Trust and rule

Theory and Society

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 1-30

  Tilly, Charles ^a  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 4143063720     PISSN: 03042421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:RYSO.0000021427.13188.26     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Pierrette Paravy, De la Chrétienté Romaine à la Réforme en Dauphiné. Évêques, Fidèles et Déviants (vers 1340 - vers 1530) (Rome: École Française de Rome, 1993) II, 965.
2. Gabriel Audisio, The Waldensian Dissent. Persecution and Survival, c.1170-c.1570 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 3.
3. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou, village Occitan de 1294 à 1324 (Paris: Galllimard, 1975).
4. Paravy, De la Chrétienté, II, 1034.
5. Audisio, Waldensian Dissent, 88.
6. Charles Tilly, Stories, Identities, and Political Change (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002), "Political Identities in Changing Polities," Social Research 70 (2003): 1301-1315.
7. Charles Tilly, Stories, Identities, and Political Change (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002), "Political Identities in Changing Polities," Social Research 70 (2003): 1301-1315.
8. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
9. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
10. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
11. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
12. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
13. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
14. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
15. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
16. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
17. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
18. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
19. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
20. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
21. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange
22. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
23. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
24. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
25. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
26. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
27. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
28. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
29. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
30. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
31. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
32. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
33. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
34. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edgar Feige, "Underground Activity and Institutional Change: Productive, Protective, and Predatory Behavior in Transition Economies," in Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, editors, Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies (Washington: National Academy Press, 1998); Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Roger V. Gould, "Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 356-380; Gould, Collision of Wills. How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Mark Granovetter, "The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs," in Alejandro Portes, editor, The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995); Avner Greif, "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies," Journal of Political Economy 102 (1994): 912-950; Carol A. Heimer, Reactive Risk and Rational Action: Managing Moral Hazard in Insurance Contracts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Priceless Markets. The Political Economy of Credit in Paris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000); Janet Tai Landa, Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity. Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia's Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Markku Lonkila, Social Networks in Post-Soviet Russia (Helsinki: Kikimora Publications, 1999); Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 108 (1999): 88-127; Paxton, "Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship," American Journal of Sociology 67 (2002): 254-277; Gilles Postel-Vinay, La terre et l'argent. L'agriculture et le crédit dit en France du XVIIIe au début du Xxe siècle (Paris: Albin Michel, 1998); Robert Rotberg, editor, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (1999), nos. 3 and 4, Winter and Spring 1999, two entire issues; Susan P. Shapiro, "The Social Control of Impersonal Trust," American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 623-658; Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State. Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Oded Stark, Altruism and Beyond. An Economic Analysis of Transfers and Exchanges within Families and Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Michael Woolcock, "Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208; Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, "Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan," Motivation and Emotion 18 (1994): 129-166.
35. For surveys of trust-sustaining relations and institutions, see Robert H. Bates et al., Analytical Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Timothy Besley, "Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and Risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995): 169-188; Nicole Woolsey Biggart, "Banking on Each Other: The Situational Logic of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations," Advances in Qualitative Organization Research 3 (2001): 129-153; Nicole Woolsey Biggart and Richard P. Castanias, "Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation," American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60 (2001): 471-500; Ronald S. Burt and Marc Knez, "Kinds of Third-Party Effects on Trust," Rationality and Society 7 (1995): 255-292; Karen S. Cook, editor, Trust in Society. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), Jon Elster, Alchemists of the Mind. Rationality and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss,
36. Craig Muldrew, The Economy of Obligation (London: Macmillan, 1998), 148; see also Muldrew, "Interpreting the Market: The Ethics of Credit and Community Relations in Early Modern England," Social History 18 (1993): 163-183.
37. Craig Muldrew, The Economy of Obligation (London: Macmillan, 1998), 148; see also Muldrew, "Interpreting the Market: The Ethics of Credit and Community Relations in Early Modern England," Social History 18 (1993): 163-183.
38. Muldrew, Economy of Obligation, 148-172.
39. Keith Wrightson and David Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village. Terling, 1525-1700 (New York: Academic Press, 1979); Wrightson and Levine, The Making of an Industrial Society. Whickham 1560-1765 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991).
40. Keith Wrightson and David Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village. Terling, 1525-1700 (New York: Academic Press, 1979); Wrightson and Levine, The Making of an Industrial Society. Whickham 1560-1765 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991).
41. David Armitage, "'The Projecting Age.'" William Paterson and the Bank of England," History Today 44 (1994): 5-10; Muldrew, Economy of Obligation, 328-329.
42. David Armitage, "The Projecting Age." William Paterson and the Bank of England," History Today 44 (1994): 5-10; Muldrew, Economy of Obligation, 328-329.
43. Muldrew, Economy of Obligation, 315-333; see also Randall McGowen, "From Pillory to Gallows: The Punishment of Forgery in the Age of the Financial Revolution," Past & Present 165 (1999): 10-40.
44. Muldrew, Economy of Obligation, 315-333; see also Randall McGowen, "From Pillory to Gallows: The Punishment of Forgery in the Age of the Financial Revolution," Past & Present 165 (1999): 10-40.
45. Muldrew, Economy of Obligation, 106-107.
46. Muldrew, Economy of Obligation, 315.
47. Margaret Levi, Consent, Dissent, and Patriotism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 7-8.
48. Levi, Consent, 21.
49. Guillermina Jasso, "How Much Injustice is There in the World? Two New Justice Indexes," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 133-168; Barrington Moore, Jr., Injustice. The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt (White Plains, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1979); Judith N. Shklar, The Faces of Injustice (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990); Riël Vermunt and Herman Steensma, editors, Social Justice in Human Relations (New York: Plenum, 1991, 2 vols.); Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
50. Guillermina Jasso, "How Much Injustice is There in the World? Two New Justice Indexes," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 133-168; Barrington Moore, Jr., Injustice. The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt (White Plains, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1979); Judith N. Shklar, The Faces of Injustice (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990); Riël Vermunt and Herman Steensma, editors, Social Justice in Human Relations (New York: Plenum, 1991, 2 vols.); Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
51. Guillermina Jasso, "How Much Injustice is There in the World? Two New Justice Indexes," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 133-168; Barrington Moore, Jr., Injustice. The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt (White Plains, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1979); Judith N. Shklar, The Faces of Injustice (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990); Riël Vermunt and Herman Steensma, editors, Social Justice in Human Relations (New York: Plenum, 1991, 2 vols.); Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
52. Guillermina Jasso, "How Much Injustice is There in the World? Two New Justice Indexes," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 133-168; Barrington Moore, Jr., Injustice. The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt (White Plains, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1979); Judith N. Shklar, The Faces of Injustice (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990); Riël Vermunt and Herman Steensma, editors, Social Justice in Human Relations (New York: Plenum, 1991, 2 vols.); Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
53. Guillermina Jasso, "How Much Injustice is There in the World? Two New Justice Indexes," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 133-168; Barrington Moore, Jr., Injustice. The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt (White Plains, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1979); Judith N. Shklar, The Faces of Injustice (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990); Riël Vermunt and Herman Steensma, editors, Social Justice in Human Relations (New York: Plenum, 1991, 2 vols.); Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
54. Levi, Consent, 205.
55. Levi, Consent, 19.
56. Levi, Consent, 163-164.
57. Levi, Consent, 191-192.
58. Levi, Consent, 213.
59. Hugues Lagrange, "Strikes and the War," in Leopold Haimson and Charles Tilly, editors, Strikes, Wars, and Revolutions in an International Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
60. Peter S. Bearman, "Desertion as Localism: Army Unit Solidarity and Group Norms in the U.S. Civil War," Social Forces 70 (1991): 321-342.
61. Bearman, "Desertion as Localism," 337.
62. Charles Tilly, "Conclusions," in Leopold Haimson and Giulio Sapelli, editors, Strikes, Social Conflict and the First World War. An International Perspective (Milan: Feltrinelli. Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, Annali 1990/1991, actually published in 1992); Tilly, European Revolutions, 1492-1992 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993).
63. Charles Tilly, "Conclusions," in Leopold Haimson and Giulio Sapelli, editors, Strikes, Social Conflict and the First World War. An International Perspective (Milan: Feltrinelli. Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, Annali 1990/1991, actually published in 1992); Tilly, European Revolutions, 1492-1992 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993).
64. Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1947, 2nd edn.), 354.
65. Charles Tilly, "Power - Top Down and Bottom Up," Journal of Political Philosophy 7 (1999): 330-352.
66. Feige, "Underground Activity"; Jonathan Fox, "How Does Civil Society Thicken? The Political Construction of Social Capital in Rural Mexico," World Development 24 (1996): 1089-1103; Caroline Humphrey, "Traders, 'Disorder' and Citizenship Regimes in Provincial Russia," in Michael Burawoy and Katherine Verdery, editors, Uncertain Tradition: Ethnographies of Change in the Postsocialist World (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999); Ledeneva, Russia's Economy, Lonkila, Social Networks; James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State. How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).
67. Feige, "Underground Activity"; Jonathan Fox, "How Does Civil Society Thicken? The Political Construction of Social Capital in Rural Mexico," World Development 24 (1996): 1089-1103; Caroline Humphrey, "Traders, 'Disorder' and Citizenship Regimes in Provincial Russia," in Michael Burawoy and Katherine Verdery, editors, Uncertain Tradition: Ethnographies of Change in the Postsocialist World (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999); Ledeneva, Russia's Economy, Lonkila, Social Networks; James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State. How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).
68. Feige, "Underground Activity"; Jonathan Fox, "How Does Civil Society Thicken? The Political Construction of Social Capital in Rural Mexico," World Development 24 (1996): 1089-1103; Caroline Humphrey, "Traders, 'Disorder' and Citizenship Regimes in Provincial Russia," in Michael Burawoy and Katherine Verdery, editors, Uncertain Tradition: Ethnographies of Change in the Postsocialist World (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999); Ledeneva, Russia's Economy, Lonkila, Social Networks; James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State. How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).
69. Feige, "Underground Activity"; Jonathan Fox, "How Does Civil Society Thicken? The Political Construction of Social Capital in Rural Mexico," World Development 24 (1996): 1089-1103; Caroline Humphrey, "Traders, 'Disorder' and Citizenship Regimes in Provincial Russia," in Michael Burawoy and Katherine Verdery, editors, Uncertain Tradition: Ethnographies of Change in the Postsocialist World (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999); Ledeneva, Russia's Economy, Lonkila, Social Networks; James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State. How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).
70. Feige, "Underground Activity"; Jonathan Fox, "How Does Civil Society Thicken? The Political Construction of Social Capital in Rural Mexico," World Development 24 (1996): 1089-1103; Caroline Humphrey, "Traders, 'Disorder' and Citizenship Regimes in Provincial Russia," in Michael Burawoy and Katherine Verdery, editors, Uncertain Tradition: Ethnographies of Change in the Postsocialist World (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999); Ledeneva, Russia's Economy, Lonkila, Social Networks; James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State. How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).
71. Feige, "Underground Activity"; Jonathan Fox, "How Does Civil Society Thicken? The Political Construction of Social Capital in Rural Mexico," World Development 24 (1996): 1089-1103; Caroline Humphrey, "Traders, 'Disorder' and Citizenship Regimes in Provincial Russia," in Michael Burawoy and Katherine Verdery, editors, Uncertain Tradition: Ethnographies of Change in the Postsocialist World (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999); Ledeneva, Russia's Economy, Lonkila, Social Networks; James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State. How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).
72. For reviews of definitions and measures, see David Collier and Steven Levitsky, "Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research," World Politics 49 (1997): 430-451; Barbara Geddes, "What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?" Annual Review of Political Science 2 (1999): 115-144; Alex Inkeles, editor, On Measuring Democracy, its Consequences and Concomitants (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1999); Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy. Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999); Adam Przeworski, Michael Alvarez, José Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi, Democracy and Development. Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 55-59; Tatu Vanhanen, "A New Dataset for Measuring Democracy, 1810-1998," Journal of Peace Research 37 (2000): 251-265.
73. For reviews of definitions and measures, see David Collier and Steven Levitsky, "Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research," World Politics 49 (1997): 430-451; Barbara Geddes, "What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?" Annual Review of Political Science 2 (1999): 115-144; Alex Inkeles, editor, On Measuring Democracy, its Consequences and Concomitants (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1999); Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy. Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999); Adam Przeworski, Michael Alvarez, José Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi, Democracy and Development. Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 55-59; Tatu Vanhanen, "A New Dataset for Measuring Democracy, 1810-1998," Journal of Peace Research 37 (2000): 251-265.
74. For reviews of definitions and measures, see David Collier and Steven Levitsky, "Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research," World Politics 49 (1997): 430-451; Barbara Geddes, "What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?" Annual Review of Political Science 2 (1999): 115-144; Alex Inkeles, editor, On Measuring Democracy, its Consequences and Concomitants (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1999); Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy. Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999); Adam Przeworski, Michael Alvarez, José Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi, Democracy and Development. Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 55-59; Tatu Vanhanen, "A New Dataset for Measuring Democracy, 1810-1998," Journal of Peace Research 37 (2000): 251-265.
75. For reviews of definitions and measures, see David Collier and Steven Levitsky, "Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research," World Politics 49 (1997): 430-451; Barbara Geddes, "What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?" Annual Review of Political Science 2 (1999): 115-144; Alex Inkeles, editor, On Measuring Democracy, its Consequences and Concomitants (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1999); Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy. Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999); Adam Przeworski, Michael Alvarez, José Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi, Democracy and Development. Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 55-59; Tatu Vanhanen, "A New Dataset for Measuring Democracy, 1810-1998," Journal of Peace Research 37 (2000): 251-265.
76. For reviews of definitions and measures, see David Collier and Steven Levitsky, "Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research," World Politics 49 (1997): 430-451; Barbara Geddes, "What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?" Annual Review of Political Science 2 (1999): 115-144; Alex Inkeles, editor, On Measuring Democracy, its Consequences and Concomitants (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1999); Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy. Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999); Adam Przeworski, Michael Alvarez, José Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi, Democracy and Development. Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 55-59; Tatu Vanhanen, "A New Dataset for Measuring Democracy, 1810-1998," Journal of Peace Research 37 (2000): 251-265.
77. For reviews of definitions and measures, see David Collier and Steven Levitsky, "Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research," World Politics 49 (1997): 430-451; Barbara Geddes, "What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?" Annual Review of Political Science 2 (1999): 115-144; Alex Inkeles, editor, On Measuring Democracy, its Consequences and Concomitants (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1999); Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy. Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999); Adam Przeworski, Michael Alvarez, José Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi, Democracy and Development. Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 55-59; Tatu Vanhanen, "A New Dataset for Measuring Democracy, 1810-1998," Journal of Peace Research 37 (2000): 251-265.
78. Charles Tilly, Contention and Democracy in Europe, 1650-2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
79. Charles Tilly, "Conclusion: Why Worry about Citizenship?" in Michael Hanagan and Charles Tilly, editors, Extending Citizenship, Reconfiguring States (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999).
80. Nancy R. Buchan, Rachel T.A. Croson, and Robyn M. Dawes, "Swift Neighbors and Persistent Strangers: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Trust and Reciprocity in Social Exchange," American Journal of Sociology 108 (2002): 168-206; Bob Edwards, Michael W. Foley, and Mario Diani, editors, Beyond Tocqueville. Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective (Hanover: University Press of New England, 2001); Carlos A. Forment, Democracy in Latin America, 1760-1900. Volume I, Civic Selfhood and Public Life in Mexico and Peru (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Margaret Levi and Laura Stoker, "Political Trust and Trustworthiness," Annual Review of Political Science 3 (2000): 475-508, Adam Seligman, The Problem of Trust (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); Mimi Sheller, Democracy After Slavery. Black Publics and Peasant Radicalism in Haiti and Jamaica (London: Macmillan, 2000; Warwick University Caribbean Studies); Eric M. Uslaner, The Moral Foundations of Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Mark E. Warrren, editor, Democracy and Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Elisabeth Jean Wood, Forging Democracy from Below. Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
81. Nancy R. Buchan, Rachel T.A. Croson, and Robyn M. Dawes, "Swift Neighbors and Persistent Strangers: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Trust and Reciprocity in Social Exchange," American Journal of Sociology 108 (2002): 168-206; Bob Edwards, Michael W. Foley, and Mario Diani, editors, Beyond Tocqueville. Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective (Hanover: University Press of New England, 2001); Carlos A. Forment, Democracy in Latin America, 1760-1900. Volume I, Civic Selfhood and Public Life in Mexico and Peru (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Margaret Levi and Laura Stoker, "Political Trust and Trustworthiness," Annual Review of Political Science 3 (2000): 475-508, Adam Seligman, The Problem of Trust (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); Mimi Sheller, Democracy After Slavery. Black Publics and Peasant Radicalism in Haiti and Jamaica (London: Macmillan, 2000; Warwick University Caribbean Studies); Eric M. Uslaner, The Moral Foundations of Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Mark E. Warrren, editor, Democracy and Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Elisabeth Jean Wood, Forging Democracy from Below. Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
82. Nancy R. Buchan, Rachel T.A. Croson, and Robyn M. Dawes, "Swift Neighbors and Persistent Strangers: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Trust and Reciprocity in Social Exchange," American Journal of Sociology 108 (2002): 168-206; Bob Edwards, Michael W. Foley, and Mario Diani, editors, Beyond Tocqueville. Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective (Hanover: University Press of New England, 2001); Carlos A. Forment, Democracy in Latin America, 1760-1900. Volume I, Civic Selfhood and Public Life in Mexico and Peru (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Margaret Levi and Laura Stoker, "Political Trust and Trustworthiness," Annual Review of Political Science 3 (2000): 475-508, Adam Seligman, The Problem of Trust (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); Mimi Sheller, Democracy After Slavery. Black Publics and Peasant Radicalism in Haiti and Jamaica (London: Macmillan, 2000; Warwick University Caribbean Studies); Eric M. Uslaner, The Moral Foundations of Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Mark E. Warrren, editor, Democracy and Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Elisabeth Jean Wood, Forging Democracy from Below. Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
83. Nancy R. Buchan, Rachel T.A. Croson, and Robyn M. Dawes, "Swift Neighbors and Persistent Strangers: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Trust and Reciprocity in Social Exchange," American Journal of Sociology 108 (2002): 168-206; Bob Edwards, Michael W. Foley, and Mario Diani, editors, Beyond Tocqueville. Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective (Hanover: University Press of New England, 2001); Carlos A. Forment, Democracy in Latin America, 1760-1900. Volume I, Civic Selfhood and Public Life in Mexico and Peru (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Margaret Levi and Laura Stoker, "Political Trust and Trustworthiness," Annual Review of Political Science 3 (2000): 475-508, Adam Seligman, The Problem of Trust (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); Mimi Sheller, Democracy After Slavery. Black Publics and Peasant Radicalism in Haiti and Jamaica (London: Macmillan, 2000; Warwick University Caribbean Studies); Eric M. Uslaner, The Moral Foundations of Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Mark E. Warrren, editor, Democracy and Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Elisabeth Jean Wood, Forging Democracy from Below. Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
84. Nancy R. Buchan, Rachel T.A. Croson, and Robyn M. Dawes, "Swift Neighbors and Persistent Strangers: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Trust and Reciprocity in Social Exchange," American Journal of Sociology 108 (2002): 168-206; Bob Edwards, Michael W. Foley, and Mario Diani, editors, Beyond Tocqueville. Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective (Hanover: University Press of New England, 2001); Carlos A. Forment, Democracy in Latin America, 1760-1900. Volume I, Civic Selfhood and Public Life in Mexico and Peru (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Margaret Levi and Laura Stoker, "Political Trust and Trustworthiness," Annual Review of Political Science 3 (2000): 475-508, Adam Seligman, The Problem of Trust (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); Mimi Sheller, Democracy After Slavery. Black Publics and Peasant Radicalism in Haiti and Jamaica (London: Macmillan, 2000; Warwick University Caribbean Studies); Eric M. Uslaner, The Moral Foundations of Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Mark E. Warrren, editor, Democracy and Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Elisabeth Jean Wood, Forging Democracy from Below. Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
85. Nancy R. Buchan, Rachel T.A. Croson, and Robyn M. Dawes, "Swift Neighbors and Persistent Strangers: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Trust and Reciprocity in Social Exchange," American Journal of Sociology 108 (2002): 168-206; Bob Edwards, Michael W. Foley, and Mario Diani, editors, Beyond Tocqueville. Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective (Hanover: University Press of New England, 2001); Carlos A. Forment, Democracy in Latin America, 1760-1900. Volume I, Civic Selfhood and Public Life in Mexico and Peru (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Margaret Levi and Laura Stoker, "Political Trust and Trustworthiness," Annual Review of Political Science 3 (2000): 475-508, Adam Seligman, The Problem of Trust (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); Mimi Sheller, Democracy After Slavery. Black Publics and Peasant Radicalism in Haiti and Jamaica (London: Macmillan, 2000; Warwick University Caribbean Studies); Eric M. Uslaner, The Moral Foundations of Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Mark E. Warrren, editor, Democracy and Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Elisabeth Jean Wood, Forging Democracy from Below. Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
86. Nancy R. Buchan, Rachel T.A. Croson, and Robyn M. Dawes, "Swift Neighbors and Persistent Strangers: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Trust and Reciprocity in Social Exchange," American Journal of Sociology 108 (2002): 168-206; Bob Edwards, Michael W. Foley, and Mario Diani, editors, Beyond Tocqueville. Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective (Hanover: University Press of New England, 2001); Carlos A. Forment, Democracy in Latin America, 1760-1900. Volume I, Civic Selfhood and Public Life in Mexico and Peru (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Margaret Levi and Laura Stoker, "Political Trust and Trustworthiness," Annual Review of Political Science 3 (2000): 475-508, Adam Seligman, The Problem of Trust (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); Mimi Sheller, Democracy After Slavery. Black Publics and Peasant Radicalism in Haiti and Jamaica (London: Macmillan, 2000; Warwick University Caribbean Studies); Eric M. Uslaner, The Moral Foundations of Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Mark E. Warrren, editor, Democracy and Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Elisabeth Jean Wood, Forging Democracy from Below. Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
87. Nancy R. Buchan, Rachel T.A. Croson, and Robyn M. Dawes, "Swift Neighbors and Persistent Strangers: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Trust and Reciprocity in Social Exchange," American Journal of Sociology 108 (2002): 168-206; Bob Edwards, Michael W. Foley, and Mario Diani, editors, Beyond Tocqueville. Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective (Hanover: University Press of New England, 2001); Carlos A. Forment, Democracy in Latin America, 1760-1900. Volume I, Civic Selfhood and Public Life in Mexico and Peru (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Margaret Levi and Laura Stoker, "Political Trust and Trustworthiness," Annual Review of Political Science 3 (2000): 475-508, Adam Seligman, The Problem of Trust (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); Mimi Sheller, Democracy After Slavery. Black Publics and Peasant Radicalism in Haiti and Jamaica (London: Macmillan, 2000; Warwick University Caribbean Studies); Eric M. Uslaner, The Moral Foundations of Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Mark E. Warrren, editor, Democracy and Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Elisabeth Jean Wood, Forging Democracy from Below. Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
88. Nancy R. Buchan, Rachel T.A. Croson, and Robyn M. Dawes, "Swift Neighbors and Persistent Strangers: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Trust and Reciprocity in Social Exchange," American Journal of Sociology 108 (2002): 168-206; Bob Edwards, Michael W. Foley, and Mario Diani, editors, Beyond Tocqueville. Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective (Hanover: University Press of New England, 2001); Carlos A. Forment, Democracy in Latin America, 1760-1900. Volume I, Civic Selfhood and Public Life in Mexico and Peru (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Margaret Levi and Laura Stoker, "Political Trust and Trustworthiness," Annual Review of Political Science 3 (2000): 475-508, Adam Seligman, The Problem of Trust (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); Mimi Sheller, Democracy After Slavery. Black Publics and Peasant Radicalism in Haiti and Jamaica (London: Macmillan, 2000; Warwick University Caribbean Studies); Eric M. Uslaner, The Moral Foundations of Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Mark E. Warrren, editor, Democracy and Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Elisabeth Jean Wood, Forging Democracy from Below. Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
89. Leonardo Avritzer, Democracy and the Public Space in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002); Nancy Bermeo, Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times. The Citizenry and the Breakdown of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003); Ruth Berins Collier, Paths toward Democracy. The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy. Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999); Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies. An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); John S. Dryzek, "Political Inclusion and the Dynamics of Democratization," American Political Science Review 90 (1996): 475-487; John Garrard, Democratisation in Britain. Elites, Civil Society and Reform since 1800 (New York: Palgrave, 2002); John Peeler, Building Democracy in Latin America (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1998); Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Georg Sørensen, Democracy and Democratization. Processes and Prospects in a Changing World (Boulder: Westview, 1998).
90. Leonardo Avritzer, Democracy and the Public Space in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002); Nancy Bermeo, Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times. The Citizenry and the Breakdown of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003); Ruth Berins Collier, Paths toward Democracy. The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy. Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999); Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies. An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); John S. Dryzek, "Political Inclusion and the Dynamics of Democratization," American Political Science Review 90 (1996): 475-487; John Garrard, Democratisation in Britain. Elites, Civil Society and Reform since 1800 (New York: Palgrave, 2002); John Peeler, Building Democracy in Latin America (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1998); Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Georg Sørensen, Democracy and Democratization. Processes and Prospects in a Changing World (Boulder: Westview, 1998).
91. Leonardo Avritzer, Democracy and the Public Space in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002); Nancy Bermeo, Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times. The Citizenry and the Breakdown of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003); Ruth Berins Collier, Paths toward Democracy. The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy. Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999); Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies. An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); John S. Dryzek, "Political Inclusion and the Dynamics of Democratization," American Political Science Review 90 (1996): 475-487; John Garrard, Democratisation in Britain. Elites, Civil Society and Reform since 1800 (New York: Palgrave, 2002); John Peeler, Building Democracy in Latin America (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1998); Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Georg Sørensen, Democracy and Democratization. Processes and Prospects in a Changing World (Boulder: Westview, 1998).
92. Leonardo Avritzer, Democracy and the Public Space in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002); Nancy Bermeo, Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times. The Citizenry and the Breakdown of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003); Ruth Berins Collier, Paths toward Democracy. The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy. Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999); Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies. An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); John S. Dryzek, "Political Inclusion and the Dynamics of Democratization," American Political Science Review 90 (1996): 475-487; John Garrard, Democratisation in Britain. Elites, Civil Society and Reform since 1800 (New York: Palgrave, 2002); John Peeler, Building Democracy in Latin America (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1998); Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Georg Sørensen, Democracy and Democratization. Processes and Prospects in a Changing World (Boulder: Westview, 1998).
93. Leonardo Avritzer, Democracy and the Public Space in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002); Nancy Bermeo, Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times. The Citizenry and the Breakdown of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003); Ruth Berins Collier, Paths toward Democracy. The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy. Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999); Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies. An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); John S. Dryzek, "Political Inclusion and the Dynamics of Democratization," American Political Science Review 90 (1996): 475-487; John Garrard, Democratisation in Britain. Elites, Civil Society and Reform since 1800 (New York: Palgrave, 2002); John Peeler, Building Democracy in Latin America (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1998); Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Georg Sørensen, Democracy and Democratization. Processes and Prospects in a Changing World (Boulder: Westview, 1998).
94. Leonardo Avritzer, Democracy and the Public Space in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002); Nancy Bermeo, Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times. The Citizenry and the Breakdown of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003); Ruth Berins Collier, Paths toward Democracy. The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy. Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999); Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies. An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); John S. Dryzek, "Political Inclusion and the Dynamics of Democratization," American Political Science Review 90 (1996): 475-487; John Garrard, Democratisation in Britain. Elites, Civil Society and Reform since 1800 (New York: Palgrave, 2002); John Peeler, Building Democracy in Latin America (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1998); Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Georg Sørensen, Democracy and Democratization. Processes and Prospects in a Changing World (Boulder: Westview, 1998).
95. Leonardo Avritzer, Democracy and the Public Space in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002); Nancy Bermeo, Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times. The Citizenry and the Breakdown of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003); Ruth Berins Collier, Paths toward Democracy. The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy. Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999); Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies. An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); John S. Dryzek, "Political Inclusion and the Dynamics of Democratization," American Political Science Review 90 (1996): 475-487; John Garrard, Democratisation in Britain. Elites, Civil Society and Reform since 1800 (New York: Palgrave, 2002); John Peeler, Building Democracy in Latin America (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1998); Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Georg Sørensen, Democracy and Democratization. Processes and Prospects in a Changing World (Boulder: Westview, 1998).
96. Leonardo Avritzer, Democracy and the Public Space in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002); Nancy Bermeo, Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times. The Citizenry and the Breakdown of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003); Ruth Berins Collier, Paths toward Democracy. The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy. Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999); Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies. An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); John S. Dryzek, "Political Inclusion and the Dynamics of Democratization," American Political Science Review 90 (1996): 475-487; John Garrard, Democratisation in Britain. Elites, Civil Society and Reform since 1800 (New York: Palgrave, 2002); John Peeler, Building Democracy in Latin America (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1998); Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Georg Sørensen, Democracy and Democratization. Processes and Prospects in a Changing World (Boulder: Westview, 1998).
97. Leonardo Avritzer, Democracy and the Public Space in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002); Nancy Bermeo, Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times. The Citizenry and the Breakdown of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003); Ruth Berins Collier, Paths toward Democracy. The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy. Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999); Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies. An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); John S. Dryzek, "Political Inclusion and the Dynamics of Democratization," American Political Science Review 90 (1996): 475-487; John Garrard, Democratisation in Britain. Elites, Civil Society and Reform since 1800 (New York: Palgrave, 2002); John Peeler, Building Democracy in Latin America (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1998); Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Georg Sørensen, Democracy and Democratization. Processes and Prospects in a Changing World (Boulder: Westview, 1998).
98. Leonardo Avritzer, Democracy and the Public Space in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002); Nancy Bermeo, Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times. The Citizenry and the Breakdown of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003); Ruth Berins Collier, Paths toward Democracy. The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy. Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999); Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies. An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); John S. Dryzek, "Political Inclusion and the Dynamics of Democratization," American Political Science Review 90 (1996): 475-487; John Garrard, Democratisation in Britain. Elites, Civil Society and Reform since 1800 (New York: Palgrave, 2002); John Peeler, Building Democracy in Latin America (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1998); Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Georg Sørensen, Democracy and Democratization. Processes and Prospects in a Changing World (Boulder: Westview, 1998).
99. Bermeo, Ordinary People.
100. Richard D. Anderson Jr., M. Steven Fish, Stephen E. Hanson, and Philip G. Roeder, Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); Nancy Bermeo and Philip Nord, editors, Civil Society Before Democracy. Lessons from Nineteenth-Century Europe (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000); Miichael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa. Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Val Bunce, "Democratization and Economic Reform," Annual Review of Political Science 4 (2001): 43-66; Thomas Carothers, "The End of the Transition Paradigm," Journal of Democracy 13/1 (2002): 5-21; Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, editors, The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); John Garrard, Vera Tolz, and Ralph White, editors, European Democratization since 1800 (New York: St. Martin's, 2000); Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, "Democracy and Associations in the Long Nineteenth Century: Toward a Transnational Perspective," Journal of Modern History 75 (2003): 269-299; Pedro Ibarra, editor, Social Movements and Democracy (New York: Palgrave, 2003); Jérôme Lafargue, Contestations démocratiques en Afrique (Paris: Karthala and IFRA, 1996); Fernando López-Alves, State Formation and Democracy in Latin America, 1810-1900 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000); Guilermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints. Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999); Reynaldo Yunuen Ortega Ortiz, editor, Caminos a la Democracia (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2001); Jeffrey W. Rubin, Decentering the Regime. Ethnicity, Radicalism, and Democracy in Juchitán, Mexico (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997); Deborah J. Yashar, Demanding Democracy. Reform and Reaction in Costa Rica and Guatemala, 1870s-1950s (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
101. Richard D. Anderson Jr., M. Steven Fish, Stephen E. Hanson, and Philip G. Roeder, Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); Nancy Bermeo and Philip Nord, editors, Civil Society Before Democracy. Lessons from Nineteenth-Century Europe (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000); Miichael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa. Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Val Bunce, "Democratization and Economic Reform," Annual Review of Political Science 4 (2001): 43-66; Thomas Carothers, "The End of the Transition Paradigm," Journal of Democracy 13/1 (2002): 5-21; Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, editors, The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); John Garrard, Vera Tolz, and Ralph White, editors, European Democratization since 1800 (New York: St. Martin's, 2000); Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, "Democracy and Associations in the Long Nineteenth Century: Toward a Transnational Perspective," Journal of Modern History 75 (2003): 269-299; Pedro Ibarra, editor, Social Movements and Democracy (New York: Palgrave, 2003); Jérôme Lafargue, Contestations démocratiques en Afrique (Paris: Karthala and IFRA, 1996); Fernando López-Alves, State Formation and Democracy in Latin America, 1810-1900 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000); Guilermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints. Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999); Reynaldo Yunuen Ortega Ortiz, editor, Caminos a la Democracia (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2001); Jeffrey W. Rubin, Decentering the Regime. Ethnicity, Radicalism, and Democracy in Juchitán, Mexico (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997); Deborah J. Yashar, Demanding Democracy. Reform and Reaction in Costa Rica and Guatemala, 1870s-1950s (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
102. Richard D. Anderson Jr., M. Steven Fish, Stephen E. Hanson, and Philip G. Roeder, Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); Nancy Bermeo and Philip Nord, editors, Civil Society Before Democracy. Lessons from Nineteenth-Century Europe (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000); Miichael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa. Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Val Bunce, "Democratization and Economic Reform," Annual Review of Political Science 4 (2001): 43-66; Thomas Carothers, "The End of the Transition Paradigm," Journal of Democracy 13/1 (2002): 5-21; Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, editors, The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); John Garrard, Vera Tolz, and Ralph White, editors, European Democratization since 1800 (New York: St. Martin's, 2000); Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, "Democracy and Associations in the Long Nineteenth Century: Toward a Transnational Perspective," Journal of Modern History 75 (2003): 269-299; Pedro Ibarra, editor, Social Movements and Democracy (New York: Palgrave, 2003); Jérôme Lafargue, Contestations démocratiques en Afrique (Paris: Karthala and IFRA, 1996); Fernando López-Alves, State Formation and Democracy in Latin America, 1810-1900 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000); Guilermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints. Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999); Reynaldo Yunuen Ortega Ortiz, editor, Caminos a la Democracia (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2001); Jeffrey W. Rubin, Decentering the Regime. Ethnicity, Radicalism, and Democracy in Juchitán, Mexico (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997); Deborah J. Yashar, Demanding Democracy. Reform and Reaction in Costa Rica and Guatemala, 1870s-1950s (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
103. Richard D. Anderson Jr., M. Steven Fish, Stephen E. Hanson, and Philip G. Roeder, Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); Nancy Bermeo and Philip Nord, editors, Civil Society Before Democracy. Lessons from Nineteenth-Century Europe (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000); Miichael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa. Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Val Bunce, "Democratization and Economic Reform," Annual Review of Political Science 4 (2001): 43-66; Thomas Carothers, "The End of the Transition Paradigm," Journal of Democracy 13/1 (2002): 5-21; Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, editors, The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); John Garrard, Vera Tolz, and Ralph White, editors, European Democratization since 1800 (New York: St. Martin's, 2000); Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, "Democracy and Associations in the Long Nineteenth Century: Toward a Transnational Perspective," Journal of Modern History 75 (2003): 269-299; Pedro Ibarra, editor, Social Movements and Democracy (New York: Palgrave, 2003); Jérôme Lafargue, Contestations démocratiques en Afrique (Paris: Karthala and IFRA, 1996); Fernando López-Alves, State Formation and Democracy in Latin America, 1810-1900 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000); Guilermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints. Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999); Reynaldo Yunuen Ortega Ortiz, editor, Caminos a la Democracia (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2001); Jeffrey W. Rubin, Decentering the Regime. Ethnicity, Radicalism, and Democracy in Juchitán, Mexico (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997); Deborah J. Yashar, Demanding Democracy. Reform and Reaction in Costa Rica and Guatemala, 1870s-1950s (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
104. Richard D. Anderson Jr., M. Steven Fish, Stephen E. Hanson, and Philip G. Roeder, Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); Nancy Bermeo and Philip Nord, editors, Civil Society Before Democracy. Lessons from Nineteenth-Century Europe (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000); Miichael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa. Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Val Bunce, "Democratization and Economic Reform," Annual Review of Political Science 4 (2001): 43-66; Thomas Carothers, "The End of the Transition Paradigm," Journal of Democracy 13/1 (2002): 5-21; Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, editors, The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); John Garrard, Vera Tolz, and Ralph White, editors, European Democratization since 1800 (New York: St. Martin's, 2000); Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, "Democracy and Associations in the Long Nineteenth Century: Toward a Transnational Perspective," Journal of Modern History 75 (2003): 269-299; Pedro Ibarra, editor, Social Movements and Democracy (New York: Palgrave, 2003); Jérôme Lafargue, Contestations démocratiques en Afrique (Paris: Karthala and IFRA, 1996); Fernando López-Alves, State Formation and Democracy in Latin America, 1810-1900 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000); Guilermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints. Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999); Reynaldo Yunuen Ortega Ortiz, editor, Caminos a la Democracia (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2001); Jeffrey W. Rubin, Decentering the Regime. Ethnicity, Radicalism, and Democracy in Juchitán, Mexico (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997); Deborah J. Yashar, Demanding Democracy. Reform and Reaction in Costa Rica and Guatemala, 1870s-1950s (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
105. Richard D. Anderson Jr., M. Steven Fish, Stephen E. Hanson, and Philip G. Roeder, Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); Nancy Bermeo and Philip Nord, editors, Civil Society Before Democracy. Lessons from Nineteenth-Century Europe (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000); Miichael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa. Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Val Bunce, "Democratization and Economic Reform," Annual Review of Political Science 4 (2001): 43-66; Thomas Carothers, "The End of the Transition Paradigm," Journal of Democracy 13/1 (2002): 5-21; Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, editors, The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); John Garrard, Vera Tolz, and Ralph White, editors, European Democratization since 1800 (New York: St. Martin's, 2000); Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, "Democracy and Associations in the Long Nineteenth Century: Toward a Transnational Perspective," Journal of Modern History 75 (2003): 269-299; Pedro Ibarra, editor, Social Movements and Democracy (New York: Palgrave, 2003); Jérôme Lafargue, Contestations démocratiques en Afrique (Paris: Karthala and IFRA, 1996); Fernando López-Alves, State Formation and Democracy in Latin America, 1810-1900 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000); Guilermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints. Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999); Reynaldo Yunuen Ortega Ortiz, editor, Caminos a la Democracia (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2001); Jeffrey W. Rubin, Decentering the Regime. Ethnicity, Radicalism, and Democracy in Juchitán, Mexico (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997); Deborah J. Yashar, Demanding Democracy. Reform and Reaction in Costa Rica and Guatemala, 1870s-1950s (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
106. Richard D. Anderson Jr., M. Steven Fish, Stephen E. Hanson, and Philip G. Roeder, Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); Nancy Bermeo and Philip Nord, editors, Civil Society Before Democracy. Lessons from Nineteenth-Century Europe (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000); Miichael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa. Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Val Bunce, "Democratization and Economic Reform," Annual Review of Political Science 4 (2001): 43-66; Thomas Carothers, "The End of the Transition Paradigm," Journal of Democracy 13/1 (2002): 5-21; Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, editors, The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge
107. Richard D. Anderson Jr., M. Steven Fish, Stephen E. Hanson, and Philip G. Roeder, Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); Nancy Bermeo and Philip Nord, editors, Civil Society Before Democracy. Lessons from Nineteenth-Century Europe (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000); Miichael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa. Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Val Bunce, "Democratization and Economic Reform," Annual Review of Political Science 4 (2001): 43-66; Thomas Carothers, "The End of the Transition Paradigm," Journal of Democracy 13/1 (2002): 5-21; Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, editors, The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); John Garrard, Vera Tolz, and Ralph White, editors, European Democratization since 1800 (New York: St. Martin's, 2000); Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, "Democracy and Associations in the Long Nineteenth Century: Toward a Transnational Perspective," Journal of Modern History 75 (2003): 269-299; Pedro Ibarra, editor, Social Movements and Democracy (New York: Palgrave, 2003); Jérôme Lafargue, Contestations démocratiques en Afrique (Paris: Karthala and IFRA, 1996); Fernando López-Alves, State Formation and Democracy in Latin America, 1810-1900 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000); Guilermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints. Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999); Reynaldo Yunuen Ortega Ortiz, editor, Caminos a la Democracia (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2001); Jeffrey W. Rubin, Decentering the Regime. Ethnicity, Radicalism, and Democracy in Juchitán, Mexico (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997); Deborah J. Yashar, Demanding Democracy. Reform and Reaction in Costa Rica and Guatemala, 1870s-1950s (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
108. Richard D. Anderson Jr., M. Steven Fish, Stephen E. Hanson, and Philip G. Roeder, Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); Nancy Bermeo and Philip Nord, editors, Civil Society Before Democracy. Lessons from Nineteenth-Century Europe (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000); Miichael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa. Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Val Bunce, "Democratization and Economic Reform," Annual Review of Political Science 4 (2001): 43-66; Thomas Carothers, "The End of the Transition Paradigm," Journal of Democracy 13/1 (2002): 5-21; Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, editors, The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); John Garrard, Vera Tolz, and Ralph White, editors, European Democratization since 1800 (New York: St. Martin's, 2000); Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, "Democracy and Associations in the Long Nineteenth Century: Toward a Transnational Perspective," Journal of Modern History 75 (2003): 269-299; Pedro Ibarra, editor, Social Movements and Democracy (New York: Palgrave, 2003); Jérôme Lafargue, Contestations démocratiques en Afrique (Paris: Karthala and IFRA, 1996); Fernando López-Alves, State Formation and Democracy in Latin America, 1810-1900 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000); Guilermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints. Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999); Reynaldo Yunuen Ortega Ortiz, editor, Caminos a la Democracia (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2001); Jeffrey W. Rubin, Decentering the Regime. Ethnicity, Radicalism, and Democracy in Juchitán, Mexico (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997); Deborah J. Yashar, Demanding Democracy. Reform and Reaction in Costa Rica and Guatemala, 1870s-1950s (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
109. Richard D. Anderson Jr., M. Steven Fish, Stephen E. Hanson, and Philip G. Roeder, Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); Nancy Bermeo and Philip Nord, editors, Civil Society Before Democracy. Lessons from Nineteenth-Century Europe (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000); Miichael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa. Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Val Bunce, "Democratization and Economic Reform," Annual Review of Political Science 4 (2001): 43-66; Thomas Carothers, "The End of the Transition Paradigm," Journal of Democracy 13/1 (2002): 5-21; Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, editors, The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); John Garrard, Vera Tolz, and Ralph White, editors, European Democratization since 1800 (New York: St. Martin's, 2000); Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, "Democracy and Associations in the Long Nineteenth Century: Toward a Transnational Perspective," Journal of Modern History 75 (2003): 269-299; Pedro Ibarra, editor, Social Movements and Democracy (New York: Palgrave, 2003); Jérôme Lafargue, Contestations démocratiques en Afrique (Paris: Karthala and IFRA, 1996); Fernando López-Alves, State Formation and Democracy in Latin America, 1810-1900 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000); Guilermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints. Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999); Reynaldo Yunuen Ortega Ortiz, editor, Caminos a la Democracia (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2001); Jeffrey W. Rubin, Decentering the Regime. Ethnicity, Radicalism, and Democracy in Juchitán, Mexico (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997); Deborah J. Yashar, Demanding Democracy. Reform and Reaction in Costa Rica and Guatemala, 1870s-1950s (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
110. Richard D. Anderson Jr., M. Steven Fish, Stephen E. Hanson, and Philip G. Roeder, Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); Nancy Bermeo and Philip Nord, editors, Civil Society Before Democracy. Lessons from Nineteenth-Century Europe (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000); Miichael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa. Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Val Bunce, "Democratization and Economic Reform," Annual Review of Political Science 4 (2001): 43-66; Thomas Carothers, "The End of the Transition Paradigm," Journal of Democracy 13/1 (2002): 5-21; Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, editors, The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); John Garrard, Vera Tolz, and Ralph White, editors, European Democratization since 1800 (New York: St. Martin's, 2000); Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, "Democracy and Associations in the Long Nineteenth Century: Toward a Transnational Perspective," Journal of Modern History 75 (2003): 269-299; Pedro Ibarra, editor, Social Movements and Democracy (New York: Palgrave, 2003); Jérôme Lafargue, Contestations démocratiques en Afrique (Paris: Karthala and IFRA, 1996); Fernando López-Alves, State Formation and Democracy in Latin America, 1810-1900 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000); Guilermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints. Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999); Reynaldo Yunuen Ortega Ortiz, editor, Caminos a la Democracia (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2001); Jeffrey W. Rubin, Decentering the Regime. Ethnicity, Radicalism, and Democracy in Juchitán, Mexico (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997); Deborah J. Yashar, Demanding Democracy. Reform and Reaction in Costa Rica and Guatemala, 1870s-1950s (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
111. Richard D. Anderson Jr., M. Steven Fish, Stephen E. Hanson, and Philip G. Roeder, Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); Nancy Bermeo and Philip Nord, editors, Civil Society Before Democracy. Lessons from Nineteenth-Century Europe (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000); Miichael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa. Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Val Bunce, "Democratization and Economic Reform," Annual Review of Political Science 4 (2001): 43-66; Thomas Carothers, "The End of the Transition Paradigm," Journal of Democracy 13/1 (2002): 5-21; Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, editors, The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); John Garrard, Vera Tolz, and Ralph White, editors, European Democratization since 1800 (New York: St. Martin's, 2000); Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, "Democracy and Associations in the Long Nineteenth Century: Toward a Transnational Perspective," Journal of Modern History 75 (2003): 269-299; Pedro Ibarra, editor, Social Movements and Democracy (New York: Palgrave, 2003); Jérôme Lafargue, Contestations démocratiques en Afrique (Paris: Karthala and IFRA, 1996); Fernando López-Alves, State Formation and Democracy in Latin America, 1810-1900 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000); Guilermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints. Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999); Reynaldo Yunuen Ortega Ortiz, editor, Caminos a la Democracia (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2001); Jeffrey W. Rubin, Decentering the Regime. Ethnicity, Radicalism, and Democracy in Juchitán, Mexico (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997); Deborah J. Yashar, Demanding Democracy. Reform and Reaction in Costa Rica and Guatemala, 1870s-1950s (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
112. Richard D. Anderson Jr., M. Steven Fish, Stephen E. Hanson, and Philip G. Roeder, Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); Nancy Bermeo and Philip Nord, editors, Civil Society Before Democracy. Lessons from Nineteenth-Century Europe (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000); Miichael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa. Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Val Bunce, "Democratization and Economic Reform," Annual Review of Political Science 4 (2001): 43-66; Thomas Carothers, "The End of the Transition Paradigm," Journal of Democracy 13/1 (2002): 5-21; Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, editors, The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); John Garrard, Vera Tolz, and Ralph White, editors, European Democratization since 1800 (New York: St. Martin's, 2000); Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, "Democracy and Associations in the Long Nineteenth Century: Toward a Transnational Perspective," Journal of Modern History 75 (2003): 269-299; Pedro Ibarra, editor, Social Movements and Democracy (New York: Palgrave, 2003); Jérôme Lafargue, Contestations démocratiques en Afrique (Paris: Karthala and IFRA, 1996); Fernando López-Alves, State Formation and Democracy in Latin America, 1810-1900 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000); Guilermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints. Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999); Reynaldo Yunuen Ortega Ortiz, editor, Caminos a la Democracia (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2001); Jeffrey W. Rubin, Decentering the Regime. Ethnicity, Radicalism, and Democracy in Juchitán, Mexico (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997); Deborah J. Yashar, Demanding Democracy. Reform and Reaction in Costa Rica and Guatemala, 1870s-1950s (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
113. Richard D. Anderson Jr., M. Steven Fish, Stephen E. Hanson, and Philip G. Roeder, Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); Nancy Bermeo and Philip Nord, editors, Civil Society Before Democracy. Lessons from Nineteenth-Century Europe (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000); Miichael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa. Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Val Bunce, "Democratization and Economic Reform," Annual Review of Political Science 4 (2001): 43-66; Thomas Carothers, "The End of the Transition Paradigm," Journal of Democracy 13/1 (2002): 5-21; Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, editors, The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); John Garrard, Vera Tolz, and Ralph White, editors, European Democratization since 1800 (New York: St. Martin's, 2000); Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, "Democracy and Associations in the Long Nineteenth Century: Toward a Transnational Perspective," Journal of Modern History 75 (2003): 269-299; Pedro Ibarra, editor, Social Movements and Democracy (New York: Palgrave, 2003); Jérôme Lafargue, Contestations démocratiques en Afrique (Paris: Karthala and IFRA, 1996); Fernando López-Alves, State Formation and Democracy in Latin America, 1810-1900 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000); Guilermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints. Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999); Reynaldo Yunuen Ortega Ortiz, editor, Caminos a la Democracia (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2001); Jeffrey W. Rubin, Decentering the Regime. Ethnicity, Radicalism, and Democracy in Juchitán, Mexico (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997); Deborah J. Yashar, Demanding Democracy. Reform and Reaction in Costa Rica and Guatemala, 1870s-1950s (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
114. Richard D. Anderson Jr., M. Steven Fish, Stephen E. Hanson, and Philip G. Roeder, Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); Nancy Bermeo and Philip Nord, editors, Civil Society Before Democracy. Lessons from Nineteenth-Century Europe (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000); Miichael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa. Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Val Bunce, "Democratization and Economic Reform," Annual Review of Political Science 4 (2001): 43-66; Thomas Carothers, "The End of the Transition Paradigm," Journal of Democracy 13/1 (2002): 5-21; Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, editors, The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); John Garrard, Vera Tolz, and Ralph White, editors, European Democratization since 1800 (New York: St. Martin's, 2000); Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, "Democracy and Associations in the Long Nineteenth Century: Toward a Transnational Perspective," Journal of Modern History 75 (2003): 269-299; Pedro Ibarra, editor, Social Movements and Democracy (New York: Palgrave, 2003); Jérôme Lafargue, Contestations démocratiques en Afrique (Paris: Karthala and IFRA, 1996); Fernando López-Alves, State Formation and Democracy in Latin America, 1810-1900 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000); Guilermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints. Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999); Reynaldo Yunuen Ortega Ortiz, editor, Caminos a la Democracia (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2001); Jeffrey W. Rubin, Decentering the Regime. Ethnicity, Radicalism, and Democracy in Juchitán, Mexico (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997); Deborah J. Yashar, Demanding Democracy. Reform and Reaction in Costa Rica and Guatemala, 1870s-1950s (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
115. For competing views, see Helmut Anheier and Nuno Themudo, "Organisational Forms of Global Civil Society: Implications of Going Global" in Marlies Glasius, Mary Kaldor, and Helmut Anheier, editors, Global Civil Society 2002 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); W. Lance Bennett, "Communicating Global Activism," Information, Communication and Society 6 (2003): 143-168; Ronald J. Deibert, "International Plug 'n Play? Citizen Activism, the Internet, and Global Public Policy," International Studies Perspectives 1 (2000): 255-272; Howard Rheingold, Smart Mobs. The Next Social Revolution (New York: Perseus Publishing, 2003); Barry Wellman, "Changing Connectivity: A Future History of Y2.03K," Sociological Research Online 4/4 (2000).
116. For competing views, see Helmut Anheier and Nuno Themudo, "Organisational Forms of Global Civil Society: Implications of Going Global" in Marlies Glasius, Mary Kaldor, and Helmut Anheier, editors, Global Civil Society 2002 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); W. Lance Bennett, "Communicating Global Activism," Information, Communication and Society 6 (2003): 143-168; Ronald J. Deibert, "International Plug 'n Play? Citizen Activism, the Internet, and Global Public Policy," International Studies Perspectives 1 (2000): 255-272; Howard Rheingold, Smart Mobs. The Next Social Revolution (New York: Perseus Publishing, 2003); Barry Wellman, "Changing Connectivity: A Future History of Y2.03K," Sociological Research Online 4/4 (2000).
117. For competing views, see Helmut Anheier and Nuno Themudo, "Organisational Forms of Global Civil Society: Implications of Going Global" in Marlies Glasius, Mary Kaldor, and Helmut Anheier, editors, Global Civil Society 2002 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); W. Lance Bennett, "Communicating Global Activism," Information, Communication and Society 6 (2003): 143-168; Ronald J. Deibert, "International Plug 'n Play? Citizen Activism, the Internet, and Global Public Policy," International Studies Perspectives 1 (2000): 255-272; Howard Rheingold, Smart Mobs. The Next Social Revolution (New York: Perseus Publishing, 2003); Barry Wellman, "Changing Connectivity: A Future History of Y2.03K," Sociological Research Online 4/4 (2000).
118. For competing views, see Helmut Anheier and Nuno Themudo, "Organisational Forms of Global Civil Society: Implications of Going Global" in Marlies Glasius, Mary Kaldor, and Helmut Anheier, editors, Global Civil Society 2002 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); W. Lance Bennett, "Communicating Global Activism," Information, Communication and Society 6 (2003): 143-168; Ronald J. Deibert, "International Plug 'n Play? Citizen Activism, the Internet, and Global Public Policy," International Studies Perspectives 1 (2000): 255-272; Howard Rheingold, Smart Mobs. The Next Social Revolution (New York: Perseus Publishing, 2003); Barry Wellman, "Changing Connectivity: A Future History of Y2.03K," Sociological Research Online 4/4 (2000).
119. For competing views, see Helmut Anheier and Nuno Themudo, "Organisational Forms of Global Civil Society: Implications of Going Global" in Marlies Glasius, Mary Kaldor, and Helmut Anheier, editors, Global Civil Society 2002 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); W. Lance Bennett, "Communicating Global Activism," Information, Communication and Society 6 (2003): 143-168; Ronald J. Deibert, "International Plug 'n Play? Citizen Activism, the Internet, and Global Public Policy," International Studies Perspectives 1 (2000): 255-272; Howard Rheingold, Smart Mobs. The Next Social Revolution (New York: Perseus Publishing, 2003); Barry Wellman, "Changing Connectivity: A Future History of Y2.03K," Sociological Research Online 4/4 (2000).
120. UNDP [United Nations Development Program], Human Development Report 2002. Deepening Democracy in a Fragmented World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 186-189.
121. Caroline Haythornthwaite and Barry Wellman, "The Internet in Everyday Life: An Introduction," in Caroline Haythornthwaite and Barry Wellman, editors, The Internet in Everyday Life (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2002).