surface layer proteins to gastrointestinal tissues. Infect Immun. 70:2002;5770-5778.
36. Carfi A., Pares S., Duee E., Galleni M., Duez C., Frere J.M., Dideberg O. The 3-D structure of a zinc metallo-beta-lactamase from Bacillus cereus reveals a new type of protein fold. EMBO J. 14:1995;4914-4921.
37. Mengaud J., Ohayon H., Gounon P., Mege R.M., Cossart P. E-cadherin is the receptor for internalin, a surface protein required for entry of L. monocytogenes into epithelial cells. Cell. 84:1996;923-932.
38. Evdokimov A.G., Anderson D.E., Routzahn K.M., Waugh D.S. Unusual molecular architecture of the Yersinia pestis cytotoxin YopM. a leucine-rich repeat protein with the shortest repeating unit J Mol Biol. 312:2001;807-821.
39. Wilde E., Hippe H., Tosunoglu N., Schallehn G., Herwig K., Gottschalk G. Clostridium tetanomorphum sp. nov, nom. rev. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 39:1989;127-134.
40. Raynaud C., Sarcabal P., Meynial-Salles I., Croux C., Soucaille P. Molecular characterization of the 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) operon of Clostridium butyricum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100:2003;5010-5015.
41. Kofoid E., Rappleye C., Stojiljkovic I., Roth J. The 17-gene ethanolamine (eut) operon of Salmonella typhimurium encodes five homologues of carboxysome shell proteins. J Bacteriol. 181:1999;5317-5329.
42. Boynton Z.L., Bennet G.N., Rudolph F.B. Cloning, sequencing, and expression of clustered genes encoding beta-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase, crotonase, and butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. J Bacteriol. 178:1996;3015-3024.
43. Youngleson J.S., Jones D.T., Woods D.R. Homology between hydroxybutyryl and hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase enzymes from Clostridium acetobutylicum fermentation and vertebrate fatty-acid β-oxidation pathways. J Bacteriol. 171:1989;6800-6807.
44. McGuire M., Huang K., Kapadia G., Herzberg O., Dunaway-Mariano D. Location of the phosphate binding site within Clostridium symbiosum pyruvate phosphate dikinase. Biochemistry. 37:1998;13463-13474.
45. Häse C.C., Fedorova N.D., Galperin M.Y., Dibrov P.A. Sodium ion cycle in bacterial pathogens. evidence from cross-genome comparisons Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 65:2001;353-370.
46. +-translocating NADH. quinone oxidoreductase from Vibrio cholerae Biochemistry. 41:2002;3781-3789.
47. Schmehl M., Jahn A., Meyer zu Vilsendorf A., Hennecke S., Masepohl B., Schuppler M., Marxer M., Oelze J., Klipp W. Identification of a new class of nitrogen fixation genes in Rhodobacter capsulatus. a putative membrane complex involved in electron transport to nitrogenase Mol Gen Genet. 241:1993;602-615.
48. +-translocating vacuolar ATPase from Enterococcus hirae. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;24885-24890.
49. +-pumping V1V0-ATPase complex in the thermophilic bacterium Clostridium fervidus. J Bacteriol. 179:1997;1274-1279.
50. + in Bacillus subtilis is induced by ethanol or protonophore. Mol Microbiol. 23:1997;1107-1120.
51. + antiporters of Bacillus exhibit characteristics that are unanticipated for completely secondary active transporters. FEBS Lett. 496:2001;117-120.
52. + antiporter from Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol. 180:1998;6642-6648.
53. Dorn M., Andreesen J.R., Gottschalk G. Fumarate reductase of Clostridium formicoaceticum. A peripheral membrane protein. Arch Microbiol. 119:1978;7-11.
54. Pealing S.L., Black A.C., Manson F.D., Ward F.B., Chapman S.K., Reid G.A. Sequence of the gene encoding flavocytochrome c from Shewanella putrefaciens. a tetraheme flavoenzyme that is a soluble fumarate reductase related to the membrane-bound enzymes from other bacteria Biochemistry. 31:1992;12132-12140.
55. Leys D., Tsapin A.S., Nealson K.H., Meyer T.E., Cusanovich M.A., Van Beeumen J.J. Structure and mechanism of the flavocytochrome c fumarate reductase of Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1. Nat Struct Biol. 6:1999;1113-1117.
56. Ba-Thein W., Lyristis M., Ohtani K., Nisbet I.T., Hayashi H., Rood J.I., Shimizu T. The virR/virS locus regulates the transcription of genes encoding extracellular toxin production in Clostridium perfringens. J Bacteriol. 178:1996;2514-2520.
57. Shimizu T., Yaguchi H., Ohtani K., Banu S., Hayashi H. Clostridial VirR/VirS regulon involves a regulatory RNA molecule for expression of toxins. Mol Microbiol. 43:2002;257-265.
58. Neumüller A.M., Konz D., Marahiel M.A. The two-component regulatory system BacRS is associated with bacitracin 'self-resistance' of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC10716. Eur J Biochem. 268:2001;3180-3189.
59. Janausch I.G., Garcia-Moreno I., Unden G. Function of DcuS from Escherichia coli as a fumarate-stimulated histidine protein kinase in vitro. J Biol Chem. 277:2002;39809-39814.