Internet-based ecotourism marketing: Evaluating Canadian sensitivity to ecotourism tenets

Journal of Ecotourism

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 15-43

  Donohoe, Holly M ^a   Needham, Roger D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Canadian ecotourism; Content analysis; Internet; Key tenets; Marketing

Indexed keywords

ECOTOURISM; INTERNET; MARKETING; TOURISM ECONOMICS; TOURISM MARKET;

CANADA; NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 41849105412     PISSN: 14724049     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2167/joe185.0     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Angrosino, M.V. (2005) Recontextualizing observation: ethnography, pedagogy, and the prospects of a progressive political agenda. In N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds) The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (3rd edn) (pp. 729-745). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
2. Babbie, E. (1992) The Practice of Social Research (6th edn). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Inc.
3. Backman, K.F. and Morais, D.B. (2001) Methodological approaches used in the literature. In D.B. Weaver (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism (pp. 597-610). Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
4. Beldona, S. (2005) Cohort analysis of online travel information search behavior: 1995-2000. Journal of Travel Research 44, 135-142.
5. Björk, P. (2000) Ecotourism from conceptual perspective, an extended definition of a unique tourism form. International Journal of Tourism Research 2, 189-202.
6. Bottrill, C.G. and Pearce, D.G. (1995) Ecotourism: Towards a key elements approach to operationalising the concept. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 3 (1), 45-54.
7. Briggs, S. (2000) Successful Tourism Marketing: A Practical Handbook (2nd edn). London: Kogan Page Limited.
8. Buckley, R. (2000) Neat trends: Current issues in nature, eco-and adventure tourism. Journal of Tourism Research 2, 437-444.
9. Buckley, R. (2001) Environmental impacts. In D.B. Weaver (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism (pp. 379-394). Oxon: CABI Publishing.
10. Burton, R. (1997) The sustainability of ecotourism. In M.J. Stabler (ed.) Tourism and Sustainability: Principles to Practice (pp. 357-374). Oxon: CAB International.
11. Butler, R. (2000) Tourism and the environment: A geographical perspective. Tourism Geographies 2 (3), 337-358.
12. Butler, R. (2004) Geographical research on tourism, recreation and leisure: Origins, eras and directions. Tourism Geographies 6 (2), 143-162.
13. Canadian Parks Service (1991) State of the Parks, 1990 Report. Ottawa, Canada: Environment Canada, Parks Service.
14. Canada Tourism.com (May 11, 2005) Canadian Tourism Commission Announces Brand Vision for Canada. On WWW at http://www.canadatourism.com/ctx/app/ en/ca/pressItem.do?articleId=58481&language=english. Accessed September 2006.
15. Carlson, L., Grove, S.J. and Kangun, N. (1993) A content analysis of environmental advertising claims: A matrix method approach. Journal of Advertising 22, 27-39.
16. Carrier, J.G. and Macleod, D.V.L. (2005) Bursting the bubble: The socio-cultural context of ecotourism. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 11 (2), 315-334.
17. Cater, E. (2006) Ecotourism as a western construct. Journal of Ecotourism 5 (1&2), 23-39.
18. Chrétien, J.B. (2005) Marketing for success: Get ready for brand Canada. Tourism 2 (4), 4.
19. Coles, T. and Hall, C.M. (2006) Editorial: The geography of tourism is dead. Long live geographies of tourism and mobility. Current Issues in Tourism 9 (4&5), 289-292.
20. Cooper, P.J. and Vargas, C.M. (2004) Implementing Sustainable Development: From Global Policy to Local Action. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
21. Donohoe, H.M. and Needham, R.D. (2006) Ecotourism: The evolving contemporary definition. Journal of Ecotourism 5 (3), 192-210.
22. Duffy, R. (2002) A Trip to Far: Ecotourism, Politics and Exploitation. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd.
23. Ecotour Directory (2004) Ecotourism Resource Centre. On WWW at http://www.ecotourdirectory.com. Accessed April 2005 and November 2005.
24. Environment Canada (2004) The Green Lane, Environment Canada's World Wide Web Site. On WWW at http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/ Indicator_series/techs.cfm?tech_id=1&issue_id=1. Accessed May 2005.
25. Epler Wood, M. (2002) Ecotourism: Principles, Practices and Policies for Sustainability. Paris, France: United Nations Environment Programme.
26. Fennell, D.A. (1998) Ecotourism in Canada. Annals of Tourism Research 25 (1), 231-235.
27. Fennell, D.A. (2003) Ecotourism: An Introduction (2nd edn). London: Routledge.
28. Fennell, D.A. (2001a) A content analysis of ecotourism definitions. Current Issues in Tourism 4 (5), 403-421.
29. Fennell, D.A. (2001b) Anglo-America. In D.B. Weaver (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism (pp. 107-122). Oxon: CABI Publishing.
30. Getz, D. (2001) Tourism planning into the new millennium. In G. Wall (ed.) Contemporary Perspectives on Tourism (pp. 255-282). Waterloo, Ontario: Department of Geography, University of Waterloo.
31. Gezici, F. (2006) Components of sustainability: Two cases from Turkey. Annals of Tourism Research 33 (2), 442-455.
32. Giannecchini, J. (1993) 'Ecotourism': New partners, new relationships. Conservation Biology 7 (2), 429-432.
33. Government of Canada (1991) The State of Canada's Environment. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada.
34. Gretzel, U., Yuan, Yu-L. and Fesenmaier, D.R. (2000) Preparing for the new economy: Advertising strategies and change in destination marketing organizations. Journal of Travel Research 39, 146-156.
35. Hagel, J. (1999) Net gain: Expanding markets through virtual communities. Journal of Interactive Marketing 13 (1), 55-65.
36. Hall, C.M. and Page, S. (2002) The Geography of Tourism and Recreation: Environment, Place and Space (2nd edn). London: Routledge.
37. Hawkins, D.E. and Lamoureux, K. (2001) Global growth and magnitude of ecotourism. In D.B. Weaver (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism (pp. 63-72). Oxon: CABI Publishing.
38. Higgins, M. (2006) Buzzword of the Year: Eco-tourism. The New York Times. On WWW at http://travel2.nytimes.com/2006/01/22/travel/ 22ecotourism.html?pagewanted=print. Accessed 2006.
39. Holsti, O.R. (1968) Content analysis. In G. Lindsay and E. Aaronson (eds) The Handbook of Social Psychology (pp. 596-692). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
40. Honey, M. (1999) Treading lightly? Ecotourism's impact on the environment. Environment 41 (5), 4-9, 28-33.
41. Honey, M. (2002) Ecotourism and Certification: Setting Standards in Practice. Washington: Island Press.
42. Honey, M. (2003) Protecting Eden: Setting green standards for the tourism industry. Environment 45 (6), 8-22.
43. Honey, M. and Stewart, E. (2002a) Introduction. In M. Honey (ed.) Ecotourism and Certification: Setting Standards in Practice (pp. 1-29). Washington: Island Press.
44. Honey, M. and Stewart, E. (2002b) The evolution of 'green' standards for tourism. In M. Honey (2002) Ecotourism and Certification: Setting Standards in Practice (pp. 33-71). Washington: Island Press.
45. Honey, M. and Stewart, E. (2003) The evolution of "green" standards for tourism. In M. Honey (ed.) Ecotourism and Certification: Setting Standards in Practice (pp. 33-71). Washington: Island Press.
46. Hudson, S. and Miller, G.A. (2003) The responsible marketing of holidays: The case of canadian mountain holidays. Tourism Management 26, 133-142.
47. Hunter, C. and Green, H. (1995) The environmental impacts of tourism. In C. Hunter and H. Green (eds) Tourism and the Environment: A Sustainable Relationship? (pp. 10-51). London: Routledge.
48. InfoHub Specialty Travel Guide (2005) Ecotourism. On WWW at http://www.infohub.com/TRAVEL/SIT/sit_pages/Ecotourism.html. Accessed April 2005 and November 2005.
49. International Ecotourism Club (1999-2005) Ecoclub.Com International Ecotourism Club. On WWW at http://ecoclub.com. Accessed April 2005 and November 2005.
50. Jayawardena, C. (2003) Sustainable tourism development in Canada: Practical challenges. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 15 (7), 408-412.
51. Juric, B., Cornwell, T.B. and Mather, D. (2002) Exploring the usefulness of an ecotourism interest scale. Journal of Travel Research 40, 259-269.
52. Kotler, P. (1991) Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control (3rd edn). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
53. Kotler, P., Cunningham, P.H. and Turner, R.E. (2001) Marketing Management, Canadian (10th edn). Toronto: Prentice Hall Canada.
54. Krippendorff, K. (2004) Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology (2nd edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
55. Krueger, R.R. (1976) The role of geography in environmental research, action and education. In G.R. McBoyle and E. Sommerville (eds) Canada's Natural Environment: Essays in Applied Geography. Toronto: Methuen Publications.
56. Lai, P-H. and Shafer, S. (2005) Marketing ecotourism through the internet: An evaluation of selected ecolodges in Latin America and the Caribbean. Journal of Ecotourism 4 (3), 143-160.
57. Lawrence, T.B., Wickins, D. and Philips, N. (1997) Managing legitimacy in ecotourism. Tourism Management 18 (5), 307-316.
58. Lenton, P. (1993) Ecotourism: Canadian destinations for the conscientious tripper. Explore 58, 11-15.
59. Lombard, M., Snyder-Duch, J. and Bracken, C.C. (2002) Content analysis in mass communication: Assessing and reporting of intercoder reliability. Human Communication Research 28 (4), 587-604.
60. Luck, M. and Kirstges, T. (eds) (2002) Global Ecotourism Policies and Case Studies: Perspectives and Constraints. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
61. Marcussen, C.H. (1997) Marketing european tourism products via internet/ www. In M. Oppermann (ed.) Geography and Tourism Marketing (pp. 23-34). Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press, Inc.
62. McKercher, B. (2001) The business of ecotourism. In D.B. Weaver (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism (pp. 565-577). Oxon: CABI Publishing.
63. McLaren, D. (2003) Rethinking Tourism and Ecotravel (2nd edn). West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press, Inc.
64. Meric, H.J. and Hunt, J. (1998) Ecotourists' motivational and demographic characteristics: A case of North Carolina travelers. Journal of Travel Research 36 (4), 57-61.
65. Middleton, V.T.C. and Clarke, J. (2001) Marketing in Travel and Tourism (3rd edn). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
66. Middleton, V.T.C. and Hawkins, R. (1998) Sustainable Tourism: A Marketing Perspective. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
67. Mitchell, B. (1997) Resource and Environmental Management. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
68. Nelson, J.G. (1999) Tourism research and sustainability: A civics perspective. In J.G. Nelson, R. Butler and G. Wall (eds) Tourism and Sustainable Development: Monitoring, Planning, Managing, Decision Making (2nd edn) (pp. 337-354). Waterloo, Ontario: Department of Geography, University of Waterloo.
69. Nelson, J.G. and Eidsvick, H.E. (1990) Sustainable development, conservation strategies and heritage. Alternatives 16 (4), 17 (1).
70. Neuendorf, K.A. (2002) The Content Analysis Guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
71. Newsome, D., Moore, S.A. and Dowling, R.K. (2002) Natural Area Tourism: Ecology, Impacts and Management. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
72. Page, S.J. and Dowling, R.K. (2002) Ecotourism. New York: Prentice Hall.
73. Parks Canada (1997) National Park System Plan (3rd edn). On WWW at http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/v-g/nation/nation1_e.asp. Accessed May 2005.
74. Parsons, A., Zeisser, M. and Waitman, R. (1998) Organizing today for the digital marketing of tomorrow. Journal of Interactive Marketing 12 (1) 31-46.
75. Partners in Eco-Adventure Tourism (PEAT) (2005) Partners in Eco-Adventure Tourism. On WWW at http://www.peat.on.ca. Accessed April 2005 and November 2005.
76. Polonsky, M.J., Carlson, L., Grove, S. and Kangun, N. (1997) International environmental marketing claims: Real changes or simple posturing. International Marketing Review 14 (4) 218-232.
77. Poon, A. (1993) Tourism, Technology and Competitive Strategies. Wallingford: CAB International.
78. Ryan, G.W. and Bernard, H.R. (2000) Data management and analysis methods. In Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd edn). Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
79. Rust, R.T. and Cooil, B. (1994) Reliability measures for qualitative data: Theory and implications. Journal of Marketing Research 31, 1-14.
80. Saskatchewan Nature and Ecotourism Association (2005) Accredited Ecotourism Providers. On WWW at http://www.ecotourism.sk.ca. Accessed April 2005 and November 2005.
81. Scace, R.C. (1999) An ecotourism perspective. In J.G. Nelson, R. Butler and G. Wall (eds) Tourism and Sustainable Development: Monitoring, Planning, Managing, Decision Making (2nd edn) (pp. 81-110). Waterloo, Ontario: Department of Geography, University of Waterloo.
82. Scace, R.C., Griffone, E. and Usher, R. (1992) Ecotourism in Canada. A Report Prepared for the Canadian Environmental Advisory Council. Hull, Quebec: Minister of Supply and Services Canada.
83. Scott, D. and Suffling, R. (2000) Climate Change and Canada's Natural Park System. Report of the Adaptation and Impacts Research Group, Environment Canada, and the Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo. Ottawa: Government of Canada.
84. Sharpley, R. (2006) Ecotourism: A consumption perspective. Journal of Ecotourism 5 (1&2), 7-22.
85. Shaw, G. and Williams, A.M. (2002) Tourism and the environment: The challenge of sustainable tourism. In G. Shaw and A.M. Williams (eds) Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (2nd edn) (pp. 296-320). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, Ltd.
86. Sirakaya, E. (1997) Attitudinal compliance with ecotourism guidelines. Annals of Tourism Research 24 (4), 919-950.
87. Sirakaya, E., Sasidharan, V. and Sonmez, S. (1999) Redefining ecotourism: The need for a supply-side view. Journal of Travel Research 38, 168-172.
88. Sponagle, M. (2006) The good, the bad & the ugly: Forget the blackberry hand massages, but fines for lost luggage? Now there's an idea. The Ottawa Citizen: 23 September, L4-5.
89. Stacey, C.L. and Needham, R.D. (1993) Heritage: A catalyst for innovative community development. In D. Bruce and M. Whitla (eds) Community-Based Approaches to Rural Development: Principles and Practices. Sackville, New Brunswick: Mount Allison University.
90. Susskind, A., Bonn, M.A. and Dev, C.S. (2003) To look or book: An examination of consumers' apprehensiveness toward internet use. Journal of Travel Research 41, 256-264.
91. The International Ecotourism Society (2003, 2004) What is Ecotourism? On WWW at http://www.ecotourism.org/ index2.php?travelchoice. Accessed April 2005 and November 2005.
92. Tourism Industry Association Canada (2002) Preliminary Proposal: Quality Assurance Program for Sustainable Nature-Based Tourism Experiences. Ottawa: Tourism Industry Association Canada.
93. Vincent, V.C. and Thompson, W. (2002) Assessing community support and sustainability for ecotourism development. Journal of Travel Research 41 (2), 153-160.
94. Vivanco, L. (2002) Escaping from reality. The Ecologist 32 (2), 26-30.
95. Wall, G. (1982) Outdoor recreation and the Canadian identity. In G. Wall and J. Marsh (eds) Recreational Land Use: Perspectives on its Evolution in Canada. Ottawa: Carleton University Press.
96. Wallace, G.N. and Pierce, S.M. (1996) An evaluation of ecotourism in Amazonas, Brazil. Annals of Tourism Research 23 (4), 843-873.
97. Wearing, S. and Neil, J. (1999) Ecotourism: Impacts, Potentials, and Possibility. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann.
98. Weaver, D.B. (2001a) Ecotourism. Milton: John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.
99. Weaver, D.B. (2001b) Ecotourism as mass tourism: Contradiction or reality? Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 42 (2), 104-112.
100. Weaver, D.B. (2005) Comprehensive and minimalist dimensions of ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research 32 (2), 439-455.
101. Weaver, D. and Oppermann, M. (2000) Tourism Management. Brisbane: Wiley.
102. Weber, R.P. (1985) Basic Content Analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
103. Weber, K. and Roehl, W.S. (1999) Profiling people searching for and purchasing travel products on the world wide web. Journal of Travel Research 37, 291-298.
104. Wenz, P. (2005) Synergistic environmental virtues: Consumerism and human flourishing. In R. Sandler and P. Cafaro (eds) Environmental Virtue Ethics (pp. 197-213). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
105. Werther, H. and Klein, S. (1999) Information Technology and Tourism: A Challenging Relationship. New York: Springer.
106. Wheeller, B. (1993) Sustaining the ego? Journal of Sustainable Tourism 1 (2), 121-129.
107. Wight, P.A. (1993) Ecotourism: Ethics or eco-sell? Journal of Travel Research 4, 3-9.
108. Wight, P.A. (1994) Environmentally responsible marketing of tourism. In E. Cater and G. Lowman (eds) Ecotourism: A Sustainable Option? (pp. 39-56). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
109. Wight, P.A. (1996a) North American ecotourists: Market profile and trip characteristics. Journal of Travel Research 24 (4), 2-10.
110. Wight, P.A (1996b) North American ecotourism markets: Motivations, preferences and destinations. Journal of Travel Research 25, 3-10.
111. Wight, P.A. (2001) Ecotourists: Not a homogeneous market segment. In D.B. Weaver (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism (pp. 37-62). Oxon: CABI Publishing.
112. Williams, D.R. (2006) Leisure, environment and the quality of life. In E.L. Jackson (ed.) Leisure and the Quality of Life: Impacts on Social, Economic and Cultural Development. Hangzhou Consensus (pp. 146-163). Hangzhou, China: Zhejiang University Press.
113. Williams, S. (1998) Sustainable tourism: The environmental consequences of tourism development. In Tourism Geography (pp. 100-124). London: Routledge.
114. World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) Our Common Future: The Brundtland Report. New York: Oxford University Press.
115. World Tourism Organization (WTO) (2002a) The U.S. Ecotourism Market. Madrid: World Tourism Organization.
116. World Tourism Organization (WTO) (2002b) The Canadian Ecotourism Market. Madrid: World Tourism Organization.
117. World Travel and Tourism Council (2004) Tourism Satellite Accounting 2004: Executive Summary. On WWW at http://www.wttc.org/2004tsa/PDF/ Executive%20Summary.pdf. Accessed March 2005.
118. Zeff, R. and Aronson, B. (1999) Advertising on the internet (2nd edn). New York: Wiley.