Legal originality

Oxford Journal of Legal Studies

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 147-164

  Siems, Mathias M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 41349106835     PISSN: 01436503     EISSN: 14643820     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ojls/gqm024     Document Type: Article

References (218)

1. H. Melville, 'Hawthorne and His Mosses', The Literary World, 17 and 24 August 1850, also available at http://www.ibiblio.org/eldritch/ nh/hahm.html
2. Similar D. L. Rhode, 'Legal Scholarship' (2002) 115 Harv. L. Rev. 1327-1361 at 1327 ('Most legal academics should approach scholarship on legal scholarship with considerable wariness. It is difficult to engage in serious criticism without offending at least some valued colleagues, and appearing arrogant, hypocritical, or both.').
3. F. Cownie, Legal Academics (Oxford: Hart, 2004) at 72, 197.
4. Cownie, above n 3 at 56-57, 198.
5. See also Dame H. Genn, M. Partington and S. Wheeler, Law in the Real World: Improving Our Understanding of How Law Works: Final Report and Recommendation (London: Nuffield Foundation, 2006) at 26 (UK law schools dominated by theoretical and text-based research).
6. See e.g. J. B. Ruhl, 'The Hierarchy of Legal Scholarship', 21 September 2006, available at http://jurisdynamics.blogspot.com/2006/09/ hierarchy-of-legal-scholarship.html: 0 points: Blog posts; 1 point: Publication of what are essentially blog posts with footnotes; 2 points: Doctrinal review of the state of the law; 3 points: Doctrinal study of interesting questions of law; 4 points: Doctrinal synthesis of developments in law; 5 points: Normative policy analysis of law; 6 points: Normative policy analysis of law with substantial reform proposals; 7 points: Legal theory; 8 points: 'Law and' interdisciplinary studies; 9 points: Empirical study of legal institutions; 10 points: Empirical study of law's impact on society.
7. Sir I. Berlin, The Hedgehog and the Fox (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1953) quoting Archilochus.
8. For a different view see P. C. Kissam, 'The Evaluation of Legal Scholarship' (1998) 63 Wash. L. Rev. 221-255 at 228 (original dissemination of existing knowledge can satisfy 'a broadly conceived standard of originality').
9. See C. McCrudden, 'Legal Research and Social Sciences', (2006) 122 LQR 632-650 at 634.
10. See A. Beever and C. Rickert, 'Interpretive Legal Theory and the Academic Lawyer, Review of Waddams, Dimensions of Private Law' (2005) 68 MLR 320-337.
11. Kissam, above n 7 at 232-233.
12. For the term 'inner system' see, e.g. C.-W. Canaris, Systemdenken und Systembegriff in der Jurisprudenz (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1983) at 19
13. F. Bydlinski, System und Prinzipieu des Privatrechts (Wien: Springer, 1996) at 4
14. P. Heck, Begriffsbildung und Interessenjurisprudenz (Tübingen: Mohr, 1932) at 139-143.
15. For a summary in English see G. A. Weiss, 'The Enchantment of Codification in the Common-Law World' (2000) 25 Yale J. Intl L. 435-532 at 464.
16. N. MacCormick, Rhetoric and The Rule of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) at 189, 190, 206
17. N. MacCormick, Legal Reasoning (Oxford: Clarendon: 1978) at 152, 195.
18. R. Dworkin, Law's Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap, 1986) at 217.
19. R. Dworkin, 'No Right Answer?' in M. S. Hacker and J. Raz (eds), Law, Morality and Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), at 84.
20. For more details see Dworkin, above n 13.
21. See also S. W. Ball, 'Dworkin and His Critics: The Relevance of Ethical Theory in Philosophy of Law' (1990) 3 Ratio Juris 340-384 at 369-372 (with reference to Quine's view of science).
22. But see, e.g. the French Code de la Consommation 1978 (as amended).
23. For instance, there is some discussion whether the use of the European Company (SE) may be hindered by tax reasons; see, e.g. European Federation of Accountants (FEE), Position Paper on Tax Treatment of the European Company (Societas Europaea), November 2003.
24. See e.g. F. G. Kempen, Legal History: Law and Social Change (Englewoods Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1963) at 5
25. R. A. Posner, Frontiers in Legal Theory (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001) at 145-221.
26. Kempen, above n 18 at vii.
27. See Part 2 below.
28. See e.g. European Convention on Human Rights, art. 7; Statute of the International Criminal Court, arts. 22, 23
29. S. Pomorski, American Common Law and the Principle Nullum Crimen Sine Lege (The Hague: Mouton, 2nd edn, 1975).
30. See e.g. H. L. A. Hart, The Concept of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2nd revised edn, 1997)
31. see also J. Raz, The Authority of Law (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1979) at 213-214 on the principle nullum crimen sine lege.
32. See e.g. T. Mertens, 'Nazism, legal positivism and Radbruch's thesis on statutory injustice' (2003) 14 Law and Critique 277-295.
33. See K. Zweigert and H. Kötz, Introduction to Comparative Law (Oxford: Clarendon, 3rd edn, 1998) at 44-47.
34. E B. Rock, 'America's Fascination with German Corporate Governance' (1994) Aktiengesellschaft 291-299 at 299.
35. On the functions of comparative law see generally, e.g. P de Cruz, Comparative Law in a Changing World (London: Cavendish, 3nd edn, 2007) 18-25
36. Zweigert and Kötz, above n 24 at 13-31.
37. For other forms of interdisciplinary research see text to notes 52-121 below.
38. For a general overview see R. A. Posner, Frontiers of Legal Theory (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001).
39. See e.g. R. A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law (New York: Aspen, 6th edn, 2003) at 118-126.
40. See also T S. Ulen, 'The Efficiency of Specific Performance: Toward a Unified Theory of Contract Remedies' (1984) 83 Mich. L. Rev. 341-403
41. D. Friedmann, 'The Efficient Breach Fallacy' (1989) 18 J. Leg. Stud. 1-24
42. M. Eisenberg, 'Actual and Virtual Specific Performance, The Theory of Efficient Breach and the Indifference Principle in Contract Law' (2005) 93 Cal. L. Rev. 975-1050
43. S. Shavell, 'Specific Performance versus Damages for Breach of Contract: An Economic Analysis' (2006) 84 Tex. L. Rev. 831-876.
44. Cf. A. Ogus, Costs and Cautionary Tales - Economic Insights for the Law (Oxford: Hart, 2006) at 205-206
45. M. M. Siems, 'Disgorgement of Profits for Breach of Contract - A Comparative Analysis' (2003) 7 Edinburgh Law Review 27-59 at 51-54.
46. But see text to notes 52-121 below.
47. Term by Kissam, above n 7 at 234 ('...by this I mean writing that analyzes, reflects upon, and interprets legal practices as opposed to legal doctrine.').
48. See also T. S. Ulen, 'A Nobel Prize in Legal Science: Theory, Empirical Work, and the Scientific Method of the Study of Law' (2002) U. Ill. L. Rev. 875-920 at 900-909.
49. See generally M. M. Siems, Convergence in Shareholder Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008) at 191-193, 228.
50. See D. Laycock, The Death of the Irreparable Injury Rule (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991) who examined 1400 cases in order to find out whether courts had followed the 'irreparable injury rule' of remedies.
51. The first and most influential piece is S. Macaulay, 'Non-Contractual Relations in Business: A Preliminary Study' (1963) 28 American Sociological Review 1-19.
52. See also D. Charny, 'Nonlegal Sanctions in Commercial Relationships' (1990) 104 Harv. L. Rev. 375-467
53. R. W. Gordon, 'Macaulay, Macneil, and the Discovery of Solidarity and Power in Contract Law' (1985) Wis. L. Rev. 561-579 at 575 ('contract law and commentaries inhabit academic museums of quaint curiosities bearing but slight resemblance to the law-in-action known to contracting parties and their lawyers.').
54. R. C. Ellickson, Order Without Law: How Neighbors Settle Disputes (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991).
55. See also R. C. Ellickson, 'Of Cease and Cattle: Dispute Resolution Among Neighbors in Shasta County' (1986) 38 Stan. L. Rev. 623-687.
56. G. Richardson, Law, Process and Custody: Prisoners and Patients (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1993).
57. See Rhode, above n 2 at 1354 ('Why bother with fieldwork when you can leap instantly into print by reading some prominent cases and commentary in the comfort of your office and saying what you think?').
58. Which means 'Words instruct, illustrations lead'. The origins of this saying are not entirely clear but it is probably a modification of 'longum iter est per praecepta, breve et efficax per exempla' (Seneca the Younger, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium, Liber 1, Epistula 6 para. 5).
59. See text to notes 8-17 above.
60. E. J. Weinrib, The Idea of Private Law (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995) at 13.
61. R. A. Posner, 'In Memoriam: Bernard D. Meltzer (1914-2007)' (2007) 74 U. Chi. L. Rev. 435-438 at 437.
62. For instance on 'law' see Hart, n 22 above;
63. on 'justice' see J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971)
64. on 'rights' see R. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978).
65. See also text to notes 26-30 above and 52-121 below on applied interdisciplinary research.
66. See e.g. P. A. Thomas (ed.), Socio-Legal Studies (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1997)
67. Posner, above n 27 at 411-440.
68. See also the Law in Context Series (now published by Cambridge University Press; originally published by Weidenfeld).
69. For the development in the US see U. Mattei, 'The Rise and Fall of Law and Economics: An Essay for Judge Guido Calabresi' (2005) 12 Maryland Law Review 220-249.
70. For the European discussion see e.g. Ogus, above n 29 above;
71. K. Dau-Schmidt and C. Brun, 'Lost in Translation: 'The Economic Analysis of Law in the United States and Europe' (2006) 44 Colum. J. Transnat'l L. 602-621
72. R. A. Posner, 'The Future of the Law and Economics Movement in Europe' (1997) 17 International Review of Law and Economics 3-14
73. R. Van den Bergh, 'The growth of law and economics in Europe' (1996) 40 European Economic Review 969-977.
74. See text to note 2 above.
75. See e.g. A. Watson, Legal Transplants: An Approach to Comparative Law (Athens-London: University of Georgia Press, 2nd edn, 1993)
76. G. Teubner, 'Legal Irritants: Good Faith in British Law Or How Unifying Law Ends Up in New Differences' (1993) 61 MLR 11-32
77. P. Legrand, 'The Impossibility of Legal Transplants' (1997) 4 Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 111-124.
78. B. S. Markesinis, The Gradual Convergence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994)
79. P. Legrand, 'European Legal Systems Are Not Converging' (1996) 45 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 52-81
80. N. H. D. Foster, 'The Journal of Comparative Law: A New Scholarly Recourse' (2006) 1 Journal of Comparative Law 1-11.
81. For the company-law literature see e.g. J. N. Gordon and M. J. Roe (eds), Convergence and Persistence in Corporate Governance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)
82. Siems, above n 32.
83. See e.g. D. C. Esty and D. Geradin (eds), Regulatory Competition and Economic Integration (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001)
84. D. D. Murphy, The Structure of Regulatory Competition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004)
85. Siems, above n 32 at 297-335.
86. K. H. Ladeur, 'Methodology and European Law - Can Methodology Change so as to Cope with the Multiplicity of the Law?' in M. Van Hoecke (ed.), Epistemology and Method of Comparative Law, (Oxford: Hart, 2004) 91 at 95-96.
87. See e.g. C. Joerges and E.-U. Petersmann (eds), Constitutionalism, Multilevel Trade Governance and Social Regulation (Oxford: Hart, 2006)
88. N. Bernard, Multi-level Governance in the European Union (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002)
89. I. Pernice, 'Multilevel Constiutionalism in the European Union' (2002) 27 European Law Review 511-529.
90. The latter are today often called 'governance'. For this term see e.g. R. Rhodes, Understanding Governance (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1997).
91. See e.g. R. La Porta et al., 'What Works in Securities Laws?' (2006) 61 Journal of Finance 1-32.
92. See also M. M. Siems, 'What Does Not Work in Comparing Securities Laws: A Critique on La Porta et al.'s Methodology' (2005) International Company and Commercial Law Review 300-305.
93. See e.g. I. Lynch Fannon, Working Within Two Kinds of Capitalism (Oxford: Hart, 2003).
94. See also M. Albert, Capitalism contre Capitalism (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1991).
95. See e.g. D. Kennedy, 'New Approaches to Comparative Law: Comparativism and International Governance' (1997) Utah L. Rev. 545-637
96. Zwischenbericht der Enquête-Kommission Globalisierung der Weltwirtschaft - Herausforderungen und Antworten (2001), BT-Drucks. 14/ 6910 at7.
97. See e.g. B. N. Cardozo, The Nature of the Judicial Process (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1921) at 98 ('The Judge as a Legislator')
98. Jerome Frank, 'Are judges Human?' (1931) 80 U. Pa. L. Rev. 17-53
99. J. Frank, Courts on Trial (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1949).
100. See also W. Rumble, American Legal Realism: Skepticism, Reform, and the Judicial Process (Ithaka: Cornell University Press, 1968)
101. Alex Kozinski, 'What I Ate for Breakfast and Other Mysteries of Judicial Decision Making' (1993) 26 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 993-999.
102. Dame H. Genn, Paths to Justice (Oxford: Hart, 1999).
103. See also Genn et al, above n. 4.
104. For an international comparison see also M. Cappelletti and B. G. Garth (eds), Florence Access to Justice Project (Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff and Noordhoff, Volumes 1-4, 1978-1981).
105. B. R. Cheffins, 'Does Law Matter? The Separation of Ownership and Control in the United Kingdom' (2001) 30 J. Legal Stud. 459-484
106. J. C. Coffee, 'The Rise of Dispersed Ownership: The Roles of Law and the State in the Separation of Ownership and Control' (2001) 11 Yale L. J. 1-82.
107. F. Carvalho and S. Deakin, 'System and evolution in corporate governance' in R. Rogowski and T. Wilthagen (eds), Reflexive Labour Law (London: Kluwer Law International, 2nd edn, 2008) (forthcoming).
108. Sir K. Popper, Objective Knowledge (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972)
109. Sir K. Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery (New York: Basic Books, 1959).
110. The US Supreme Court in Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 509 U.S. 579 at 593 (1993) also referred to falsifiability as a requirement for science.
111. For a good overview of the term 'science' see David Goodstein, 'How Science Works' in Federal Judicial Center, Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence (2000) at 67, available at http://air.fjc.gov/ public/fjcweb.nsf/pages/16
112. Other examples may be the law of falling bodies and the prediction of the density of leaves; see M. Friedman, 'The Methodology of Positive Economics' in M. Friedman (ed.), Essays in Positive Economics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1953) 3 at 15, 23. Falisifiability is used because universal statements are by themselves not verifiable.
113. T. S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 3rd edn, 1996)
114. I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave (ed.), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970).
115. P. K. Feyerabend, Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge (London: Humanities Press, 1975).
116. In particular there is an extensive literature on the possibility of falsification in economics; see M. Blaug, The Methodology of Economics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd edn, 2006)
117. L. A. Boland, The Foundations of Economic Method: A Popperian Perspective (London: Routledge, 2nd edn, 2003)
118. L. A. Boland, 'Dealing with Popper in Economic Methodology' (2003) 33 Philosophy of the Social Sciences 477-498.
119. See Ulen, above n 31 at 883.
120. On the term 'theory' see L. A. Bolan, The Methodology of Economic Model Building (London and New York: Routledge, 1989) at 36.
121. Ibid at 2.
122. See Friedman, above n 61 at 35.
123. See Bolan, above n 66 at 2.
124. For instance, in psychology and economics. See generally R. Croson, 'Why and How to Experiment: Methodologies from Experimental Economics' (2002) U. Ill. L. Rev. 921-945.
125. See B. H. Baltagi, Econometrics (Berlin: Springer, 1998) at 3-4 in contrast to J. M. Keynes, 'On method of statistical research: Comment' (1940) 50 Economic J. 154-156 at 156 ('not yet persuaded').
126. For econometrics as a method of falsification see R. J. Epstein, A History of Econometrics (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987) at 225 226
127. D. R. Hendry, Dynamic Econometrics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995) at 9 et seq.
128. See e.g. Aman Ullah, Alan Wan and Annop Chaturvedi (eds), Handbook of Applied Econometrics and Statistical Inference (New York: Marcel Dekker, 2001) (application for economics, medicine, biology, and engineering, sociology, psychology and information technology).
129. See e.g. S. Larrmek, Qualitative Sozialforschung (Basel: Beltz, 4th edn, 2005).
130. See R. K. Yin, Case Study Research. Design and Methods (Newbury Park: Sage, 3rd edn, 2002)
131. B. Flyvbjerg, 'Five Misunderstandings About Case Study Research' (2006) 12 Qualitative Inquiry 219-245.
132. Ulen, above n 31.
133. C. C. Langdell, 'Harvard Celebration Speech", (1887) 9 LQR 123-125 at 124 ('law is a science' and 'all the available materials of that science are contained in printed books')
134. K. Larenz, Methodenlehre der Rechtswissenschaft (Heidelberg: Springer, 1991) at 5 ('Under legal science [Rechtswissenschaft] this book understands a science which is interested in solving legal cases on the basis of a particular historically grown legal order') (my translation)
135. F. Gény, Science et technique en droit privé positif (Paris: Sirey, 1921-1927) (who was mainly concerned about a more liberal method of legal interpretation).
136. See also N. Levit, 'Listening to Tribal Legends: An Essay on Law and Scientific Method' (1989) 58 Fordham L. Rev. 263-307 at 275 (for the nineteenth-century legal theorists in the US)
137. Posner, above n 27 at 196 (for Savigny in Germany)
138. D. Feldman, 'The Nature of Legal Scholarship' (1989) 52 MLR 498-517 at 498.
139. See Rhode, above n 2 at 1343.
140. For Europe see M. W. Hesselink, The New European Legal Culture (Deventer: Kluwer, 2001).
141. B. R. Cheffins, 'The Trajectory of (Corporate Law) Scholarship' (2004) 63 Cambridge Law Journal 456-506 at 462, 465.
142. Levit, above n 76 at 272.
143. J. von Kirchmann, Die Wertlosigkeit der Jurisprudenz als Wissenschaft (Heidelberg: Manutius, 1848 reprinted in 1988) at 10, 24 (my translation).
144. See also Ulen, above n 31 at 897 (people often point to the 'historical or path-dependent nature of legal development').
145. Ulen, above n 31 at 896.
146. Ulen, above n 31 at 914 ('only with the rise of more comprehensive theories - such as those of law and economics, contractarianism and critical legal studies - has empirical work in law been closely connected, as in the sciences, with the evaluation of theoretical results')
147. R. Cease, Law and Economics at Chicago (1993) 36 J. Law & Econ. 239-254 at 254 ('Ernest Rutherford said that science is either physics or stamp collecting, by which he meant, I take it, that it is either engaged in analysis or operating a filing system. Much, perhaps most, legal scholarship has been stamp collecting. Law and economics is likely to change all that.').
148. See Levit, above n 76 at 282 (law and economics as 'scientific utilitarianism'). However, according to the predominant view no one should be worse off;
149. see J. L. Harrison, Law and Economics (St. Paul: Thomson, 3rd edn, 2003), 28-39.
150. See e.g. R. A. Posner, The Problems of Jurisprudence (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993) at 353-392
151. Posner, above n 27 at 4, 35, 95.
152. See Ulen, above n 31 at 909 and above n. 67.
153. See e.g. C. R. Sunstein (ed.), Behavioral Law and Economics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000)
154. R. B. Korobkin and T S. Ulen, 'Law and Behavioral Science: Removing the Rationality Assumption from Law and Economics' (2000) 88 Cal. L. Rev. 1051-1144
155. C. Jells, 'Behavioral Law and Economics' (2006), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=959177
156. see also Posner, above n 31 at 252-287.
157. For instance, the assumption that people are 'rational maximisers'. Further details about the benefits and shortcomings of law and economics are outside the scope of this article. For a balanced view see Ogus, above n 29.
158. See generally Croson, above n 70.
159. R. H. Cease, 'The Problem of Social Cost' (1960) 3 J. Law & Econ. 1-44.
160. But this was attempted by R. C. Ellickson, 'Of Coase and Cattle: Dispute Resolution Among Neighbors in Shasta County' (1986) 38 Stan. L. Rev. 623-687.
161. See E. Hoffman and M. L. Spitzer, 'The Cease Theorem: Some Experimental Tests' (1982) 25 J. Law. & Econ. 73-98
162. E. Hoffman and M. L. Spitzer, 'Experimental Tests of the Cease Theorem with Large Bargaining Groups' (1986) 15 J. Legal Stud. 149-171.
163. L. Babcock and G. Pogarsky, 'Damage Caps and Settlement: A Behavioral Approach' (1999) 28 J. Legal Stud. 341-370
164. G. Pogarsky and L. Babcock, 'Damage Caps, Motivated Anchoring, and Bargaining Impasse' (2001) 30 J. Legal Stud. 143-159.
165. This can either be done by way of comparing the laws of different countries or by analysing time series. For an overview of the former studies see M. M. Siems, 'Legal Origins: Reconciling Law & Finance and Comparative Law' (2007) 52 McGill L. Y. 55-81.
166. For the latter see S. Bhagat and R. Romano, Empirical Studies of Corporate Law, in A. M. Polinsky and S. Shavell, Handbook of Law and Economics (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2007, 945-1003).
167. See http://www.doingbusiness.org/.
168. For critical comments see C. Ménard and B. du Marais 'Can We Rank Legal Systems According to Their Economic Efficiency?' in P. Nobel (ed.), New Frontiers of Law and Economics (Zürich: Schulthess, 2006)
169. Association Henri Capitant des Amis de la Culture Juridique Francaise, Les Droits de Tradition Civiliste en Question, À propos des Rapports Doing Business de la Banque Mondiale (2006) available at http://www.henricapitant.org/article.php3?id_article=46.
170. See above n 72.
171. J. Botero et al., 'The Regulation of Labor' (2004) 119 Q. J. Econ. 1339-1382.
172. S. Djankov et al., 'Courts' (2003) 118 Q. J. Econ. 453-517.
173. R. D. Cooter and T. Ginsburg, 'Leximetrics: Why the Same Laws are Longer in Some Countries than Others' (Research Paper 2003), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=456520
174. See e.g. J. J. Donohue III and J. Wolfers, 'Uses and Abuses of Empirical Evidence in the Death Penalty Debate' (2006) 58 Stan. L. Rev. 791-846
175. J. J. Donohue III and S. D. Levitt, 'The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime' (2001) 116 Q. J. Econ. 379-420.
176. Hendry, above n 71 at 5-6.
177. Cf. A. Aznar Grasa, Econometric Model Selection: A New Approach (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1989) at 21.
178. Cf. M. Dutta, Econometric Methods (Cincinnati: South West, 1975) at 7.
179. See M. M. Siems, 'Numerical Comparative Law - Do We Need Statistical Evidence in Order to Reduce Complexity?' (2005) 13 Cardozo J. Int. Comp. L. 521-540.
180. See e.g. P. P. Lele and M. M. Siems, 'Shareholder Protection: A Leximetric Approach' (2007) 7 Journal of Corporate Law Studies 17-50
181. U. C. Braendle, 'Shareholder Protection in the USA and Germany - 'Law and Finance' Revisited' (2006) 7 German Law Journal 257-278
182. S. Cools, 'The Real Difference in Corporate Law between the United States and Continental Europe: Distribution of Powers' (2005) 36 Delaware Journal of Corporate Law 697-766.
183. See text to notes 73, 74.
184. S. Macaulay, above n 34.
185. See also see D. Campbell, 'Socio-Analysis of Contract', in P. A. Thomas (ed.), Socio-Legal Studies (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1997).
186. See S. Deakin, 'Learning about Contracts: Trust, Cooperation and Contract Law' in R. Bachmann and Akbar Zaheer (eds), Handbook of Trust Research (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2006), Ch. 12
187. S. Deakin, and J. Michie (eds), Contracts, Cooperation and Competition: Studies in Economics, Management and Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).
188. See Donohue and Levitt, above n 100.
189. See also M. W. Hesselink, above n 78 at 26 ('The typical first reaction of the European who opens an American law Journal is that it contains hardly any articles on "law"').
190. For a related discussion in legal anthropology see W. L. Twining, Law in Context: Enlarging the Discipline (Oxford: Clarendon, 1997) at 174
191. J. Hund, 'H.L.A Hart's Contribution to Legal Anthropology' (1996) 26 Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 275-292
192. S. Falk Moore, Law As Process: An Anthropological Approach (Boston: Routledge and K. Paul, 1978) at 223 232.
193. See e.g. K. J. Hopt, E. Wymeersch, H. Kanda and H. Baum (eds), Corporate Governance in Context (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005)
194. J. N. Gordon and M. J. Roe (eds), Convergence and Persistence in Corporate Governance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)
195. Jin Zhu Yang, 'The Anatomy of Boards ofDirectors: An Empirical Comparison of UK and Chinese Corporate Governance Practices' (2007) 28 Comp. Law. 24-32.
196. B. S. Black, 'The Legal and Institutional Preconditions for Strong Securities Markets' 48 (2001) UCLA L. Rev. 781-855.
197. See e.g. R. La Porta et al., 'Legal Determinants of External Finance' (1997) 52 Journal of Finance 1131-1150
198. M. J. Roe, Political Determinants of Corporate Governance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)
199. Coffee, above n 58
200. Cheffins, above n 58.
201. For an overview see A. Pekmezovic, 'Determinants of Corporate Ownership: The Question of Legal Origin' (2007) 18 International Company and Commercial Law Review 97-106 and 147-153.
202. For the controversial debate about the role of the death penalty and of abortion law see the references above n 100.
203. P. J. Cook and N. Khmilevska, 'Cross-National Patterns in Crime Rate' (2004) 33 Crime and Justice 331-354.
204. S. Tromans, 'Climate Change, Energy and Planning' (2007) Journal of Planning and Environment Law 357-365.
205. M. Doelle, From Hot Air to Action: Climate Change, Compliance and the Future of International Environmental Law (Toronto: Thomson Carswell, 2005)
206. R. S. Abate, 'Kyoto or Not, Here We Come: The Promise and Perils of the Piecemeal Approach to Climate Change Regulation in the United States' (2006) 15 Cornell J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 369-401.
207. K. N. Scott, 'The Day After Tomorrow: Ocean CO2 Sequestration and the Future of Climate Change' (2005) 18 Geo. Int. Env. L. Rev. 57-108.
208. Cf. R. A. Posner, 'Legal Scholarship Today' (2002) 115 Harv. L. Rev. 1314 at 1315-1326.
209. For the concept of paradigms see Kuhn, above n 62.
210. H. T. Edwards, 'The Growing Disjunction between Legal Education and the Legal Profession' (1992) 91 Mich. L. Rev. 34-78 (criticizing 'impractical scholars' of elite US law schools).
211. See also Rhode, above n 2 at 1337 ('The "high theory" that carries the greatest prestige for legal scholars is of least interest to practitioners').
212. For a related position see also A. T. Kronman, The Lost Lawyer (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993) at 165-270.
213. For this past perception of legal scholarship in the US see Kissam, above n 7 at 221 ('Typically, we assume that scholarship should... be useful to practitioners, or at least to appellate advocates and the courts.')
214. Posner, above n 120 at 1314 ('judicial model of legal scholarship'; legal scholars as a 'shadow judiciary')
215. Ulen, above n 31 at 916 ('Twenty years ago, prestige and academic acclaim accrued to those legal scholars whose work had a discernible impact on the bench and bar')
216. see also Cheffins, above n 79 at 462 ('legal scholarship quite often is akin to advocacy').
217. K. Lewin, Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers (New York: Harper & Row, 1951) at 169.
218. For a similar point see Rhode, above n 2 at 1338-1339.