Egocentric ethics

Social Justice Research

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 171-187

  Epley, Nicholas ^a,b   Caruso, Eugene M ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Automaticity; Egocentrism; Ethics; Fairness; Moral judgment; Moral reasoning

Indexed keywords

EID: 4043123398     PISSN: 08857466     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:SORE.0000027408.72713.45     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Ambady, N., Bernieri, F., and Richeson, J. A. (2000). Towards a histology of social behavior: Judgmental accuracy from thin slices of behavior. In Zanna, M. P. (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 32, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 201-271.
2. Babcock, L., and Loewenstein, G. (1997). Explaining bargaining impasse: The role of self-serving biases. J. Econ. Perspect. 11: 109-126.
3. Babcock, L., Loewenstein, G., and Issacharoff, S. (1996). Debiasing Litigation Impasse. Unpublished manuscript, Carnegie Mellon University.
4. Babcock, L., Loewenstein, G., Issacharoff, S., and Camerer, C. (1995). Biased judgments of fairness in bargaining. Am. Econ. Rev. 85: 1337-1343.
5. Banse, R. (1999). Automatic evaluation of self and significant others: Affective priming in close relationships. J. Soc. Pers. Relat. 16: 803-821.
6. Bargh, J. A. (1994). The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, efficiency, intention, and control in social cognition. In Wyer, R. S., and Srull, T. K. (eds.), Handbook of Social Cognition, 2nd ed., Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 1-40.
7. Bargh, J. A., Chaiken, S., Govender, R., and Pratto, F. (1992). The generality of the automatic attitude activation effect. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 62: 893-912.
8. Bargh, J. A., Chaiken, S., Raymond, P., and Hymes, C. (1996). The automatic evaluation effect: Unconditional automatic attitude activation with a pronunciation task. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 32: 185-210.
9. Batson, C. D. (1987). Prosocial motivation: Is it ever truly altruistic? In Berkowitz, L. (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 20, Academic Press, New York, pp. 65-122.
10. Batson, C. D., Klein, T. R., Highberger, L., and Shaw, L. L. (1995). Immorality from empathy-induced altruism: When compassion and justice conflict. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 68: 1042-1054.
11. Batson, C. D., O'Quinn, K., Fulty, J., Vanderplass, M., and Isen, A. M. (1983). Influence of self-reported distress and empathy on egoistic versus altruistic motivation to help. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 45: 706-718.
12. Brinol, P., and Petty, R. E. (2003). Overt head movements and persuasion: A self-validation analysis. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 84: 1123-1139.
13. Cacioppo, J. T., Priester, J. R., and Berntson, G. G. (1993). Rudimentary determinants of attitudes. II: Arm flexion and extension have differential effects on attitudes. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 65: 5-17.
14. Cain, D., Moore, D., and Loewenstein, G. (2003, September). The dirt on coming clean: Perverse effects of disclosing conflicts of interest. Paper Presented at the Conference on Conflicts of Interest, Pittsburgh, PA.
15. Chartrand, T. L., and Bargh, J. (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 76: 893-910.
16. Chen, M., and Bargh, J. A. (1999). Consequences of automatic evaluation: Immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 25: 215-224.
17. Cleckley, H. (1955). The Mask of Insanity. C.V. Mosby, St. Louis.
18. Corey, S. M. (1937). Professed attitudes and actual behavior. J. Educ. Psychol. 28: 271-280.
19. Dasgupta, N., and Greenwald, A. G. (2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 81: 800-814.
20. De Houwer, J., Hermans, D., and Spruyt, A. (2001). Affective priming of pronunciation responses: Effects of target degradation. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 37: 85-91.
21. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 56: 5-18.
22. Dijksterhuis, A., and van Knippenberg, A. (1998). The relation between perception and behavior, or how to win a game of Trivial Pursuit. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 74: 865-877.
23. Dion, K., Berscheid, E., and Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 24: 207-213.
24. Duckworth, K. L., Bargh, J. A., Garcia, M., and Chaiken, S. (2002). The automatic evaluation of novel stimuli. Psychol. Sci. 13: 513-519.
25. Dunning, D. (1999). A newer look: Motivated social cognition and the schematic representation of social concepts. Psychol. Inq: 10: 1-11.
26. Edwards, K., and von Hippel, W. (1995). Hearts and minds: The priority of affective versus cognitive factors in person perception. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 21: 996-1011.
27. Epley, N. (2001). Mental Correction as Serial, Effortful, Confirmatory, and Insufficient Adjustment, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University.
28. Epley, N., Caruso, E. M., and Bazerman, M. H. (2004). Effects of perspective taking on judgments of fairness and actual behavior. Unpublished raw data.
29. Epley, N., and Gilovich, T. (2001). Putting adjustment back in the anchoring and adjustment heuristic: Divergent processing of self-generated and experimenter-provided anchors. Psychol. Sci. 12: 391-396.
30. Epley, N., and Gilovich, T. (in press). Are adjustments insufficient? Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull.
31. Epley, N., Keysar, B., Van Boven, L., and Gilovich, T. (in press a). Perspective taking as egocentric anchoring and adjustment. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.
32. Epley, N., Morewedge, C., and Keysar, B. (in press b). Perspective taking in children and adults: Equivalent egocentrism but differential correction. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.
33. Fabrigar, L. R., and Petty, R. E. (1999). The role of the affective and cognitive bases of attitudes in susceptibility to affectively and cognitively based persuasion. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 25: 363-381.
34. Fazio, R. H. (1989). On the power and functionality of attitudes: The role of attitude accessibility. In Pratkanis, A. R., Breckler, S. J., and Greenwald, A. G. (eds.), Attitude Structure and Function, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 153-179.
35. Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., and Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 50: 229-238.
36. Ferguson, M. J., and Bargh, J. A. (2004). Liking is for Doing: Effects of Goal-Pursuit on Automatic Evaluation. Unpublished manuscript, Cornell University.
37. Gilbert, D. T. (1989). Thinking lightly about others: Automatic components of the social inference process. In Uleman, J. S., and Bargh, J. A. (eds.), Unintended Thought, Guilford Press, New York, pp. 189-211.
38. Gilbert, D. T., Giesler, R. B., and Morris, K. A. (1995). When comparisons arise. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 69: 227-236.
39. Gilbert, D. T., and Gill, M. J. (2000). The momentary realist. Psychol. Sci. 11: 394-398.
40. Gilovich, T., Medvec, V. H., and Savitsky, K. (2000). The spotlight effect in social judgment: An egocentric bias in estimates of the salience of one's own actions and appearance. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 78: 211-222.
41. Gilovich, T., and Savitsky, K. (1999). The spotlight effect and the illusion of transparency: Egocentric assessments of how we're seen by others. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sc. 8: 165-168.
42. Greenwald, A. G., and Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition. Psychol. Rev. 102: 4-27.
43. Greenwald, A. G., Klinger, M. R., and Schuh, E. S. (1995). Activation by marginally perceptible ("subliminal") stimuli: Dissociation of unconscious from conscious cognition. J. Exp. Psychol.: Gen. 124: 22-42.
44. Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychol. Rev. 108: 814-835.
45. Haidt, J., and Hersh, M. (2001). Sexual morality: The cultures and emotions of conservatives and liberals. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 31: 191-221.
46. Haidt, J., Koller, S., and Dias, M. (1993). Affect, culture, and morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog? J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 65: 613-628.
47. Hare, R. D. (1993). Without Conscience, Pocket Books, New York.
48. Hartshorn, H., and May, M. (1932). Studies in the Nature of Character: Studies in the Organization of Character, Vol. 3, MacMillan, New York.
49. Hermans, D., Baeyens, F., and Eelen, P. (1998). Odors as affective processing context for word evaluation: A case of cross-modal affective priming. Cogn. Emotion 12: 601-613.
50. Hermans, D., Spruyt, A., and Eelen, P. (2003). Automatic affective priming of recently acquired stimulus valence: Priming at SOA 300 but not at SOA 1000. Cogn. Emotion 17: 83-99.
51. Higgins, T. E., Rholes, W. S., and Jones, C. R. (1977). Category accessibility and impression formation. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 13: 141-154.
52. How U.S., North Korea turned broken deals into a standoff (2003, March 5). The Wall Street J. pp. A1, A10.
53. Kagan, J. (1984). The Nature of the Child, Basic Books, New York.
54. Kant, I. (1964). Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Paton, H. J. (trans.), Harper and Row, New York. (Original work published in 1785.)
55. Keysar, B., and Barr, D. J. (2002). Self-anchoring in conversation: Why language users don't do what they "should." In Gilovich, T., Griffin, D., and Kahneman, D. (eds.), Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 150-166.
56. Keysar, B., Barr, D. J., Balin, J. A., and Brauner, J. S. (2000). Taking perspective in conversation: The role of mutual knowledge in comprehension. Psychol. Sci. 11: 32-38.
57. Keysar, B., Barr, D. J., and Horton, W. S. (1998). The egocentric basis of language use: Insights from a processing approach. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 7: 46-50.
58. Klar, Y., and Giladi, E. E. (1997). No one in my group can be below the group's average: A robust positivity bias in favor of anonymous peers. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 73: 885-901.
59. Klar, Y., and Giladi, E. E. (1999). Are most people happier than their peers, or are they just happy? Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 25: 585-594.
60. Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In Goslin, D. A. (ed.), Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research, Rand McNally, Chicago, pp. 347-480.
61. Krosnick, J. A., Betz, A. L., Jussim, L. J., and Lynn, A. R. (1992). Subliminal conditioning of attitudes. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 18: 152-162.
62. Kruger, J. (1999). Lake Wobegon be gone! The "below-average effect" and the egocentric nature of comparative ability judgments. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 77: 221-232.
63. Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning. Psychol. Bull. 108: 480-498.
64. Lakin, J. S., and Chartrand, T. L. (2003). Using nonconscious behavioral mimicry to create affiliation and rapport. Psychol. Sci. 14: 334-339.
65. Loewenstein, G., Issacharoff, S., Camerer, C., and Babcock, L. (1993). Self-serving assessments of fairness and pretrial bargaining. J. Leg. Stud. 22: 135-159.
66. Lord, C. G., Ross, L., and Lepper, M. R. (1979). Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 37: 2098-2109.
67. Luksa, F. (2003, June 14). Auction can't heal wounds for Bonds home run ball. The Mercury News. Retrieved July 27, 2003, from http://www.bayarea.com/ mld/mercurynews/sports/6088835.htm
68. Messick, D. M., and Sentis, K. (1983). Fairness, preference, and fairness biases. In Messick, D. M., and Cook, S. (eds.), Equity Theory: Psychological and Sociological Perspectives, Praeger, New York, pp. 61-94.
69. Murphy, S., Haidt, J., and Björklund, F. (2000). Moral Dumbfounding: When Intuition Finds No Reason. Unpublished manuscript, University of Virginia.
70. Neely, J. H. (1977). Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. J. Exp. Psychol.: Gen. 106: 226-254.
71. Nickerson, R. S. (1999). How we know-and sometimes misjudge-what others know: Imputing one's own knowledge to others. Psychol. Bull. 125: 737-759.
72. Nisbett, R. E., and Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychol. Rev. 84: 231-259.
73. Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., and Tannenbaum, P. H. (1957). The Measurement of Meaning, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL.
74. Pelham, B. W., Mirenberg, M. C., and Jones, J. T. (2002). Why Susie sells seashells by the seashore: Implicit egotism and major life decisions. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 82: 469-487.
75. Piaget, J. (1965). The Moral Judgment of the Child, Gabain, M. (trans.), Free Press, New York. (Original work published 1932.)
76. Prentice, D. A., and Miller, D. T. (1993). Pluralistic ignorance and alcohol use on campus: Some consequences of misperceiving the social norm. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 64: 243-256.
77. Pronin, E., Puccio, C., and Ross, L. (2002). Understanding misunderstanding: Social psychological perspectives. In Gilovich, T., Griffin, D., and Kahneman, D. (eds.), Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 636-665.
78. Robinson, R., Keltner, D., Ward, A., and Ross, L. (1995). Actual versus assumed differences in construal: "Naïve realism" in intergroup perceptions and conflict. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 68: 404-417.
79. Ross, L., Green, D., and House, P. (1977). The "false consensus effect": An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 13: 279-301.
80. Schneirla, T. (1959). An evolutionary and developmental theory of biphasic processes underlying approach and withdrawal. In Jones, M. (ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp. 27-58.
81. Sollberger, B., Reber, R., and Eckstein, D. (2003). Musical chords as affective priming context in a word-evaluation task. Music Percept. 20: 263-282.
82. Thompson, L., and Loewenstein, G. (1992). Egocentric interpretations of fairness and interpersonal conflict. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 51: 176-197.
83. Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science 185: 1124-1131.
84. Uleman, J. S., Newman, L. S., and Moskowitz, G. B. (1996). People as flexible interpreters: Evidence and issues from spontaneous trait inference. In Zanna, M. P. (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 28, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 211-279.
85. Van den Bos, K. (2003). On the subjective quality of social justice: The role of affect as information in the psychology of justice judgments. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 85: 482-498.
86. Vorauer, J., and Ross, M. (1999). Self-awareness and feeling transparent: Failing to suppress one's self. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 35: 415-440.
87. Watercutter, A. (2002, October 18). Fighting over Bonds' baseballs. CBS News. Retrieved July 27, 2003, from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/08/07/ national/main517743.shtml
88. Wegner, D. M., and Bargh, J. A. (1998). Control and automaticity in social life. In Gilbert, D., Fiske, S. T., and Lindzey, G. (eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 446-496.
89. Wells, G. L., and Petty, R. E. (1980). The effects of overt head movements on persuasion: Compatibility and incompatibility of responses. Basic Appl. Soc. Psychol. 1: 219-230.
90. Wilensky, A. E., Schafe, G. E., and LeDoux, J. E. (2000). The amygdala modulates memory consolidation of fear-motivated inhibitory avoidance learning but not classical fear conditioning. J. Neurosci. 20: 7059-7066.
91. Wilson, T. D., and Brekke, N. (1994). Mental contamination and mental correction: Unwanted influences on judgments and evaluations. Psychol. Bull. 116: 117-142.
92. Wilson, T. D., and LaFleur, S. J. (1995). Knowing what you'll do: Effects of analyzing reasons on self-prediction. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 68: 21-35.
93. Wilson, T. D., and Schooler, J. W. (1991). Thinking too much: Introspection can reduce the quality of preferences and decisions. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 60: 181-192.
94. Wilson, T. D., and Stone, J. (1985). Limitations of self-knowledge: More on telling more than we can know. In Shaver, P. (ed.), Review of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 6, Sage, New York, pp. 167-183.
95. Wilstein, S. (2003, June 26). Bonds' No. 73 ball: A story of greed. NBC Sports. Retrieved July 27, 2003, from http://stacks.msnbc.com/news/931529.asp
96. Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., and Park, B. (2001). Spontaneous prejudice in context: Variability in automatically activated attitudes. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 81: 815-827.
97. Zajonc, R. B. (1998). Emotions. In Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T., and Lindzey, G. (eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. 1, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 591-632.