Fungal infections in lung transplant recipients

Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 211-218

  Silveira, Fernanda P ^a   Husain, Shahid ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Diagnosis; Fungal infections; Lung transplantation; Prophylaxis; Therapy

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; AMPHOTERICIN B DEOXYCHOLATE; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; ANIDULAFUNGIN; CASPOFUNGIN; CYCLOSPORIN; FLUCONAZOLE; GALACTOMANNAN; ITRACONAZOLE; MICAFUNGIN; POSACONAZOLE; RAPAMYCIN; RAVUCONAZOLE; TACROLIMUS; VORICONAZOLE;

AIRWAY; ASPERGILLUS; BRONCHOSPASM; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COUGHING; CRYPTOCOCCOSIS; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; GRAFT RECIPIENT; HUMAN; HYPOKALEMIA; HYPOMAGNESEMIA; INVASIVE CANDIDIASIS; LUNG ASPERGILLOSIS; LUNG LAVAGE; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; MONITORING; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MYCOSIS; NAUSEA; PROPHYLAXIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SERUM; THERAPY EFFECT; TRACHEOBRONCHITIS;

ASPERGILLOSIS; HUMANS; LUNG DISEASES, FUNGAL; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION;

EID: 42449150068     PISSN: 10705287     EISSN: 15316971     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MCP.0b013e3282f9b1d1     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. Silveira FP, Husain S. Fungal infections in solid organ transplantation. Med Mycol 2007; 45:305-320. This is a comprehensive review of fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients, with a focus on epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, therapy and prophylaxis.
2. Alexander BD, Tapson VF. Infectious complications of lung transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2001; 3:128-137.
3. Patterson JE. Epidemiology of fungal infections in solid organ transplant patients. Transpl Infect Dis 1999; 1:229-236.
4. Hadjiliadis D, Howell DN, Davis RD, et al. Anastomotic infections in lung transplant recipients. Ann Transplant 2000; 5:13-19.
5. Nunley DR, Gal AA, Vega JD, et al. Saprophytic fungal infections and complications involving the bronchial anastomosis following human lung transplantation. Chest 2002; 122:1185-1191.
6. Mehrad B, Paciocco G, Martinez FJ, et al. Spectrum of Aspergillus infection in lung transplant recipients: case series and review of the literature. Chest 2001; 119:169-175.
7. Minari A, Husni R, Avery RK, et al. The incidence of invasive aspergillosis among solid organ transplant recipients and implications for prophylaxis in lung transplants. Transpl Infect Dis 2002; 4:195-200.
8. Singh N, Husain S. Aspergillus infections after lung transplantation: clinical differences in type of transplant and implications for management. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22:258-266.
9. Westney GE, Kesten S, De Hoyos A, et al. Aspergillus infection in single and double lung transplant recipients. Transplantation 1996; 61:915-919.
10. Chan KM, Allen SA. Infectious pulmonary complications in lung transplant recipients. Semin Respir Infect 2002; 17:291-302.
11. Higgins R, McNeil K, Dennis C, et al. Airway stenoses after lung transplantation: management with expanding metal stents. J Heart Lung Transplant 1994; 13:774-778.
12. Crespo MM, Raza K, Johnson BA, et al. Risk of pulmonary aspergillosis after bronchial stent placement in lung transplant (LTx) recipients [abstract 66]. In: 26th Annual Meeting and Scientific Sessions of the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation. Madrid, Spain. 2006.
13. Goldfarb NS, Avery RK, Goormastic M, et al. Hypogammaglobulinemia in lung transplant recipients. Transplantation 2001; 71:242-246.
14. Kubak BM. Fungal infection in lung transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2002; 4 (Suppl 3):24-31.
15. Husain S, Raza K, Paterson DL, et al. Impact of various infectious syndromes on the immune function profile in lung transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2007; 7 (s2):245-246.
16. Husain S, Paterson DL, Studer S, et al. Voriconazole prophylaxis in lung transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:3008-3016.
17. Morgan J, Wannemuehler KA, Marr KA, et al. Incidence of invasive aspergillosis following hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplantation: interim results of a prospective multicenter surveillance program. Med Mycol 2005; 43 (Suppl 1):S49-S58.
18. Silveira FP, Husain S, Kwak EJ, et al. Cryptococcosis in liver and kidney transplant recipients receiving antithymocyte globulin or alemtuzumab. Transpl Infect Dis 2007; 9:22-27.
19. Husain S, Wagener MM, Singh N. Cryptococcus neoformans infection in organ transplant recipients: variables influencing clinical characteristics and outcome. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:375-381.
20. Husain S, Alexander BD, Munoz P, et al. Opportunistic mycelial fungal infections in organ transplant recipients: emerging importance of non-Aspergillus mycelial fungi. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:221-229.
21. Nucci M. Emerging moulds: Fusarium, Scedosporium and Zygomycetes in transplant recipients. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003; 16:607-612.
22. Almyroudis NG, Sutton DA, Linden P, et al. Zygomycosis in solid organ transplant recipients in a tertiary transplant center and review of the literature. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:2365-2374.
23. Imhof A, Balajee SA, Fredricks DN, et al. Breakthrough fungal infections in stem cell transplant recipients receiving voriconazole. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:743-746.
24. Marty FM, Cosimi LA, Baden LR. Breakthrough zygomycosis after voriconazole treatment in recipients of hematopoietic stem-cell transplants. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:950-952.
25. Kauffman CA. Zygomycosis: reemergence of an old pathogen. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:588-590.
26. Helmi M, Love RB, Welter D, et al. Aspergillus infection in lung transplant recipients with cystic fibrosis: risk factors and outcomes comparison to other types of transplant recipients. Chest 2003; 123:800-808.
27. Cahill BC, Hibbs JR, Savik K, et al. Aspergillus airway colonization and invasive disease after lung transplantation. Chest 1997; 112:1160-1164.
28. Husain S, Paterson DL, Studer SM, et al. Aspergillus galactomannan antigen in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in lung transplant recipients. Transplantation 2007; 83:1330-1336. This study demonstrates that detection of galactomannan in the BAL of a LTx recipient with a compatible clinical illness is highly suggestive of invasive disease.
29. Sole A, Morant P, Salavert M, et al. Aspergillus infections in lung transplant recipients: risk factors and outcome. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11:359-365.
30. Husain S, Kwak EJ, Obman A, et al. Prospective assessment of Platelia Aspergillus galactomannan antigen for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in lung transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2004; 4:796-802.
31. Kramer MR, Denning DW, Marshall SE, et al. Ulcerative tracheobronchitis after lung transplantation. A new form of invasive aspergillosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144 (3 Pt 1):552-556.
32. Paterson DL, Singh N, Gayowski T, Marino IR. Pulmonary nodules in liver transplant recipients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1998; 77:50-58.
33. Paterson DL, Singh N. Invasive aspergillosis in transplant recipients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999; 78:123-138.
34. Kwak EJ, Husain S, Obman A, et al. Efficacy of galactomannan antigen in the Platelia Aspergillus enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in liver transplant recipients. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:435-438.
35. Yoshida M, Obayashi T, Iwama A, et al. Detection of plasma (1→3)-beta-D-glucan in patients with Fusarium, Trichosporon, Saccharomyces and Acremonium fungaemias. J Med Vet Mycol 1997; 35:371-374.
36. Denning DW. Echinocandin antifungal drugs. Lancet 2003; 362:1142-1151.
37. Mora-Duarte J, Betts R, Rotstein C, et al. Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:2020-2029.
38. Kuse ER, Chetchotisakd P, da Cunha CA, et al. Micafungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for candidaemia and invasive candidosis: a phase III randomised double-blind trial. Lancet 2007; 369:1519-1527.
39. Reboli AC, Rotstein C, Pappas PG, et al. Anidulafungin versus fluconazole for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:2472-2482. This randomized study demonstrated the noninferiority of anidulafungin for the treatment of invasive candidiasis and is one of the reasons why echinocandins are now being considered first line therapy for invasive candidiasis.
40. Maertens J, Raad I, Petrikkos G, et al. Efficacy and safety of caspofungin for treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients refractory to or intolerant of conventional antifungal therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:1563-1571.
41. Denning DW, Marr KA, Lau WM, et al. Micafungin (FK463), alone or in combination with other systemic antifungal agents, for the treatment of acute invasive aspergillosis. J Infect 2006; 53:337-349.
42. Herbrecht R, Denning DW, Patterson TF, et al. Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:408-415.
43. Marty FM, Lowry CM, Cutler CS, et al. Voriconazole and sirolimus coadministration after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2006; 12:552-559.
44. Tan K, Brayshaw N, Tomaszewski K, et al. Investigation of the potential relationships between plasmavoriconazole concentrations and visual adverse events or liver function test abnormalities. J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 46:235-243.
45. Smith J, Safdar N, Knasinski V, et al. Voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:1570-1572.
46. Walsh TJ, Raad I, Patterson TF, et al. Treatment of invasive aspergillosis with posaconazole in patients who are refractory to or intolerant of conventional therapy: an externally controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:2-12.
47. Cornely OA, Maertens J, Winston DJ, et al. Posaconazole vs. fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:348-359. Study demonstrating the safety and efficacy of posaconazole prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia.
48. Ullmann AJ, Lipton JH, Vesole DH, et al. Posaconazole or fluconazole for prophylaxis in severe graft-versus-host disease. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:335-347. Study demonstrating the safety and efficacy of posaconazole prophylaxis against Candida and Aspergillus infections in high-risk patients with GVHD.
49. Singh N, Limaye AP, Forrest G, et al. Combination of voriconazole and caspofungin as primary therapy for invasive aspergillosis in solid organ transplant recipients: a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Transplantation 2006; 81:320-326.
50. Verweij PE, Mellado E, Melchers WJ. Multiple-triazole-resistant aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:1481-1483. This report shows the alarming increase in Aspergillus isolates with cross-resistance to multiple azoles.
51. Dummer JS, Lazariashvilli N, Barnes J, et al. A survey of antifungal management in lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23:1376-1381.
52. Husain S, Zaldonis D, Kusne S, et al. Variation in antifungal prophylaxis strategies in lung transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2006; 8:213-218.
53. Calvo V, Borro JM, Morales P, et al. Antifungal prophylaxis during the early postoperative period of lung transplantation. Valencia Lung Transplant Group. Chest 1999; 115:1301-1304.
54. Monforte V, Roman A, Gavalda J, et al. Nebulized amphotericin B concentration and distribution in the respiratory tract of lung-transplanted patients. Transplantation 2003; 75:1571-1574.
55. Reichenspurner H, Gamberg P, Nitschke M, et al. Significant reduction in the number of fungal infections after lung-, heart-lung, and heart transplantation using aerosolized amphotericin B prophylaxis. Transplant Proc 1997; 29 (1-2):627-628.
56. Hamacher J, Spiliopoulos A, Kurt AM, Nicod LP. Preemptive therapy with azoles in lung transplant patients. Geneva Lung Transplantation Group. Eur Respir J 1999; 13:180-186.
57. Erjavec Z, Woolthuis GM, de Vries-Hospers HG, et al. Tolerance and efficacy of Amphotericin B inhalations for prevention of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in haematological patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 16:364-368.
58. Lowry CM, Marty FM, Vargas SO, et al. Safety of aerosolized liposomal versus deoxycholate amphotericin B formulations for prevention of invasive fungal infections following lung transplantation: a retrospective study. Transpl Infect Dis 2007; 9:121-125.
59. Drew RH, Dodds AE, Benjamin DK Jr, et al. Comparative safety of amphotericin B lipid complex and amphotericin B deoxycholate as aerosolized antifungal prophylaxis in lung-transplant recipients. Transplantation 2004; 77:232-237.
60. Corcoran TE, Venkataramanan R, Mihelc KM, et al. Aerosol deposition of lipid complex amphotericin-B (Abelcet) in lung transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:2765-2773.
61. Lumbreras C, Cuervas-Mons V, Jara P, et al. Randomized trial of fluconazole versus nystatin for the prophylaxis of Candida infection following liver transplantation. J Infect Dis 1996; 174:583-588.
62. Winston DJ, Pakrasi A, Busuttil RW. Prophylactic fluconazole in liver transplant recipients. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131:729-737.