Recreational conflict is affective: The case of cross-country skiers and snowmobiles

Leisure Sciences

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 227-243

  Vittersø, Joar ^a   Chipeniuk, Raymond ^b   Skår, Margete ^c   Vistad, Odd Inge ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR NATURE RESEARCH   (Norway)

Author keywords

Emotions; Priming; Recreational conflict; Snow mobile

Indexed keywords

ATTITUDINAL SURVEY; OUTDOOR RECREATION; RECREATIONAL MANAGEMENT;

EID: 4043064918     PISSN: 01490400     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01490400490461378     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Adelman, B. J. E.; Heberlein, T. A., & Bonnicksen, T. M. (1982). Social psychological explanations for the persistence of a conflict between paddling canoeists and motorcraft users in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area. Leisure Sciences, 5, 45-61.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
3. Bagozzi, R. P. (1993). An examination of the psychometric properties of measures of negative affect in the PANAS-X scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 836-851.
4. Bargh, J. & Chartrand, T. L. (2000). The mind in the middle: A practical guide to priming and automaticity research. In H. T. Reis & C. J. Judd (eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 253-285). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
5. Bargh, J. A., Chaiken, S., Raymond, P., & Hymes, C. (1996). The automatic evaluation effect. Unconditional automatic attitude activation with a pronunciation task. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 104-128.
6. Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230-244.
7. Bargh, J. A. & Ferguson, M. J. (2000). Beyond behaviorism: On the automaticity of higher mental processes. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 925-945.
8. Barrett, L. F. (1998). Discrete emotions or dimensions? The role of valence focus and arousal focus. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 579-599.
9. Bless, H. & Fiedler, K. (1995). Affective states and the influence of activated general knowledge. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 766-778.
10. Bentler, P. (1995). EQS Structural Equations Program Manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc.
11. Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
12. Borrie, W. T. (1995). Measuring the multiple, deep, and unfolding aspects of the wilderness experience using the experience sampling method. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA.
13. Bury, R. L., Holland, S. M., & Ewan, D. E. (1983). Analyzing recreational conflict. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, September-October, 401-403.
14. Cessford, G. R. (1999). Recreational noise issues and examples for protected areas in New Zealand. Noise Control Engineering Journal, 47, 97-103.
15. Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155-159.
16. Crooker, K. J. & Near, J. P. (1998). Happiness and satisfaction: Measures of affect and cognition? Social Indicators Research, 44, 195-224.
17. Davidson, R. J. (1994). On emotion, mood, and related affective constructs. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (eds.), The nature of emotion. Fundamental questions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
18. Dellora, G. B., Martin, V., & Saunders, R. E. (1984). Motorized recreational vehicles: Perception and recreational conflict. Report nr. 17. Victoria AU: Monash University, Graduate School of Environmental Science.
19. Derryberry, D. & Reed, M. (1994). Temperament and attention: Orienting towards and away from positive and negative signals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1128-1139.
20. Diener, E. & Lucas, R. E. (2000). Subjective emotional well-being. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 325-337). London: The Guilford Press.
21. Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302.
22. Driver, B. L., Nash, R., & Haas, G. (1987). Wilderness benefits: A state-of-knowledge view. National Wilderness Research Conference: Issues, State of Knowledge, Future Directions, Fort Collins, Co.
23. Eid, M. & Diener, E. (1999). Intraindividual variability in affect: Reliability, validity and personality correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 662-676.
24. Fiske, S. T. & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
25. Forgas, J. P. (1998a). Asking nicely? The effects of mood on responding to more or less polite requests. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 173-185.
26. Forgas, J. P. (1998b). On feeling good and getting your way: Mood effects on negotiator cognition and bargaining strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 565-577.
27. Forgas, J. P. (1999). On feeling good and being rude: Affective influences on language use and request formulations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 928-939.
28. Frederick, S. & Loewenstein, G. (1999). Hedonic adaptation. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (eds.), Well-Being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 302-330). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
29. Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 365-376.
30. Frijda, N. H. (1999). Emotions and hedonic experience. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (eds.), Well-Being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 190-210). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
31. Frijda, N. H. (2000). The psychologists' point of view. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 59-74). London: The Guilford Press.
32. Graef, R., Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Gianinno, S. M. (1983). Measuring intrinsic motivation in everyday life. Leisure Studies, 2, 155-168.
33. Gramann, J. H. & Burdge, R. J. (1981). The effects of recreational goals on conflict perception: The case of water skiers and fishermen. Journal of Leisure Research, 13, 15-27.
34. Greider, T. (1993). Aircraft noise and the practice of Indian medicine: The symbolic transformation of the environment. Human Organization, 52, 76-82.
35. Hartwig, G. & Dearing, B. E. (1979). Exploratory data analysis. London: Sage.
36. Hendricks, W. W. (1995). A resurgence in recreation conflict research: Introduction to the special issue. Leisure Sciences, 17, 157-158.
37. Higgins, E. T. & Bargh, J. A. (1987). Social perception and social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 369-425.
38. Howell, D. C. (1992). Statistical methods for psychology (3rd ed.). Belmont, California: Duxbury Press.
39. Hu, L.-T. & Bentler, P. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In R. H. Hoyle (ed.), Structural equation modeling. Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 76-99). London: Sage.
40. Hull, R. B., Michael, S. E., Walker, G. J., & Roggenbuck, J. (1996). Ebb and flow of brief leisure experiences. Leisure Sciences, 18, 299-314.
41. Ishii, K., Reyes, J. A., & Kitayama, S. (2003). Spontaneous attention to word content versus emotional tone: Differences among three cultures. Psychological Science, 14(1), 39-46.
42. Ittelson, W. H., Franck, K. A., & O'Hanlon, T. J. (1976). The nature of environmental experience. In S. Wapner, S. B. Cohen, & B. Kaplan (eds.), Experiencing the environment (pp. 187-206). New York: Plenum Press.
43. Iwasaki, Y. & Schneider, I. E. (2003). Leisure, stress, and coping: An evolving area of inquiry. Leisure Sciences, 23, 107-113.
44. Jackson, E. L. & Scott, D. (1999). Constraints to leisure. In E. L. Jackson & T. L. Burton (eds.), Leisure Studies: Prospects for the Twenty-First Century (pp. 299-321). State College. PA: Venture Publishing.
45. Jackson, E. L. & Wong, R. (1982). Perceived conflict between urban cross-country skiers and snow-mobiles in Alberta. Journal of Leisure Research, 14, 47-62.
46. Jackson, S., Haider, W., & Elliot, T. (2002). Resolving inter-group conflicts in winter recreation: Chilkoot Trail National Historic Site, British Columbia. In A. Arnberger, C. Brandenburg, & A. Muhar (eds.), Monitoring and management of visitor flows in recreational and protected areas (pp. 109-114).
47. Jacob, G. R. & Schreyer, R. (1980). Conflict in outdoor recreation: A theoretical perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, 12, 368-380.
48. James, W. (1884). What is an emotion? Mind, 9, 188-205.
49. John, O. P. (1990). The "Big Five" factor taxonomy: Dimensions of personality in the natural language and in questionnaires. In L. Pervin (ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 66-100). New York: Guildford.
50. Kahneman, D. (1999). Objective happiness. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (eds.), Well-Being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 3-25). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
51. Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 169-182.
52. Kariel, H. G. (1980). Mountaineers and the general public: A comparison of their evaluation of sounds in a recreational environment. Leisure Sciences, 3, 155-167.
53. Kariel, H. G. (1990). Factors affecting responses to noise in outdoor recreation environments. The Canadian Geographer, 34, 142-149.
54. Kennedy-Moore, E., Greenberg, M. A., Newman, M. G., & Stone, A. A. (1992). The relationship between daily events and mood: The mood measure may matter. Motivation and Emotion, 16, 143-155.
55. Kitayama, S. & Ishii, K. (2002). Word and voice: Spontanous attention to emotional utterances in two languages. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 29-59.
56. Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.
57. Knopf, R. C. (1987). Human behavior, cognition and affect in the natural environment. In D. Stokols & I. Altman (eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 783-825). New York: Wiley.
58. Knopp, T. B. & Tyger, J. D. (1972). A study of conflict in recreational land use: Snowmobiling vs. ski-touring. Journal of Leisure Research, 5, 6-17.
59. Larsen, J. R. & Fredrickson, B. L. (1999). Measurement issues in emotion research. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (eds.), Well-Being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 40-60). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
60. Larsen, J. T., McGraw, A. P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2001). Can people feel happy and sad at the same time? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 684-696.
61. Larsen, R. J. & Diener, E. (1992). Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. In M. S. Clark (ed.), Review of Personality and Social Psychology: Emotion (Vol. 13, pp. 25-59). London: Sage.
62. Lazarus, R. S. (1990). Theory-based stress measurement. Psychological Inquiry, 1, 3-13.
63. Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
64. Lewis, M. (2000). The emergence of human emotions. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 265-292). London: The Guilford Press.
65. Lime, D. W. (1975). Backcountry river recreation: Problems and opportunities. Naturalist, 26, 1-6.
66. Lindsay, J. L. (1980). Trends in outdor recreation activity conflicts, Proceedings of the 1980 National Outdoor Recreation Symposium Proceedings (pp. 174-183). Upper Darby PA: USDA Forest Service.
67. Lucas, R. C. (1964). Wilderness perception and use: The example of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area. Natural Resources Journal, 3, 394-411.
68. Mace, B. L., Bell, P. A., & Loomis, R. J. (1999). Aesthetic, affective, and cognitive effects of noise on natural landscape assessment. Society and Natural Resources, 12, 225-242.
69. Malatesta-Magi, C. M. & Culver, L. C. (1991). Identification of emotions, moods, and personality via diary data. In K. T. Strongman (ed.), International Review of Studies on Emotions (Vol. 1, pp. 163-186). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
70. Marco, C. & Suls, J. (1993). Daily stress and the trajectory of mood: Spillover, response assimilation, contrast, and chronic negative affectivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 1053-1063.
71. McDonald, C. (1990). National Park Service aircraft overflight study (HBRS Inc. Madison, Wisconsin: Preliminary study plan).
72. McIntyre, N. & Roggenbuck, J. W. (1998). Nature/person transactions during an outdoor adventure experience: A mutli-phasic analysis. Journal of Leisure Research, 30, 401-422.
73. McNamara, T. P, Ratcliff, R., & McKoon, G. (1984). The mental representation of knowledge acquired from maps. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 10, 723-732.
74. Mesquita, B. & Karasawa, M. (2002). Different emotional lives. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 127-141.
75. Miller, T. A. & McCool, S. F. (2003). Coping with stress in outdoor recreational settings: An application of transactional stress theory. Leisure Sciences, 25, 257-275.
76. Nemanick, R. C. & Munz, D. C. (1994). Measuring the poles of negative and positive mood using the positive affect negative affect schedule and activation deactivation adjective check list. Psychological Reports, 74, 195-199.
77. Oatley, K. & Jenkins, J. M. (1996). Understanding emotions. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
78. Pedersen, K. (1999). "Det har bare vært naturlig". Friluftsliv, kjønn og kulturelle brytninger, The Norwegian University for Sport and Exercise, Oslo, Norway.
79. Posner, M. I., Rothbart, M. K., & Harman, C. (1994). Cognitive science's contributions to culture and emotion. In S. Kitayama & H. R. Markus (eds.), Emotion and culture. Empirical studies of mutual influence (pp. 197-216). Washington D.C: American Psychological Association.
80. Rodríguez, C. & Church, A. T. (2003). The structure and personality correlates of affect in Mexico. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34, 211-230.
81. Ruddell, E. J. & Graman, J. H. (1994). Goal orientation, norms, and noise-induced conflict among recreation area users. Leisure Studies, 16, 93-104.
82. Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110, 145-172.
83. Russell, J. A. & Carroll, J. M. (1999). On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 3-30.
84. Russell, J. A. & Snodgrass, J. (1987). Emotion and the environment. In D. Stokols & I. Altman (eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 245-280). New York: Wiley.
85. Russell, J. A., Weiss, A., & Mendelsohn, G. A. (1989). Affect grid: A single item scale of pleasure and arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 493-502.
86. Satorra, A. & Bentler, P. M. (1994). Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis. In A. von Eye & C. C. Clogg (eds.), Latent variable analysis. Applications for developmental research (pp. 399-419). London: Sage.
87. Scherl, L. M. (1990). The wilderness experience: A psychological evaluation of its components and dynamics. In A. T. Easley, J. E Passineau, & B. L. Driver (eds.), The use of wilderness for personal growth, therapy, and education (pp. 11-22). Colorado: USDA Forest Service, General technical report RM- 193.
88. Schimmack, U. (2001). Pleasure, displeasure, and mixed feelings: Are semantic opposites mutually exclusive? Cognition and Emotion, 15(1), 81-97.
89. Schneider, I. E. (2000). Revisiting and revising recreation conflict research. Journal of Leisure Research, 32, 129-132.
90. Schneider, I. E. & Hammitt, W. E. (1995). Visitor response to outdoor recreation conflict: A conceptual approach. Leisure Sciences, 17, 223-234.
91. Schuster, R. M., Hammitt, W. E., & Moore, D. (2003). A theoretical model to measure the appraisal and coping response to hassles in outdoor recreation settings. Leisure Sciences, 23, 277-299.
92. Shelby, B. (1980). Contrasting recreational experiences: Motors and oars in the Grand Canoyn. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 35, 129-131.
93. Smith, C. A. & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 813-838.
94. Stewart, W. P. (1992). Influence of the onsite experience on recreation experience preference judgments. Journal of Leisure Research, 24, 185-198.
95. Steiger, J. H. & Lind, J. M. (1980). Statistically based tests for the number of common factors (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society, Iowa City, June 1980.).
96. Stewart, W. P. & Hull, R. B. (1992). Satisfaction of what? Post versus real-time construct validity. Leisure Science, 14, 195-209.
97. Stewart, W. P. & Hull, R. B. (1996). Capturing the moments: Concerns of in situ leisure research. In D. R. Fesenmaier, J. T. O'Leary, & M. Uysal (eds.), Recent advances in tourism marketing research (pp. 3-19 : Binghamton, NY. The Haworth Press.
98. Stone, A. A., Shiffman, S. S., & DeVries, M. (1999). Ecological Momentary Assessment. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (eds.), Well-Being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 26-39). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
99. Tarrant, M. A., Haas, G. E., & Manfredo, M. J. (1995). Factors affecting visitor evaluation of aircraft overflights of wilderness areas. Society and Natural Resources, 8, 351-360.
100. Tourangeau, R., Rips, L. J., & Rasinski, K. (2000). The psychology of survey response. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
101. Uyeno, D., Hamilton, S. W., & Biggs, A. J. G. (1993). Density of residental land use and the impact of airport noise. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 27, 3-18.
102. Vaske, J. J., Carothers, P., Donnelly, M. P., & Baird, B. (2000). Recreation conflict among skiers and snowboarders. Leisure Sciences, 22, 297-313.
103. Velting, D. M. & Liebert, R. M. (1997). Predicting three mood phenomena from factors and facets of the NEO-PI. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(1), 165-172.
104. Vittersø, J., Chipeniuk, R., Skår, M., & Vistad, O. I. (2003). Tolerance for noise and attitudes toward snowmobile recreation. Manuscript in preparation.
105. Vogt, C. A. & Stewart, S. I. (1998). Affective and cognitive effects of information use over the course of a vacation. Journal of Leisure Research, 30, 498-520.
106. Wahlberg, S. (1989). Militära övnings-och skjutfält. Deras värde ur naturvårdssynpunkt. Stensil.
107. Watson, A. E. (1995). An analysis of recent progress in recreation conflict research and perceptions of future challenges and opportunities. Leisure Sciences, 17, 235-238.
108. Watson, A. E., Williams, D. R., & Daigle, J. J. (1991). Sources of conflict between hikers and mountain bike riders in the Rattlesnake NRA. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 9, 59-71.
109. Watson, D. (2000). Mood and Temperament. London: The Guilford Press.
110. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
111. Watson, D., Wiese, D., Vaidya, J., & Tellegen, A. (1999). The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 820-838.
112. Winkielman, P., Knäuper, B., & Schwarz, N. (1998). Looking back at anger: Reference periods change the interpretation of emotion frequency questions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75,