James Watson tells the inconvenient truth: Faces the consequences

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 70, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 1081-1091

  Malloy, Jason ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFRICA; EDITORIAL; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EUROPE; HEREDITY; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; INTELLIGENCE TEST; MEDICAL PRACTICE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROBLEM SOLVING; RACE DIFFERENCE; SCORING SYSTEM;

AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; SCIENCE; TRUST;

EID: 42749091390     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.03.041     Document Type: Editorial

References (112)

1. Hunt-Grubbe C. The elementary DNA of Dr Watson. The Sunday Times; October 14, 2007.
2. Watson J.D. Avoid boring people: lessons from a life in science (2007), Knopf, New York
3. Milmo C. Fury at DNA pioneer's theory: Africans are less intelligent than Westerners. The Independent; October 17, 2007.
4. Milmo C. Science Museum cancels talk by Watson after 'racist' comments. The Independent; October 18, 2007.
5. Collins F. Statement by Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D. on the retirement of James D. Watson. NHGRI news release; October 25, 2007.
6. Manier J. Peers horrified by famed scientist's race remarks. The Chicago Tribune; October 19, 2007.
7. Federation of American Scientists, FAS condemns Watson's comments unsupported by scientific evidence that dishonor entire science community. FAS news release; October 18, 2007.
8. Jukes M.C.H., Pinder M., Grigorenko E.L., Smith H.B., Walraven G., Bariau E.M., et al. Long-term impact of Malaria Chemoprophylaxis on cognitive abilities and educational attainment: follow-up of a controlled trial. PLoS Clin Trials 1 (2006) e19
9. Glewwe P., and Jacoby H. Estimating the determinants of cognitive achievement in low-income countries (1992), World Bank, Washington, DC
10. Martin MO, Mullis IVS, Chrostowski SJ (Eds.). TIMSS 2003 technical report, TIMSS and PIRLS International Study Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA; 2004.
11. Morgaut M.E. Note sommaire sur quelques comparisons pschologiques entre des populations Africaines, Malagaches et Européennes. Rev Psychol Appl 9 (1959) 23-34
12. Fontaine C. Notes sur une expérience d'application de tests au Mali. Rev Psychol Appl 13 (1963) 235-246
13. Bellis G., Chaventre A., Roux F., Bisset J.P., et al. Measurement of endemic cretinism in the Bwa region (Mali). Coll Anthropol 12 (1988) 237-245
14. Fahrmeier E.D. The effect of school attendance on intellectual development in northern Nigeria. Child Dev 46 (1975) 281-285
15. Ijarotimi O.S., and Ijadunola K.T. Nutritional status and intelligence quotient of primary schoolchildren in Akure community of Ondo State, Nigeria. Tanzan Health Res Bull 9 (2007) 69-76
16. Travers J., and Westbury I. The IEA study of mathematics, I: international analysis of mathematics curricula (1989), Pergamon Press, Oxford
17. Bardet C., Moreigne F., and Senecal J. Application du test de Goodenough à de écoliers africains de 7 á 14 ans. Enfance 14 (1960) 198-208
18. Berry J.W. Temne and Eskimo perceptual skills. Int J Psychol 1 (1966) 207-229
19. Elley W.B. How in the world do students read? (1992), IEA, The Hague
20. Kendall I.M. The predictive validity of a possible alternative to the classification test battery. Psychol Afr 16 (1976) 131-146
21. Augusto A. Estudos psicotécnicos; nivel intelectual de algumas tribos de Moçambique. Lisbonne. Ministère des Colonies; 1949.
22. Veii K., and Everatt J. Predictors of reading among Herero-English bilingual Namibian school children. Biling-Lang Cogn 8 (2005) 239-254
23. Owen K. The suitability of Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices for various groups in South Africa. Pers Indiv Differ 13 (1992) 149-159
24. Martin MO, Gregory KD, Stemler SE (Eds.). TIMSS technical report: IEA's third international mathematics and science study at the eighth grade, Intrenational Study Center, Boston College, Boston; 2000.
25. Wilson D., Mundy-Castle A., and Panditji L. Birth Order and Intellectual Development among Zimbabwean Children. J Soc Psychol 130 (1990) 409-411
26. Irvine SH. Selection for secondary education in Southern Rhodesia, Faculty of Education Occasional Paper No. 4. Salisbury: University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland; 1965.
27. Faverge J.M., and Falmagne J.C. On the interpretation of data in intercultural psychology. Psychol Afr 9 (1962) 22-36
28. Giordani B., Boivin M.J., Opel B., Nseyila D.N., and Lauer R.E. Use of the K-ABC with children in Zaire. Int J Disabil Dev Educ 43 (1996) 5-24
29. Laroche J.L. L'analyse des erreurs sur le Matrix 38. Bull CERP 6 (1956) 161-172
30. Boivin M.J., Giordani B., and Bornfeld B. Use of the tactual performance test for cognitive ability testing with African children. Neuropsychology 9 (1995) 409-417
31. Kashala E., Elgen I., Sommerfelt K., Tylleskär T., and Lundervold A. Cognition in African children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Neurol 33 (2005) 357-364
32. Nkaya H.N., Huteau M., and Bonnet J.P. Retest effect on cognitive performance on the Raven Matrices in France and in the Congo. Percept Mot Skills 78 (1994) 503-510
33. Maistraiux R. La sous-évolution des Noirs d'Afrique. Sa nature, ses causes, ses remèdes. Rev Psychol Peupl 10 (1955) 167-189
34. Crawford-Nutt D.H. Are black scores on Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices an artefact of method of test presentation?. Psychol Afr 16 (1976) 201-206
35. MacArthur R.S., Irvine S.H., and Brimble A.R. The Northern Rhodesia mental ability survey (1964), Rhodes Livingstone Institute, Lusaka
36. Wolff P.H., and Fesseha G. The orphans of Eritrea: a five-year follow-up study. J Child Psychol Psyc 40 (1999) 1231-1237
37. Aboud F., Samuel M., Hadera A., and Addus A. Intellectual, social and nutritional status of children in an Ethiopian orphanage. Soc Sci Med 33 (1991) 1275-1280
38. Ayalew T. Parental Preference, Heterogeneity, and Human Capital Inequality. Econ Dev Cult Change 53 (2005) 381-407
39. Neumann C.G., Murphy S.P., Gewa C., Grillenberger M., and Bwibo N.O. Meat Supplementation Improves Growth, Cognitive, and Behavioral Outcomes in Kenyan Children. J Nutr 137 (2007) 1119-1123
40. Boissiere M., Knight J.B., and Sabot R.H. Earnings, schooling, ability, and cognitive skills. Am Econ Rev 75 (1985) 1016-1030
41. Costenbader V., and Ngari S.M. A Kenya standardisation of the Coloured Progressive Matrices. Sch Psychol Int 22 (2001) 258-268
42. Fahmy M. Initial exploring of the intelligence of Shilluk children. Vita Hum 7 (1964) 164-177
43. Ahmed R.A. The development of number, space, quantity, and reasoning concepts in Sudanese schoolchildren. In: Adler L.L. (Ed). Cross cultural research in human development (1989), Praeger, Westport, Conn.
44. Klingelhofer E.L. Performance of Tanzanian secondary school pupils on the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices test. J Soc Psychol 72 (1967) 205-215
45. Sternberg R.J., Grigorenko E.L., Ngorosho D., Tantufuye E., et al. Assessing intellectual potential in rural Tanzanian school children. Intelligence 30 (2002) 141-162
46. Heyneman S.P., and Jamison D.T. Student learning in Uganda. Comp Educ Rev 24 (1980) 207-220
47. Lynn R., and Vanhanen T. IQ and global inequality (2006), Washington Summit Publisher, Augusta, GA
48. Raven J. Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Mill Hill Vocabulary Scales, Research Suppl. No. 1 (1981), H.K. Lewis, London
49. Rindermann H. The g-factor of international cognitive ability comparisons: the homogeneity of results in PISA, TIMSS, PIRLS and IQ-tests across nations. Eur J Pers 21 (2007) 667-706
50. Snyderman M., and Rothman S. The IQ controversy, the media, and public policy (1988), Transaction Books, New Brunswick, NJ
51. Snyderman M., and Rothman S. Survey of expert opinion on intelligence and aptitude testing. Am Psychol 42 (1987) 137-144
52. Dean C. Nobel winner issues apology for comments about blacks. The New York Times; October 19, 2007.
53. Blue L. The mortification of James Watson. Time Magazine; October 19, 2007.
54. Rose S. Race and intelligence. New Statesman; October 19, 2007.
55. Neisser U., Boodoo G., Bouchard Jr. T.J., Boykin A.W., Brody N., Ceci S.J., et al. Intelligence: knowns and unknowns. Am Psychol 51 (1996) 77-101
56. Gottfredson L.S. Mainstream science on intelligence: an editorial with 52 signatories, history and bibliography. Intelligence 24 (1997) 13-23
57. Kendall I.M., Verster M.A., and von Mollendorf J.W. Test performance of Blacks in Southern Africa. In: Irvine S.H., and Berry J.W. (Eds). Human abilities in cultural context (1988), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England 299-339
58. Rushton J.P., Skuy M., and Bons T.A. Construct validity of Raven's advanced progressive matrices for African and non-African engineering students in South Africa. Int J Sel Assess 12 (2004) 220-229
59. Rushton J.P., Skuy M., and Fridjhon P. Performance on Raven's advanced progressive matrices by African, East Indian, and White engineering students in South Africa. Intelligence 31 (2003) 123-137
60. Mackintosh N.J. IQ and human intelligence (1998), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
61. Sternberg R.J., Nokes C., Geissler P.W., Prince R., Okatcha F., Bundy D.A., et al. The relationship between academic and practical intelligence: a case study in Kenya. Intelligence 29 (2001) 401-418
62. Sigman M., Neumann C., Jansen A.A., and Bwibo N. Cognitive abilities of Kenyan children in relation to nutrition, family characteristics, and education. Child Dev 60 (1989) 1463-1474
63. Holding P.A., Taylor H.G., Kazungu S.D., and Mkala T. Assessing cognitive outcomes in a rural African population: development of a neuropsychological battery in Kilifi district. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 10 (2004) 246-260
64. Liddell C., and Rae G. Predicting early grade retention: a longitudinal investigation of primary school progress in a sample of rural South African children. Br J Educ Psychol 71 (2001) 413-428
65. Hanushek E, Wößmann L. The role of education quality for economic growth. World bank policy research working paper No. 4122; 2007.
66. Glewwe P. Schools and skills in developing countries: education policies and socioeconomic outcomes. J Econ Lit 40 (2002) 436-482
67. Behrman J., Alderman H., and Hoddinott J. Hunger and malnutrition. In: Lomborg B. (Ed). Global crisis, global solutions (2004), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England 363-420
68. Zax J.S., and Rees D.I. IQ, academic performance, environment, and earnings. Rev Econ Stat 84 (2002) 600-616
69. Bowles S., Gintis H., and Osborne M. The determinants of earnings: skills, preferences, and schooling. J Econ Lit 39 (2001) 1137-1176
70. Moll P. Primary schooling, cognitive skills and wages in South Africa. Economica 65 (1998) 263-284
71. Hunt E., and Wittmann W. National intelligence and national prosperity. Intelligence 36 (2008) 1-9
72. Lynn R., and Vanhanen T. IQ and the wealth of nations (2002), Praeger, Westport, CT
73. Weede E., and Kämpf S. The impact of intelligence and institutional improvements on economic growth. Kyklos 55 (2002) 361-380
74. Jones G., and Schneider W.J. Intelligence, human capital, and economic growth: A Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates (BACE) approach. J Econ Growth 11 (2006) 71-93
75. Rindermann H. Relevance of education and intelligence at the national level for the economic welfare of people. Intelligence 36 (2008) 127-142
76. Jones G, Schneider WJ. IQ in the production function: evidence from immigrant earnings. Working paper; 2006.
77. Kanazawa S. Mind the gap ... in intelligence: re-examining the relationship between inequality and health. Br J Health Psychol 11 (2006) 623-642
78. Templer D.I., Connelly H.J., Lester D., Arikawa H., and Mancuso L. Relationship of IQ to suicide and homicide rate: an international perspective. Psychol Rep 00 (2007) 108-112
79. Meisenberg G. Talent, character, and the dimensions of national culture. Mankind Q 45 (2004) 123-168
80. Rindermann H. Relevance of education and intelligence for the political development of nations: Democracy, rule of law and political liberty. Intelligence 2008; in press. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.09.003.
81. Rindermann H, Meisenberg G. Relevance of education and intelligence at the national level for non-economic welfare: HIV and AIDS. Working paper; 2008.
82. Gottfredson L.S. Dissecting practical intelligence theory: its claims and evidence. Intelligence 31 (2003) 343-397
83. Sternberg R.J., and Grigorenko E.L. Dynamic testing (2002), Cambridge University Press, New York
84. Macintyre K., Keating J., Sosler S., et al. Examining the determinants of mosquito-avoidance practices in two Kenyan cities. Malar J 1 (2002) 14
85. Worrall E., Basu S., and Hanson K. Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature. Trop Med Int Health 10 (2005) 1047-1059
86. DNA pioneer James Watson says he is 'mortified' by race comments. Associated Press; October 18, 2007.
87. In: Jencks C., and Phillips M. (Eds). The Black-White test score gap (1998), Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC
88. Jensen A.R. The g factor: the science of mental ability (1998), Praeger, New York
89. Thernstrom S., and Thernstrom A. America in Black and White: one nation, indivisible (1997), Simon and Schuster, New York
90. Steinberg L. Beyond the classroom: why school reform has failed and what parents need to do (1996), Simon & Schuster, New York
91. Rowe D.C., Vazsonyi A.T., and Flannery D.J. No more than skin deep: ethnic and racial similarity in developmental process. Psychol Rev 101 (1994) 396-413
92. Rowe D.C., and Cleveland H.H. Academic achievement in Blacks and Whites: are the developmental processes similar?. Intelligence 23 (1996) 205-228
93. Loehlin J.C. Group differences in intelligence. In: Sternberg R.J. (Ed). Handbook of intelligence (2000), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England 176-193
94. Flynn J.R. What is intelligence? Beyond the Flynn effect (2007), Cambridge University Press, New York
95. Scarr S., and Weinberg R.A. IQ test performance of Black children adopted by White families. Am Psychol 31 (1976) 726-739
96. Gilson M.S., Hunt C.B., and Rowe D.C. The friends of siblings: a test of social homogamy vs. peer selection and influence. Marriage Fam Rev 33 (2001) 205-224
97. van Ijzendoorn M.H., Juffer F., and Poelhuis C.W. Adoption and cognitive development: a meta-analytic comparison of adopted and nonadopted children's IQ and school performance. Psychol Bull 131 (2005) 301-316
98. Gladwell M. None of the above. The New Yorker; December 17, 2007.
99. Wicherts J.M., Dolan C.V., Hessen D.J., Oosterveld P.G., van Baal G.C.M., Boomsma D.I., et al. Are intelligence test measurements invariant over time? Investigating the nature of the Flynn effect. Intelligence 32 (2004) 509-537
100. Beaujean AA, Osterlind SJ. Using item response theory to assess the Flynn effect in the national longitudinal study of youth 79 children and young adults data. Intelligence 2008; in press. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.10.004.
101. Dolan C.V., and Hamaker E.L. Investigating Black-White differences in psychometric IQ: multi-group confirmatory factor analyses of WISC-R and K-ABC and a critique of the method of correlated vectors. In: Columbus F. (Ed). Advances in psychology research Vol. 6 (2001), Nova Science, Huntington, NY 30-59
102. te Nijenhuis J., van Vianen A.E.M., and van der Flier H. Score gains on g-loaded tests: no g. Intelligence 35 (2007) 283-300
103. Flynn JR. Efeito Flynn: Repensando a inteligência e seus efeitos [The Flynn Effect: Rethinking intelligence and what affects it]. In: Flores-Mendoza C, Colom R, editors. Introdução à Psicologia das Diferenças Individuais. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2006:387-411.
104. Flynn J.R. Searching for justice: the discovery of IQ gains over time. Am Psychol 54 (1999) 5-20
105. Flynn J.R., and Weiss L.G. American IQ Gains From 1932 to 2002: The WISC Subtests and Educational Progress. Int J Test 7 (2007) 209-224
106. Ree M.J., and Earles J.A. The ubiquitous productiveness of g. In: Rumsey M.G., Walker C.B., and Harris J.H. (Eds). Personnel selection and classification (1994), Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 127-136
107. Daley T.C., Whaley S.E., Sigman M.D., Espinosa M.P., and Neumann C. IQ on the rise: the Flynn effect in rural Kenyan children. Psychol Sci 14 (2003) 215-219
108. Serneels P. Human capital revisited: The role of experience and education when controlling for performance and cognitive skills. Labour Economics 2008; in press. doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2007.10.003.
109. Adejumo D. The Reliability and Validity of Modified Hall's Matrices (MHM) for Predicting Mathematics Achievement Among Nigerian Children. Educ Psychol Meas 37 (1977) 501-503
110. Rushton J.P., and Jensen A.R. African-White IQ differences from Zimbabwe on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised are mainly on the g factor. Pers Indiv Differ 34 (2003) 177-183
111. Dolan C.V., Roorda W., and Wicherts J.M. Two failures of Spearman's hypothesis: The GATB in Holland and the JAT in South Africa. Intelligence 32 (2004) 231-245
112. Editorial. Watson's folly. Nature 2007;449:948.