The nutritional and metabolic support of heart failure in the intensive care unit

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 140-146

  Meltzer, Joseph S ^a   Moitra, Vivek K ^a  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Antioxidants; Heart failure; Intensive insulin therapy; Micronutrients; Selenium; Thiamine

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; ATORVASTATIN; CARVEDILOL; FREE RADICAL; GLUCOSE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INSULIN; METOPROLOL; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PLACEBO; POTASSIUM; SELENIUM; SIMVASTATIN; TRACE ELEMENT; VITAMIN;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; BIOSYNTHESIS; CACHEXIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CATABOLISM; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; ENZYME INHIBITION; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEART FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN TREATMENT; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; MALNUTRITION; METABOLIC REGULATION; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

ACUTE DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; GLUCOSE; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; INSULIN; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; POTASSIUM;

EID: 40049105233     PISSN: 13631950     EISSN: 15353885     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e3282f4f476     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. King D, Smith ML, Chapman TJ, et al. Fat malabsorption in elderly patients with cardiac cachexia. Age Ageing 1996; 25:144-149.
2. Carr JG, Stevenson LW, Walden JA, Heber D. Prevalence and hemodynamic correlates of malnutrition in severe congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1989; 63:709-713.
3. Berry C, Clark AL. Catabolism in chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2000; 21:521-532.
4. ASPEN Board of Directors and the Clinical Guidelines Task Force. Guidelines for the use of parenteral and enteral nutrition in adult and pediatric patients. J Parenteral Enteral Nutr 2002; 26 (1 Suppl.):1SA-138SA.
5. Berger MM, Mustafa I. Metabolic and nutritional support in acute cardiac failure. Curr Opin Clin Metab Care 2003; 6:195-201.
6. Anker SD, Coats AJS. Cardiac cachexia: a syndrome with impaired survival and immune and neuroendocrine activation. Chest 1999; 115:836-847.
7. Anker SD, Negassa A, Coats AJS, et al. Prognostic importance of weight loss in chronic heart and the effect of treatment with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: an observational study. Lancet 2003; 361:1077-1083.
8. Genth-Zotz S, Bolger AP, Kalra PR, et al. Heat shock protein 70 in patients with chronic hear failure: relation to disease severity and survival. Int J Cardiol 2004; 96:397-401.
9. ESPEN Board of Directors and the Clinical Guidelines Task Force. ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: cardiology and pulmonology. Clin Nutr 2006; 25:311-318.
10. Anker SD, Sharma R. The syndrome of cardiac cachexia. Int J Cardiol 2002; 85:51-66.
11. Mann DL. Inflammatory mediators and the failing heart: past, present, and foreseeable future. Circ Res 2002; 91:988-998.
12. Langhans W, Hrupka B. Interleukins and tumor necrosis factor as inhibitors of food intake. Neuropeptides 1999; 33:415-424.
13. Von Haehling S, Doehner W, Anker SD. Nutrition, metabolism and the complex pathophysiology of cachexia in chronic heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 73:298-309. A comprehensive of review of recent developments in the understanding of the development of chronic cardiac cachexia.
14. Anker SD, Ponikowski P, Varney S, et al. Wasting as independent risk factor of survival in chronic heart failure. Lancet 1997; 349:1050-1053.
15. Toth MJ, Gottlieb SS, Poehlman ET. Daily energy requirements in heart failure patients. Metabolism 1997; 46:1294-1298.
16. Moreira da Rocha EE, Alves VGF, da Fonseca RBV. Indirect calorimetry: methodology, instruments and application. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2006; 9:247-256. Overview of the technique and instrumentation available for performing indirect calorimetry.
17. Reid CL. Nutritional requirements of surgical and critically ill patients: do we know what they need? Proc Nutr Soc 2004; 63:467-472.
18. Stapleton RD, Jones N, Heyland DK. Feeding critically ill patients: what is the optimal amount of energy. Crit Care Med 2007; 35 (Suppl):S535-S540.
19. Guerci B, Bohme P, Kearney-Schwartz A, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab 2001; 27:436-447.
20. Kim W, Hudson BI, Moser B, et al. Receptor for advanced glycation end products and its ligands. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1043:553-561.
21. Bierhaus A, Humpert PM, Stern DM, et al. Advanced glycation end product receptor-mediated cellular dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1043:676-680.
22. Beckman JA, Creager MA, Libby P. Diabetes and atherosclerosis. JAMA 2002; 287:2570-2581.
23. Liu G, Docherty JC, Rendell JC, et al. High levels of fatty acids delay the recovery of intracellular pH and cardiac efficiency in postischemic hearts by inhibiting glucose oxidation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39:718-725.
24. Bolk J, van der Ploeg T, Cornel JH, et al. Impaired glucose metabolism predicts mortality after a myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2001; 79:207-214.
25. Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, et al. Stress hyperglycaemia and increased risk of death after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: a systemic overview. Lancet 2000; 355:773-778.
26. Malmberg K, Norhammar A, Wedel H, et al. Glycometabolic state of admission: important risk marker of mortality in conventionally treated patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction: long term results from the Diabetes and Insulin-Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (DIGAMI) study. Circulation 1999; 99:2626-2632.
27. Umpierrez GE, Isaacs SD, Bazargan N, et al. Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of inhospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:978-982.
28. Turina M, Fry DE, Polk HC. Acute hyperglycemia and the innate immune system: clinical, cellular, and molecular aspects. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:1624-1633.
29. Malmberg K, Ryden L, Hamsten A, et al. Effects of insulin treatment on cause-specific one-year mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction: DIGAMI Study Group (Diabetes Insulin-glucose in Acute Myocardial Infarction). Eur Heart J 1996; 17:1337-1344.
30. Malmberg K. Prospective randomized study of intensive insulin treatment on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus: DIGAMI (Diabetes Insulin-glucose in Acute Myocardial Infarction) Study Group. BMJ 1997; 314:1512-1515.
31. Krinsley JS. Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79:992-1000.
32. Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. New Engl J Med 2001; 345:1359-1367.
33. Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. New Engl J Med 2006; 354:449-461. This large prospective randomized trial challenges the notion that intensive insulin therapy improves mortality in all patient populations. Furthermore, the results suggest that insulin therapy during the early stages of critical illness may not be beneficial.
34. Malhotra A. Intensive insulin in intensive care. New Engl J Med 2006; 354:516-518.
35. Gandhi GY, Nuttall GA, Abel MD, et al. Intensive intraoperative insulin therapy versus conventional glucose management during cardiac surgery: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146:233-243.
36. Lazar HL, Chipkin SR, Fitzgerald CA, et al. Tight glycemic control in diabetic coronary artery bypass graft patients improves perioperative outcomes and decreases recurrent ischemia events. Circulation 2004; 109:1497-1502.
37. Van der Horst IC, Zijlstra R, Van't Hof AWJ, et al. Glucose-insulin-potassium infusion inpatients treated with primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: the Glucose-Insulin-Potassium Study: a randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 42:784-791.
38. Rasoul S, Ottervanger JP, Timmer JR, et al. One year outcomes after glucose-insulin-potassium in ST elevation myocardial infarction. The Glucose-Insulin-Potassium study II. Int J Cardiol 2006; 122:52-55.
39. Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Bianchi M, De Luca L, et al. Effects of glucose-insulin-potassium infusion on myocardial perfusion and left ventricular remodeling in patients treated with primary angioplasty for ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98:1349-1353.
40. Yazici M, Demircan S, Durna K, et al. Effect of glucose-insulin-potassium infusion on myocardial damage due to percutaneous coronary revascularization. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96:1517-1520.
41. Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Diaz R, et al. Effect of glucose-insulin- potassium infusion on mortality in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the CREATE-ECLA randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005; 293:437-446.
42. Bistrian BR, McCowen KC. Nutritional and metabolic support in the adult intensive care unit: key controversies. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:1525-1531.
43. Witte KK, Clark AL. Nutritional abnormalities contributing to cachexia in chronic illness. Int J Cardiol 2002; 85:23-31.
44. Witte KK, Clark AL, Cleland JG. Chronic heart failure and micronutrients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37:1765-1774.
45. Allard ML, Jeejeebhoy KN, Sole MJ. The management of conditioned nutritional requirements in heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2006; 11:75-82.
46. Hanninen SA, Darling PB, Sole MJ, et al. The prevalence of thiamine deficiency in hospitalized patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Card 2006; 47:354-361.
47. Mendoza CE, Rodriguez F, Rosenberg DG. Reversal of refractory congestive heart failure after thiamine supplementation: a case report and review of the literature. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2003; 8:313-316.
48. Good-year-Bruch C, Pierce JD. Oxidative stress in critically ill patients. Am J Crit Care 2002; 11:543-561.
49. De Lorgeril M, Salen P. Selenium and antioxidant defense as major mediators in the development of chronic heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2006; 11:13-17. Discussion of the roles of antioxidants and selenium in particular in the development of heart failure.
50. Heyland DK, Dhaliwal R, Day AG, et al. Reducing Deaths due to Oxidative Stress (the REDOXS study): rationale and study design for a randomized trial of glutamine and antioxidant supplementation in critically ill patients. Proc Nutr Soc 2006; 65:250-263.
51. McGregor GP, Biesalski HK. Rationale and impact of vitamin C in clinical nutrition. Curr Opin Nutr Metab Care 2006; 9:697-703.
52. Akbaraly NT, Arnaud J, Hininger-favier I, et al. Selenium and mortality in the elderly: results from the EVA study. Clin Chem 2005; 8:187-201.
53. Ray AL, Semba RD, Walston J, et al. Low selenium serum and total carotenoids predict mortality among older women living in the community: the Women's Health and Aging Study. J Nutr 2006; 136:172-176.
54. Blankenberg S, Rupprecht HJ, Bickel C, et al. Glutathione peroxidase 1 activity and cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:1605-1613.
55. Berger MM, Shenkin A. Update on clinical micronutrient supplementation in the critically ill. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2006; 9:711-716. A comprehensive review of the role that micronutrient support may play in that care of critically ill patients.
56. Berger MM, Chiolero RL. Antioxidant supplementation in sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:S584-S590.
57. Jeejeebhoy F, Keith M, Freeman M, et al. Nutritional supplementation with MyoVive repletes essential myocyte nutrients and reduces left ventricular size in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Am Heart J 2002; 143:1092-1100.
58. Witte KK, Nikitin NP, Parker AC, et al. The effect of micronutrient supplementation on quality-of-life and left ventricular function in elderly patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2005; 26:2238-2244.
59. Folkers K, Langsjoen P, Willis R, et al. Lovastatin decreases coenzyme Q levels in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:8931-8934.
60. Rauchhaus M, Clark AL, Doehner W, et al. The relationship between cholesterol and survival in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42:1933-1940.
61. Yusuf S, Pepine CJ, Garces C, et al. Effect of enalapril on myocardial infarction and unstable angina in patients with low ejection fractions. Lancet 1992; 1173-1178.
62. Krum H, McMurray JJ. Statins and chronic heart failure: do we need a large-scale outcome trial? J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39:1567-1573.
63. Sola S, Mir MQ, Lerakis S, et al. Atorvastatin improves left ventricular systolic function and serum markers of inflammation in nonischemic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47:332-337. This interesting study elucidating the pleiotropic effects of statins on inflammation and left ventricular ejection fraction.
64. Foody JM, Shah R, Galusha D, et al. Statins and mortality among elderly patients hospitalized with heart failure. Circulation 2006; 113:1086-1092.
65. von Schacky C, Harris WS. Cardiovascualr benefits of omega-3 fatty acids. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 73:310-315.
66. Calo L, Bianconi L, Colvicchi F, et al. N-3 fatty acids for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45:1723-1728.
67. Schrepf R, Limmer T, Weber PC, et al. Immediate effects of n-3 fatty acid infusion on the induction of sustained ventricular tachycardia. Lancet 2004; 363:1441-1442.
68. Leaf A, Kang JX, Xiao YF, Billman GE. Clinical prevention of sudden cardiac death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and mechanism of prevention of arrhythmias by n-3 fish oils. Circulation 2003; 107:2646-2652.
69. Leaf A, Albert CM, Josephson M, et al., for the Fatty Acid Antiarrythmia Trial Investigators. Prevention of fatal arrythmias in high-risk subjects by fish oil n-3 fatty acid intake. Circulation 2005; 112:2762-2768.
70. Raitt MH, Connor WE, Morris C, et al. Fish oil supplementation and risk of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation in patients with implantable defibrillators: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005; 293:2884-2891.