Acute Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Endoscopic Diagnosis and Therapy

Medical Clinics of North America

Volumn 92, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 511-550

  Cappell, Mitchell S ^a   Friedel, David ^b  

^a WILLIAM BEAUMONT HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b WINTHROP UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ADRENALIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; CYANOACRYLATE DERIVATIVE; CYANOACRYLATE GLUE; FIBRIN GLUE; HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OCTREOTIDE; POLIDOCANOL; PROPRANOLOL; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; SCLEROSING AGENT; TETRADECYL SULFATE SODIUM; THROMBIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASOPRESSIN;

ANGIODYSPLASIA; AORTOINTESTINAL FISTULA; ARGON PLASMA COAGULATION; ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA; BARRETT ESOPHAGUS; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CAMERON LESION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIEULAFOY DISEASE; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PERFORATION; ENDOSCOPIC SCLEROTHERAPY; ESOPHAGITIS; ESOPHAGOGASTRODUODENOSCOPY; ESOPHAGUS HEMORRHAGE; ESOPHAGUS STRICTURE; ESOPHAGUS ULCER; ESOPHAGUS VARICES; GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOR; HEMORRHAGIC GASTRITIS; HUMAN; INTESTINAL BLEEDING; JEJUNUM ULCER; LEIOMYOMA; MALLORY WEISS SYNDROME; MEDICAL CARE; MORBIDITY; PEPTIC ULCER; PORTAL GASTROPATHY; PORTAL HYPERTENSION; PORTOSYSTEMIC ANASTOMOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REFLUX ESOPHAGITIS; RENDU OSLER WEBER DISEASE; RESPIRATORY ARREST; REVIEW; STOMACH ANTRUM VASCULAR ECTASIA; STOMACH DISEASE; STOMACH EROSION; STOMACH LYMPHOMA; THROMBOSIS; TRANSJUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING;

ACUTE DISEASE; ALGORITHMS; CATHETER ABLATION; ENDOSCOPY, GASTROINTESTINAL; EPINEPHRINE; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HEMOSTASIS, ENDOSCOPIC; HUMANS; INJECTIONS; PEPTIC ULCER; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENTS;

EID: 41149168336     PISSN: 00257125     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2008.01.001     Document Type: Review

References (229)

1. Fallah M.A., Prakash C., and Edmundowicz S. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Med Clin North Am 84 5 (2000) 1183-1208
2. Jiranek J.C., and Kozarek R.A. A cost-effective approach to the patient with peptic ulcer bleeding. Surg Clin North Am 76 1 (1996) 83-103
3. Boonpongmanee S., Fleischer D.E., Pezzulo J.C., et al. The frequency of peptic ulcer disease as a cause of upper-GI bleeding is exaggerated. Gastrointest Endosc 59 7 (2004) 788-794
4. Palmer K. Acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Br Med Bull 83 (2007) 307-324
5. Kaplan R.C., Heckbert S.R., Koepsell T.D., et al. Risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding among older patients. Cardiovascular Health Study Investigators. J Am Geriatr Soc 49 2 (2001) 126-133
6. Peter D.J., and Doughtery J.M. Evaluation of the patient with gastrointestinal bleeding: an evidence based approach. Emerg Med Clin North Am 17 1 (1999) 239-261
7. Adler D.G., Leighton J.A., Davila R.E., et al. ASGE guideline: the role of endoscopy in acute non-variceal upper-GI hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc 60 4 (2004) 497-504
8. Chak A., Cooper G.S., Lloyd L.E., et al. Effectiveness of endoscopy in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with upper GI hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc 53 1 (2001) 6-13
9. Hay J.A., Lyubashevsky E., Elashoff J., et al. Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage clinical guideline determining optimal hospital length of stay. Am J Med 100 3 (1996) 313-333
10. Rockall T.A., Logan R.F., Devlin H.B., et al. Risk assessment after acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Gut 38 3 (1996) 316-321
11. Saeed Z.A., Winchester C.B., Michaletz P.A., et al. A scoring system to predict rebleeding after endoscopic therapy of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, with a comparison of heat probe and ethanol injection. Am J Gastroenterol 88 11 (1993) 1842-1849
12. Lewis J.D., Shin E.J., and Metz D.C. Characterization of gastrointestinal bleeding in severely ill hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med 28 1 (2000) 261-262
13. Cooper G.S., Chak A., Way L., et al. Early endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: association with recurrent bleeding, surgery and length of hospital stay. Gastrointest Endosc 49 1 (1999) 145-152
14. Lau J.Y., Chung S.C., Leung J.W., et al. The evolution of stigmata of hemorrhage in bleeding peptic ulcers: a sequential endoscopic study. Endoscopy 30 6 (1998) 513-518
15. Bjorkman D., Zaman A., Fennerty B., et al. Urgent versus elective endoscopy for acute non-variceal upper GI bleeding: an effectiveness study. Gastrointest Endosc 60 1 (2004) 1-8
16. Podilla P.V., Ben-Manachem T., Batra S.K., et al. Managing patients with acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: development and effectiveness of a clinical care pathway. Am J Gastroenterol 96 1 (2001) 208-219
17. Romagnuolo J., Barkun A.N., Enns R., et al. Simple clinical predictors may obviate urgent endoscopy in patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Arch Intern Med 167 3 (2007) 265-270
18. Cipolletta L., Bianco M.A., Rotondano G., et al. Outpatient management for low-risk nonvariceal GI bleeding: a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 55 1 (2002) 1-5
19. Gasporovic S., Rustemovic N., Opacic M., et al. Clinical safety of propofol deep sedation for 1,104 patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: a three year prospective study. World J Gastroenterol 12 2 (2006) 327-330
20. Tohda G., Higashi S., Sakumoto H., et al. Efficacy and safety of nurse administered propofol during emergency upper endoscopy for emergency upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a prospective study. Endoscopy 38 7 (2006) 684-689
21. Rex D.K., Heuss L.T., Walker J.A., et al. Trained registered nurses/endoscopy teams can administer propofol safely for endoscopy. Gastroenterology 129 5 (2005) 1384-1391
22. VanNatta M.E., and Rex D.K. Propofol alone titrated to deep sedation versus propofol in combination with opioids and/or benzodiazepines and titrated to moderate sedation for colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 101 10 (2006) 2209-2217
23. Cappell M.S., and Abdullah M. Management of gastrointestinal bleeding induced by gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 29 1 (2000) 125-167
24. Lin S., Konstance R., Jollis J., et al. The utility of upper endoscopy in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding and acute myocardial infarction. Dig Dis Sci 51 12 (2006) 2377-2383
25. Cappell M.S., and Iacovone Jr. F.M. Safety and efficacy of esophagogastroduodenoscopy after myocardial infarction. Am J Med 106 1 (1999) 29-35
26. Cappell M.S. Gastrointestinal bleeding associated with myocardial infarction. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 29 2 (2000) 423-444
27. Spiegel B.M., Vakil N.B., and Ofman J.J. Endoscopy for acute nonvariceal upper-gastointestinal hemorrhage: is sooner better? A systematic review. Arch Intern Med 161 11 (2001) 1393-1404
28. Lim C.H., Vani D., Shah S.G., et al. The outcome of suspected upper gastrointestinal bleeding with 24-hour access to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a prospective cohort study. Endoscopy 38 6 (2006) 581-585
29. Cappell M.S. Safety and efficacy of nasogastric intubation for gastrointestinal bleeding after myocardial infarction: an analysis of 125 patients at two tertiary cardiac referral hospitals. Dig Dis Sci 50 11 (2005) 2063-2070
30. Lee J.G. What is the value of early endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal bleeding?. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 3 10 (2006) 534-535
31. Tai C.M., Huang S.P., Wang H.P., et al. High risk ED patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage undergoing emergency or urgent endoscopy: a retrospective analysis. Am J Emerg Med 25 3 (2007) 273-278
32. Da Silveira E.B., Lam E., Martel M., et al., RUGBE investigators. The importance of process issues as predictors of time to endoscopy in patients with acute upper-GI bleeding using the RUGBE data. Gastrointest Endosc 64 3 (2006) 299-309
33. Parente F., Anderloni A., Bargiggia S., et al. Outcome of non-variceal acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in relation to the time of endoscopy and experience of the endoscopist: a two year survey. World J Gastroenterol 11 45 (2005) 7122-7130
34. Grossman M.I. The Veterans Administration Cooperative Study on Gastric Ulcer: 10. Resume and comment. Gastroenterology 61 4 Suppl 2 (1971) 635-638
35. Graham D.Y., Schwartz J.T., Cain G.D., et al. Prospective evaluation of biopsy number in the diagnosis of esophageal and gastric carcinoma. Gastroenterology 82 2 (1982) 228-231
36. Bytzer P. Endoscopic follow-up of gastric ulcer to detect malignancy: is it worthwhile?. Scand J Gastroenterol 26 11 (1991) 93-99
37. Borody T.J., George L.L., Brandl S., et al. Helicobacter pylori-negative duodenal ulcer. Am J Gastroenterol 86 9 (1991) 1154-1157
38. Kalaghchi B., Mekasha G., Jack M.A., et al. Ideology of Helicobacter pylori prevalence in peptic ulcer disease in an inner-city minority population. J Clin Gastroenterol 38 3 (2004) 248-251
39. Weels J.F., van der Hulst R.W., Gerrits Y., et al. The interrelationship between cytotoxin-associated gene A, vacuolating cytotoxin, and Helicobacter pylori-related diseases. J Infect Dis 173 5 (1996) 1171-1175
40. Hopkins R.J., Girardi L.S., and Turney E.A. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori eradication and reduced duodenal and gastric ulcer recurrence: a review. Gastroenterology 110 4 (1996) 1244-1252
41. Cappell M.S., and Schein J.R. Diagnosis and treatment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated upper gastrointestinal toxicity. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 29 1 (2000) 97-124
42. Wilcox C.M., Shalek K.A., and Cotsonis G. Striking prevalence of over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Arch Intern Med 154 1 (1994) 42-46
43. Lichtenstein D.R., Syngal S., and Wolfe M.M. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the gastrointestinal tract: the double-edged sword. Arthritis Rheum 38 1 (1995) 5-18
44. Shiffman M.L., Farrel M.T., and Yee Y.S. Risk of bleeding after endoscopic biopsy or polypectomy in patients taking aspirin or other NSAIDS. Gastrointest Endosc 40 4 (1994) 458-462
45. Meko J.B., and Norton J.A. Management of patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Annu Rev Med 46 (1995) 395-411
46. Berna M.J., Hoffmann K.M., Serrano J., et al. Serum gastrin in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: I. Prospective study of fasting serum gastrin in 309 patients from the National Institutes of Health and comparison with 2229 cases from the literature. Medicine 85 6 (2006) 295-330
47. Berna M.J., Hoffmann K.M., Long S.H., et al. Serum gastrin in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: II. Prospective study of gastrin provocative testing in 293 patients from the National Institutes of Health and comparison with 537 cases from the literature-evaluation of diagnostic criteria, proposal of new criteria, and correlations with clinical and tumoral features. Medicine 85 6 (2006) 331-364
48. Elta G.H. Acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 5 2 (2002) 147-152
49. Kovacs T.O., and Jensen D.M. Endoscopic treatment of ulcer bleeding. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 10 2 (2007) 143-148
50. Amano Y., Moriyama N., Suetsugu H., et al. Which types of non-bleeding visible vessels in gastric peptic ulcers should be treated by endoscopic hemostasis?. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 19 1 (2004) 13-17
51. Bleau B.L., Gostout C.J., Sherman K.E., et al. Recurrent bleeding from peptic ulcer associated with adherent clot: a randomized study comparing endoscopic treatment with medical therapy. Gastrointest Endosc 56 1 (2002) 1-6
52. Jensen D.M., Kovacs T.O., Jutabha R., et al. Randomized trial of medical or endoscopic therapy to prevent recurrent ulcer hemorrhage in patients with adherent clots. Gastroenterology 123 2 (2002) 407-413
53. Kahi C.J., Jensen D.M., Sung J.J., et al. Endoscopic therapy versus medical therapy for bleeding peptic ulcer with adherent clot: a meta analysis. Gastroenterology 129 3 (2005) 855-862
54. Andrews C.N., Levy A., Fishman M., et al. Intravenous proton pump inhibitors in bleeding peptic ulcer disease with high-risk stigmata: a multicenter comparative study. Can J Gastroenterol 19 11 (2005) 667-671
55. Jensen D.M., Pace S.C., Soffer E., et al. Continuous infusion of pantoprazole versus ranitidine for prevention of ulcer rebleeding: a US multicenter randomized double-blind study. Am J Gastroenterol 101 9 (2006) 1991-1999
56. Gupta P.K., and Fleischer D.E. Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Med Clin North Am 77 5 (1993) 973-992
57. Chung I.K., Kim E.J., Lee M.S., et al. Endoscopic factors predisposing to rebleeding following endoscopic hemostasis in bleeding peptic ulcers. Endoscopy 33 11 (2001) 969-975
58. Stiegman G.V. Endoscopic approaches to upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Am Surg 72 2 (2006) 111-115
59. Leung J.W., and Chung S.C. Endoscopic injection of adrenaline in bleeding peptic ulcers. Gastrointest Endosc 33 2 (1987) 73-75
60. Oxner R.B., Simmonds N.J., Gertner D.J., et al. Controlled trial of endoscopic injection therapy for bleeding from peptic ulcers with visible vessels. Lancet 339 8799 (1992) 966-968
61. Thomopoulos K.C., Nikolopoulos V.N., Katsakoulis E.C., et al. The effect of endoscopic injection therapy on the clinical outcome of patients with benign peptic ulcer bleeding. Scand J Gastroenterol 32 3 (1997) 212-216
62. Chung S.C., Leung J.W., and Leung F.W. Effect of submucosal epinephrine injection on local gastric blood flow: a study using laser Doppler flowmetry and reflectance spectrophotometry. Dig Dis Sci 35 8 (1990) 1008-1011
63. Lin H.J., Hsieh Y.H., Tseng G.Y., et al. A prospective randomized trial of large- versus small-volume endoscopic injection of epinephrine for peptic ulcer bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc 55 6 (2002) 615-619
64. Von Delius S., Thies P., Umgelter A., et al. Hemodynamics after endoscopic submucosal injection of epinephrine in patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a matter of concern. Endoscopy 38 12 (2006) 1284-1288
65. Sung J.Y., Chung S.C., Low J.M., et al. Systemic absorption of epinephrine after endoscopic submucosal injection in patients with bleeding peptic ulcers. Gastrointest Endosc 39 1 (1993) 20-22
66. Villanueva C., Balanzo J., Espinos J.C., et al. Prediction of therapeutic failure in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer treated with endoscopic injection. Dig Dis Sci 38 11 (1993) 2062-2070
67. Church N.I., and Palmer K.R. Injection therapy for endoscopic haemostasis. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 14 3 (2000) 427-441
68. Kubba A.K., Murphy W., and Palmer K.R. Endoscopic injection for bleeding peptic ulcer: a comparison of adrenaline alone with adrenaline plus human thrombin. Gastroenterology 111 3 (1996) 623-628
69. Church N.I., Dallal H.J., Masson J., et al. A randomized trial comparing heater probe plus thrombin with heater probe plus placebo for bleeding peptic ulcer. Gastroenterology 125 2 (2003) 396-403
70. Church N.I., and Palmer K.R. Ulcers and nonvariceal bleeding. Endoscopy 35 1 (2003) 22-26
71. Lee K.J., Kim J.H., Hahm K.B., et al. Randomized trial of N-butyl-2 cyanoacrylate compared with injection of hypertonic saline-epinephrine in the endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers. Endoscopy 32 7 (2000) 505-511
72. Repici A., Ferrari A., De Angelis C., et al. Adrenaline plus cyanoacrylate injection for treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers after failure of conventional endoscopic haemostasis. Dig Liver Dis 34 5 (2002) 349-355
73. Soon M.S., Wu S.S., Chen Y.Y., et al. Monopolar coagulation versus conventional endoscopic treatment for high-risk peptic ulcer bleeding: a prospective randomized study. Gastrointest Endosc 58 3 (2003) 323-329
74. Laine L., and Petersen W.L. Bleeding peptic ulcer. N Engl J Med 331 11 (1994) 717-727
75. Cipolletti L., Bianco M.A., Rotondano G., et al. Prospective comparison of argon plasma coagulator and heater probe in the endoscopic treatment of major peptic ulcer bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc 48 2 (1998) 191-195
76. Kanai M., Hamada A., Endo Y., et al. Efficacy of argon plasma coagulation in nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopy 36 12 (2004) 1085-1088
77. Lin H.J., Wang K., Perng C.L., et al. Heater probe thermocoagulation and multipolar electrocoagulation for arrest of peptic ulcer bleeding: a prospective, randomized comparative trial. J Clin Gastroenterol 21 2 (1995) 99-102
78. Lin H.J., Perng C.L., Wang K., et al. Long-terms of heater probe thermocoagulation with massive peptic ulcer bleeding: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol 90 1 (1995) 44-47
79. Llach J., Bordas J.M., Salmeron J.M., et al. A prospective randomized trial of heater probe thermocoagulation versus injection therapy in peptic ulcer hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc 43 2 (1996) 117-120
80. Lin H.J., Hsieh Y.H., Tseng G.Y., et al. A prospective randomized trial of endoscopic hemoclip versus heater probe thermocoagulation for peptic ulcer bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 97 9 (2002) 2250-2254
81. Lin H.J., Perng C.L., Sun I.C., et al. Endoscopic haemoclip versus heater probe thermocoagulation plus hypertonic saline-epinephrine injection for peptic ulcer bleeding. Dig Liver Dis 35 12 (2003) 898-902
82. Peng Y.C., Chen S.Y., Tung C.F., et al. Factors associated with failure of initial hemoclip hemostasis for upper gastrointestinal bleeding. J Clin Gastroenterol 40 6 (2006) 562-563
83. Cipolletta L., Bianco M.A., Marmo R., et al. Endoclips versus heater probe in preventing early recurrent bleeding from peptic ulcer: a prospective and randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc 53 2 (2001) 147-151
84. Saltman J.R., Strate L.L., Di Sena V., et al. Prospective trial of endoscopic clips versus combination therapy in upper GI bleeding (PROTECT-UGI bleeding). Am J Gastroenterol 100 7 (2005) 1503-1508
85. Eriksson L.G., Sundbom M., Gustavsson S., et al. Endoscopic marking with a metallic clip facilitates transcatheter arterial embolization in upper peptic ulcer bleeding. J Vasc Interv Radiol 17 6 (2006) 959-964
86. Raju G.S., and Gajula L. Endoclips for GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 59 2 (2004) 267-279
87. Lin H.J., Lo W.C., Cheng Y.C., et al. Endoscopic hemoclip versus triclip placement in patients with high-risk peptic ulcer bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 102 3 (2007) 539-543
88. Jensen D.M., Machicado G.A., and Hirabayashi K. Randomized controlled study of 3 different types of hemoclips for hemostasis of bleeding canine acute gastric ulcers. Gastrointest Endosc 64 5 (2006) 769-773
89. Hepworth C.C., Kadirkamanathan S.S., Gong F., et al. A randomized controlled comparison of injection, thermal and mechanical endoscopic methods of haemostasis on mesenteric methods. Gut 42 4 (1998) 462-469
90. Banares R., Albillos A., Rincon D., et al. Endoscopic treatment versus endoscopic plus pharmacologic treatment for acute variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis. Hepatology 35 3 (2002) 609-615
91. Matsui S., Kamisako T., Kudo M., et al. Endoscopic band ligation for control of nonvariceal upper GI hemorrhage: comparison with bipolar electrocoagulation. Gastrointest Endosc 55 2 (2002) 214-218
92. Ljubicic N. Endoscopic detachable mini-loop ligation for treatment of gastroduodenal angiodysplasia: case study of 11 patients with long-term follow-up. Gastrointest Endosc 59 3 (2004) 420-423
93. Choa T.S., Fock K.M., Ng T.M., et al. Epinephrine injection therapy versus a combination of epinephrine injection and endoscopic hemoclip in the treatment of bleeding ulcers. World J Gastroenterol 11 7 (2005) 1044-1047
94. Barkun A., Bardou M., and Marshall J.K. Consensus recommendations for managing patients with nonvariceal upper GI bleeding. Ann Intern Med 139 10 (2003) 843-857
95. Marmo R., Rotondano G., Piscopo R., et al. Dual therapy versus monotherapy in the endoscopic treatment of high-risk bleeding ulcers: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol 102 2 (2007) 279-289
96. Lo C.C., Hsu P.I., Lo G.H., et al. Comparison of hemostatic efficacy for epinephrine injection alone and injection combined with hemoclip therapy in treating high-risk bleeding ulcers. Gastrointest Endosc 63 6 (2006) 767-773
97. Murphy P.P., Ballinger P.J., Massey B.T., et al. Discrete ulcer in Barrett's esophagus: relationship to acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopy 30 4 (1998) 367-370
98. Kumar A. Massive bleeding due to Candidal esophagitis. South Med J 87 6 (1994) 669-671
99. Wolfsen H.C., and Wang K.K. Etiology and course of acute bleeding esophageal ulcers. J Clin Gastroenterol 14 4 (1992) 342-346
100. Caletti G.C., Ferrari A., Mattioli S., et al. Endoscopy versus endoscopic ultrasonography in staging reflux esophagitis. Endoscopy 26 9 (1994) 794-797
101. Kusano M., Ino K., Yamada T., et al. Interobserver and intraobserver variation in endoscopic assessment of GERD using the "Los Angeles" classification. Gastrointest Endosc 49 6 (1994) 700-704
102. Cappell M.S. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Med Clin North Am 89 2 (2005) 243-291
103. Kortas D.Y., Haas L.S., Simpson W.G., et al. Mallory-Weiss tear: predisposing factors and predictors of a complicated course. Am J Gastroenterol 96 10 (2001) 2863-2865
104. Montalvo R.D., and Lee M. Retrospective analysis of iatrogenic Mallory-Weiss tears occurring during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Hepatogastroenterology 43 7 (1996) 174-177
105. Harris J.M., and DiPalma J.A. Clinical significance of Mallory-Weiss tears. Am J Gastroenterol 88 12 (1993) 2056-2058
106. Sugawa C., Benishek D., and Walt A.J. Mallory-Weiss syndrome: a study of 224 patients. Am J Surg 145 1 (1983) 30-33
107. Schuman B.M., and Threadgill S.T. The influence of liver disease and portal hypertension on bleeding in Mallory-Weiss syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol 18 1 (1994) 10-12
108. Chung I.K., Kim E.J., Hwang K.Y., et al. Evaluation of endoscopic hemostasis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding related to Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Endoscopy 34 6 (2002) 474-479
109. DiMaio C.J., and Stevens P.D. Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 17 2 (2007) 253-272
110. Llach J., Elizade J.I., Guevara M.C., et al. Endoscopic injection therapy in bleeding Mallory-Weiss syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 54 6 (2001) 679-681
111. Morales P., and Baum A.E. Therapeutic alternatives for the Mallory-Weiss tear. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 6 1 (2003) 75-83
112. Jutabha R., and Jensen D.M. Management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the patient with chronic liver disease. Med Clin North Am 80 5 (1996) 1035-1068
113. Habib A., and Sanyal A.J. Acute variceal hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 17 2 (2007) 223-252
114. Thabut D., and Bernard-Chabert B. Management of acute bleeding from portal hypertension. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 21 1 (2007) 19-27
115. Kupfer Y., Cappell M.S., and Tessler S. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding in the intensive care unit. The intensivist's perspective. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 29 2 (2000) 275-307
116. Weston A.P. Hiatus hernia with Cameron ulcers and erosions. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 6 4 (1996) 671-679
117. Panzuto F., Di Giulio E., Capurso G., et al. Large hiatus hernia in patients with iron deficiency anemia: a prospective study on prevalence and treatment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 19 6 (2004) 663-670
118. Lin C.C., Chen T.H., Ho W.C., et al. Endoscopic treatment of a Cameron lesion presenting as life-threatening gastrointestinal hemorrhage. J Clin Gastroenterol 33 5 (2001) 423-424
119. Merli M., Nicolini G., Angeloni S., et al. The natural history of portal hypertensive gastropathy in patients with liver cirrhosis and mild portal hypertension. Am J Gastroenterol 99 10 (2004) 1959-1965
120. Sarin S.K., Sreenivas D.V., Lahoti D., et al. Factors influencing development of portal hypertensive gastropathy in patients with portal hypertension. Gastroenterology 102 3 (1992) 994-999
121. Primignani M., Carpinelli L., Preatoni P., et al. Natural history of portal hypertensive gastropathy in patients with liver cirrhosis: the New Italian Endoscopic Club for the study and treatment of esophageal varices (NIEC). Gastroenterology 119 1 (2000) 181-187
122. Orloff M.J., Orloff M.S., Orloff S.L., et al. Treatment of bleeding from portal hypertensive gastropathy by portacaval shunt. Hepatology 21 4 (1995) 1011-1017
123. Perez-Ayuso R.M., Pique J.M., Bosch J., et al. Propranolol in prevention of recurrent bleeding from severe portal hypertensive gastropathy in cirrhosis. Lancet 337 8755 (1991) 1431-1434
124. Trevino H.H., Brady III C.E., and Schenker S. Portal hypertensive gastropathy. Dig Dis 14 4 (1996) 258-270
125. DeWeert T.M., Gostout C.J., and Wiesner R.H. Congestive gastropathy and other upper endoscopic findings in 81 consecutive patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol 85 5 (1990) 573-576
126. Miettinen M., and Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: definition, clinical, histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic features and differential diagnosis. Virchows Arch 438 1 (2001) 1-12
127. Chou F.F., Eng H.L., and Sheen-Chen S.M. Smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: analysis of prognostic factors. Surgery 119 2 (1996) 171-177
128. Demetri G.D., Benjamin R.S., Blanke C., et al. NCCN Task Force Report: management of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)-update of the NCCN clinical practice guidelines. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 5 Suppl 2 (2007) S1-S29
129. Aparicio T., Boige V., Sabourin J.C., et al. Prognostic factors after surgery of primary resectable gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Eur J Surg Oncol 30 10 (2004) 1098-1103
130. Wotherspoon A. Gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and Helicobacter pylori. Annu Rev Med 49 (1998) 289-299
131. Chen L.T., Lin J.T., Tai J.J., et al. Long-term results of anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy in early-stage gastric high-grade transformed MALT lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 97 18 (2005) 1345-1353
132. Wundisch T., Thiede C., Morgner A., et al. Long-term follow-up of gastric MALT lymphoma after Helicobacter pylori eradication. J Clin Oncol 23 31 (2005) 8018-8024
133. Hsu C.C., Chen J.J., and Changchien C.S. Endoscopic features of metastatic tumors in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopy 28 2 (1996) 249-253
134. Savides T.J., Jensen D.M., Cohen J., et al. Severe gastrointestinal tumor bleeding: endoscopic findings, treatment and outcome. Endoscopy 28 2 (1996) 244-248
135. Imbesi J.J., and Kurtz R.C. A multidisciplinary approach to gastrointestinal bleeding in cancer patients. J Support Oncol 3 2 (2005) 101-110
136. Lee Y.T., Walmsley R.S., Leong R.W., et al. Dieulafoy's lesion. Gastrointest Endosc 58 2 (2003) 236-243
137. Fockens P., and Tytgat G.N. Dieulafoy's disease. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 6 4 (1996) 739-752
138. Akhras J., Patel P., and Tobi M. Dieulafoy's lesion-like bleeding: an underrecognized cause of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients with advanced liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 52 3 (2007) 722-726
139. Schmulewitz N., and Baillie L. Dieulafoy lesions: a review of 6 years of experience at a tertiary referral center. Am J Gastroenterol 96 6 (2001) 1688-1694
140. Norton I.D., Petersen B.T., Sorbi D., et al. Management and long term prognosis of Dieulafoy lesion. Gastrointest Endosc 50 6 (1999) 762-767
141. Kollef M.H., O'Brien J.D., Zuckerman G.R., et al. BLEED: a classification to predict outcome in patients with acute upper and lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 25 7 (1997) 1101-1102
142. Iacopini F., Petruzziello L., Marchese M., et al. Hemostasis of Dieulafoy's by argon plasma coagulation. Gastrointest Endosc 66 1 (2007) 20-26
143. Park C.H., Joo Y.E., Kim H.S., et al. A prospective randomized trial of endoscopic band ligation versus endoscopic hemoclip placement for bleeding gastric Dieulafoy's lesions. Endoscopy 36 8 (2004) 677-681
144. Yen H.H., and Chen Y.Y. Endoscopic band ligation for Dieulafoy lesions: disadvantages and risks. Endoscopy 38 6 (2006) 651
145. Katsinelos P., Parotoglou G., Mimidis K., et al. Endoscopic treatment and follow-up of gastrointestinal Dieulafoy's lesions. World J Gastroenterol 11 38 (2005) 6022-6026
146. Bech-Knudsen F., and Toftgaard C. Exulceratio simplex Dieulafoy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 176 2 (1993) 139-143
147. Romaozinho J.M., Pontes J.M., Lerias C., et al. Dieulafoy's lesion: management and long-term outcome. Endoscopy 36 5 (2004) 416-420
148. Foutch P.G. Angiodysplasia of the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Gastroenterol 88 6 (1993) 807-818
149. Cappell M.S., and Gupta A. Changing epidemiology of gastrointestinal angiodysplasia with increasing recognition of clinically milder cases: angiodysplasia tend to produce mild chronic gastrointestinal bleeding in a study of 47 consecutive patients admitted from 1980-1989. Am J Gastroenterol 87 2 (1992) 201-206
150. Cappell M.S. Spatial clustering of simultaneous nonhereditary gastrointestinal angiodysplasia: small but significant correlation between nonhereditary colonic and upper gastrointestinal angiodysplasia. Dig Dis Sci 37 7 (1992) 1072-1077
151. Boley S.J., and Brandt L.J. Vascular ectasias of the colon-1986. Dig Dis Sci 31 9 Suppl (1986) 26S-42S
152. Chalasani N., Cotsonis G., and Wilcox C.M. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with chronic renal failure: role of vascular ectasia. Am J Gastroenterol 91 11 (1996) 2329-2332
153. Cappell M.S., and Lebwohl O. Cessation of recurrent bleeding from gastrointestinal angiodysplasias after aortic valve replacement. Ann Intern Med 105 1 (1986) 54-57
154. Gates C., Morand E.F., Davis M., et al. Sclerotherapy as treatment of recurrent bleeding from upper gastrointestinal telangiectasia in CREST syndrome. Br J Rheumatol 32 8 (1993) 760-761
155. Vincentelli A., Susen S., Le Tourneau T., et al. Acquired von Willebrand syndrome in aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 349 4 (2003) 343-349
156. Cappell M.S., et al. Gastrointestinal vascular malformations or neoplasms: arterial, venous, arteriovenous, and capillary. In: Yamada T., Alpers D.H., and Kaplowitz N. (Eds). Textbook of gastroenterology. 4th edition (2003), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2722-2741
157. Brandt L.J., and Spinnell M.K. Ability of naloxone to enhance the colonoscopic appearance of normal colon vasculature and colon vascular ectasias. Gastrointest Endosc 49 1 (1999) 79-83
158. Marwick T., and Kerlin P. Angiodysplasia of the upper gastrointestinal tract: clinical spectrum in 41 cases. J Clin Gastroenterol 8 4 (1986) 404-407
159. Richter J.M., Christensen M.R., Colditz G.A., et al. Angiodysplasia: natural history and efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Dig Dis Sci 34 10 (1989) 1542-1546
160. Tedesco F.J., Griffin Jr. J.W., and Khan A.Q. Vascular ectasia of the colon: clinical, colonoscopic, and radiographic features. J Clin Gastroenterol 2 3 (1980) 233-238
161. Askin M.P., and Lewis B.S. Push enteroscopic cauterization: long-term follow-up of 83 patients with bleeding small intestinal angiodysplasia. Gastrointest Endosc 43 6 (1996) 580-583
162. Gostout C.J., Bowyer B.A., Ahlquist D.A., et al. Mucosal vascular malformations of the gastrointestinal tract: clinical observations and results of endoscopic neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 63 10 (1988) 993-1003
163. Buchi K.N. Vascular malformations of the gastrointestinal tract. Surg Clin North Am 72 3 (1992) 559-570
164. Olmos J.A., Marcolongo M., Pogorelsky V., et al. Long-term outcome of argon plasma ablation therapy for bleeding in 100 consecutive patients with colonic angiodysplasia. Dis Colon Rectum 49 10 (2006) 1507-1516
165. Gordon R.L., Ahl K.L., Kerlan R.K., et al. Selective arterial embolization for the control of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Surg 174 1 (1997) 24-28
166. Guy G.E., Shetty P.C., Sharma R.P., et al. Acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: treatment by superselective embolization with polyvinyl alcohol particles. AJR Am J Roentgenol 159 3 (1992) 521-526
167. Abdalla S.A., Geisthoff U.W., Bonneau D., et al. Visceral manifestations in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2. J Med Genet 40 7 (2003) 494-502
168. Kjeldsen A.D., and Kjeldsen J. Gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Am J Gastroenterol 95 2 (2000) 415-418
169. Haitjema T., Disch F., Overtoom T.T., et al. Screening family members of patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Am J Med 99 5 (1995) 519-524
170. Rutgeerts P., van Gompel F., Geboes K., et al. Long term results of treatment of vascular malformations of the gastrointestinal tract by neodymium Yag laser photocoagulation. Gut 26 6 (1985) 586-593
171. Hisada T., Kuwabara H., Tsunoda T., et al. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia showing severe anemia which was successfully treated with estrogen. Intern Med 34 6 (1995) 589-592
172. Longacre A.V., Gross C.P., Gallitelli M., et al. Diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Am J Gastroenterol 98 1 (2003) 59-65
173. Novitsky Y.W., Kercher K.W., Czerniach D.R., et al. Watermelon stomach: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. J Gastrointest Surg 7 5 (2003) 652-661
174. Ikeda M., Ishida H., Nakamura E., et al. An endoscopic follow-up study of the development of diffuse antral vascular ectasia. Endoscopy 28 4 (1996) 390-393
175. Gilliam III J.H., Geisinger K.R., Wu W.C., et al. Endoscopic biopsy is diagnostic in gastric antral vascular ectasia: the "watermelon stomach.". Dig Dis Sci 34 6 (1989) 885-888
176. Jensen D.M., Chaves D.M., and Grund K.E. Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of watermelon stomach. Endoscopy 36 7 (2004) 640-647
177. Gostout C.J., Viggiano T.R., Ahlquist D.A., et al. The clinical and endoscopic spectrum of the watermelon stomach. J Clin Gastroenterol 15 3 (1992) 256-263
178. Pavey D.A., and Craig P.I. Endoscopic therapy for upper GI vascular ectasias. Gastrointest Endosc 59 2 (2004) 233-238
179. Ng I., Lai K.C., and Ng M. Clinical and histological features of gastric antral vascular ectasia: successful treatment with endoscopic laser therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 11 3 (1996) 270-274
180. Kwan V., Bourke M.J., Williams S.J., et al. Argon plasma coagulation in the management of symptomatic gastrointestinal vascular lesions: experience in 100 consecutive patients with long-term follow-up. Am J Gastroenterol 101 1 (2006) 58-63
181. Roman S., Saurin J.C., Dumortier J., et al. Tolerance and efficacy of argon plasma coagulation for controlling bleeding in patients with typical and atypical manifestations of watermelon stomach. Endoscopy 35 12 (2003) 1024-1028
182. Sebastian S., McLoughlin R., Qasim A., et al. Endoscopic argon plasma coagulation for the treatment of gastric antral vascular ectasia (watermelon stomach): long-term results. Dig Liver Dis 36 3 (2004) 212-217
183. Probst A., Scheubel R., and Wienbeck M. Treatment of watermelon stomach (GAVE syndrome) by means of endoscopic argon plasma coagulation (APC): long-term outcome. Z Gastroenterol 39 6 (2001) 447-452
184. Yusoff I., Brennan F., Ormonde D., et al. Argon plasma coagulation for treatment of watermelon stomach. Endoscopy 34 5 (2002) 407-410
185. Kamath P.S., Lacerdo M., Ahlquist D.A., et al. Gastric mucosal responses to intrahepatic portosystemic shunting in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 118 5 (2000) 905-911
186. Bourke M.J., Hope R.L., Boyd P., et al. Endoscopic laser therapy for watermelon stomach. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 11 9 (1996) 832-834
187. Chamberlain C.E. Acute hemorrhagic gastritis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 22 4 (1993) 843-873
188. Harty R.F., and Ancha H.B. Stress ulcer bleeding. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 9 2 (2006) 157-166
189. Stollman N., and Metz D.C. Pathophysiology and prophylaxis of stress ulcer in intensive care unit patients. J Crit Care 20 1 (2005) 35-45
190. Janicki T., and Stewart S. Stress ulcer prophylaxis for general medical patients: a review of the evidence. J Hosp Med 2 2 (2007) 86-92
191. Kantorova I., Svoboda P., Scheer P., et al. Stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatogastroenterology 51 57 (2004) 757-761
192. Jung R., and MacLaren R. Proton-pump inhibitors for stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients. Ann Pharmacother 36 12 (2002) 1929-1937
193. Greene Jr. J.F., Sawicki J.E., and Doyle W.F. Gastric ulceration: a complication of double-lumen nasogastric tubes. JAMA 224 3 (1973) 338-339
194. Yang C.S., Lee W.J., Wang H.H., et al. Spectrum of endoscopic findings in patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms after laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 16 9 (2006) 1232-1237
195. Dallal R.M., and Bailey L.A. Ulcer disease after gastric bypass surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2 4 (2006) 455-459
196. Gumbs A.A., Duffy A.J., and Bell R.L. Incidence and management of marginal ulceration after laparoscopic Roux-Y gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2 4 (2006) 460-463
197. Shin J.S., Chen K.W., Lin X.Z., et al. Active, bleeding marginal ulcer of Billroth II gastric resection: a clinical experience of 18 patients. Am J Gastroenterol 89 10 (1994) 1831-1835
198. Cappell M.S., and Miller S. Gastric lesions in the excluded gastric segment undetected by endoscopy or radiography in patients status post vertical banded gastroplasty. Am J Gastroenterol 87 5 (1992) 639-644
199. Buchwald H., Avidor Y., Braunwald E., et al. Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 292 14 (2004) 1724-1737
200. McGuirk T.D., and Coyle W.J. Upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Emerg Med Clin North Am 14 3 (1996) 523-545
201. Cappell M.S., and Friedel D. The role of esophagogastroduodenoscopy in the diagnosis and management of upper gastrointestinal disorders. Med Clin North Am 86 6 (2002) 1165-1216
202. Lemos D.W., Raffetto J.D., Moore T.C., et al. Primary aortoduodenal fistula: a case report and review of the literature. J Vasc Surg 37 3 (2003) 686-689
203. Katsinelos P., Paroutoglou G., Beltsis A., et al. Endoscopic hemoclip placement for post-sphincterotomy bleeding refractory to injection therapy: report of two cases. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 15 4 (2005) 238-240
204. Lewis B.S. Small intestinal bleeding. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 29 1 (2000) 67-95
205. Yavorski R.T., Wong R.K., Maydonovitch C., et al. Analysis of 3,294 cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in military medical facilities. Am J Gastroenterol 90 4 (1995) 568-573
206. Concha R., Amaro R., and Barkin J.S. Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: diagnostic and therapeutic approach. J Clin Gastroenterol 41 3 (2007) 242-251
207. Baichi M.M., Arifuddin R.M., and Mantry P.S. Capsule endoscopy for obscure GI bleeding: therapeutic yield of follow-up procedures. Dig Dis Sci 52 5 (2007) 1370-1375
208. Hsu C.M., Chiu C.T., Su M.Y., et al. The outcome assessment of double balloon enteroscopy for diagnosing and managing patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Dig Dis Sci 52 1 (2007) 162-166
209. May A., Nachbar L., Pohl J., et al. Endoscopic interventions in the small bowel using double balloon enteroscopy: feasibility and limitations. Am J Gastroenterol 102 3 (2007) 527-535
210. Heil U., and Jung M. The patient with recidivant obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 21 3 (2007) 393-407
211. Tham T.C., James C., and Kelly M. Predicting outcome of acute non-variceal upper haemorrhage without endoscopy using the clinical Rockall Score. Postgrad Med J 82 973 (2006) 757-759
212. Khuroo M.S., Yattoo G.N., Javid G., et al. A comparison of omeprazole and placebo for bleeding peptic ulcer disease. N Engl J Med 336 15 (1997) 1054-1058
213. Leontiadis G.I., Sharma V.K., and Howden C.W. Systematic review and meta-analysis: proton-pump inhibitor treatment for ulcer bleeding reduces transfusion requirements and hospital stay-results from the Cochrane Collaboration. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 22 3 (2005) 169-174
214. Gisbert J.P., Khorrami S., Carballo F., et al. Meta-analysis: Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy vs. antisecretory non-eradication therapy for the prevention of recurrent bleeding from peptic ulcer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 19 6 (2004) 617-629
215. Lanos A., Rodrigo L., Marquez J.L., et al. Low frequency of upper gastrointestinal complications in a cohort of high-risk patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 38 7 (2003) 693-700
216. Wolf A.T., Wasan S.K., and Saltzman J.R. Impact of anticoagulation on rebleeding following endoscopic therapy for nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Am J Gastroenterol 102 2 (2007) 290-296
217. Lau J.Y., Sung J.J., Lam Y.H., et al. Endoscopic retreatment compared with surgery in patients with recurrent bleeding after initial endoscopic control of bleeding ulcers. N Engl J Med 340 10 (1999) 351-356
218. Marmo R., Rotondano G., Bianco M.A., et al. Outcome for endoscopic treatment for peptic ulcer bleeding: is a second look endoscopy necessary?. Gastrointest Endosc 59 2 (2004) 329-330
219. Stollman N.H., Putcha R.V., Neustater B.R., et al. The uncleared fundal pool in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: implications and outcomes. Gastrointest Endosc 46 4 (1997) 324-327
220. Cheng C.L., Lee C.S., Liu N.J., et al. Overlooked lesions at emergency endoscopy for acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopy 34 7 (2002) 527-530
221. Lefkovitz Z., Cappell M.S., Lookstein R., et al. Radiologic diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal hemorrhage and ischemia. Med Clin North Am 86 6 (2002) 1357-1399
222. Smith B.R., and Stabile B.E. Emerging trends in peptic ulcer disease and damage control surgery in the H. pylori era. Am Surg 71 9 (2005) 797-801
223. Sarosi Jr. G.A., Jaiswal K.R., Nwariaku F.E., et al. Surgical therapy of peptic ulcers in the twenty first century: more common than you think. Am J Surg 190 5 (2005) 775-779
224. Kwan V., and Norton I.D. Endoscopic management of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. ANZ J Surg 77 4 (2007) 222-230
225. Kantsevov S.V., Cruz-Correa M.R., Vaughn C.A., et al. Endoscopic cryotherapy for the treatment of bleeding mucosal vascular lesions of the GI tract: a pilot study. Gastrointest Endosc 57 3 (2003) 403-406
226. Hepworth C.C., and Swain C.P. Mechanical endoscopic methods of haemostasis for bleeding peptic ulcers: a review. Bailleres Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 14 3 (2000) 467-476
227. Chiu P.W., Hu B., Lau J.Y., et al. Endoscopic plication of massively bleeding peptic ulcer by using the Eagle Claw VII device: a feasibility study in a porcine model. Gastrointest Endosc 63 4 (2006) 681-685
228. van Leerdam M.E., Rauws E.A., Geraedts M.A., et al. The role of endoscopic Doppler US in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc 58 5 (2003) 677-684
229. Epstein A.M., Lee T.H., and Hamel M.B. Paying physicians for high-quality care. N Engl J Med 350 4 (2004) 406-410