Antitumor necrosis factor-α therapy and potential cancer inhibition

European Journal of Cancer Prevention

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 169-177

  Williams, Gary M ^a  

^a NEW YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Adalimumab; Cancer; Etanercept; Infliximab; Lymphoma; Tumor necrosis factor alpha

Indexed keywords

ADALIMUMAB; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; ETANERCEPT; INFLIXIMAB; METHOTREXATE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA ANTIBODY;

CANCER GROWTH; CANCER INHIBITION; CANCER RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE SEVERITY; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SKIN CANCER; SKIN CARCINOGENESIS; T LYMPHOCYTE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS; ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; HUMANS; LYMPHOMA; NEOPLASMS; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 39749177707     PISSN: 09598278     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/CEJ.0b013e3282b6fcff     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Arun B, Goss P (2004). The role of COX-2 inhibition in breast cancer treatment and prevention. Semin Oncol 31:22-29.
2. Askling J, Fored M, Brandt L, Baecklund E, Bertilsson L, Feltelius N, et al. (2005). Risks of solid cancers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and following treatment with TNF-antagonists. Ann Rheum Dis 64:1421-1426.
3. Babbar N, Casero A Jr (2006). Tumor necrosis factor-α increases reactive oxygen species by inducing spermine oxidase in human lung epithelial cells: a potential mechanism for inflammation-induced carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 66:11125-11130.
4. Baecklund E, Ekbom A, Sparen P, Feltelius N, Klareskog L (1988). Disease activity and risk of lymphoma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nested case-control study. Br Med J 317:180-181.
5. Baecklund E, Lliadou A, Askling J, Ekbom A, Backlin C, Granath F, et al. (2006). Association of chronic inflammation, not its treatment, with increased lymphoma risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 54:692-701.
6. Balandraud N, Roudier J, Roudier C (2005). What are the links between Epstein-Barr virus, lymphoma, and tumor necrosis factor antagonism in rheumatoid arthritis? Semin Arthritis Rheum 34 (5 Suppl 1):31-33.
7. Balkwill F (2002). Tumor necrosis factor or tumor promoting factor? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 13:135-141.
8. Balkwill F, Mantovani A (2001). Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow? Lancet 357:539-545.
9. Baud V, Karin M (2001). Signal transduction by tumor necrosis factor and its relatives. Trends Cell Biol 11:372-377.
10. Bendtzen K, Morling N, Fomsgaard A, Svenson M, Jakobsen B, Odum N, Svejgaard A (1988). Association between HLA-DR2 and production of tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 by mononuclear cells activated by lipopolysaccharide. Scand J Immunol 28:599-606.
11. Bernstein CN, Blanchard JF, Kliewer E, Wajda A (2001). Cancer risk in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Cancer 91:854-862.
12. Beutler B, editor (1992). Tumor necrosis factors: the molecules and their emerging role in medicine. New York: Raven.
13. Bhattacharyya S, Mandal D, Sen GS, Pal S, Banerjee S, Lahiry L, et al. (2007). Tumor-induced oxidative stress perturbs nuclear factor-κB activity-augmenting tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated T-cell death: protection by curcumin. Cancer Res 67:362-370.
14. Black RA, Rauch CT, Kozlosky CJ, Peschon JJ, Slack JL, Wolfson MF, et al. (1997). A metalloproteinase disintegrin that releases tumour-necrosis factor-alpha from cells. Nature 385:729-733.
15. Bongartz T, Sutton AJ, Sweeting MJ, Buchan I, Matteson EL, Montori V (2006). Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies. Systematic review and meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials. JAMA 295:2275-2285.
16. Boussiotis VA, Nadler LM, Strominger JL, Goldfeld AE (1994). Tumor necrosis factor α is an autocrine growth factor for normal human B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 91:7007-7011.
17. Brinkman BMN, Zuijdgeest D, Kaijzel EL, Breedveld FC, Verweij CL (1996). Relevance of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-308 promoter polymorphism in TNFα gene regulation. J Inflamm 46:32-41.
18. Brown SL, Greene MH, Gershon SK, Edwards ET, Braun MM (2002). Tumor necrosis factor antagonist therapy and lymphoma development: twenty-six cases reported to the Food and Drug Administration. Arthritis Rheum 46:3151-3158.
19. Bunim JJ, Talal N (1963). The association of malignant lymphoma with Sjögren's syndrome. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 76:45-56.
20. Burnet FM (1970). The concept of immunological surveillance. Prog Exp Tumor Res 13:1-27.
21. Carswell EA, Old LJ, Kassel RL, Green S, Fiore N, Williamson B (1975). An endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci 72:3666-3670.
22. Chakravarty EF, Michaud K, Wolfe F (2005). Skin cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. J Rheumatol 32:2130-2135.
23. Chouchane L, Ahmed SB, Baccouche S, Remadi S (1997). Polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter region and in the heat shock protein 70 genes associated with malignant tumors. Cancer 80:1489-1496.
24. Correa P (1996). Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: state of the art. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5:477-481.
25. Coussens LM, Werb Z (2002). Inflammation and cancer. Nature 420:860-867.
26. D'Alfonso S, Richiardi PM (1994). A polymorphic variation in a putative regulation box of the TNFα promoter region. Immunogenetics 39:150-154.
27. Duh EJ, Maury WJ, Folks TM, Fauci AS, Rabson AB (1989). Tumor necrosis factor α activates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 through induction of nuclear factor binding to the NF-κB sites in the long terminal repeat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:5974-5978.
28. Ekbom A (2005). Epidemiology of lymphoma development in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 34 (5 Suppl 1):28-30.
29. Eksteen JA, Scott PA, Perry I, Janowski JA (2001). Inflammation promotes Barrett's metaplasia and cancer: a unique role for TNF-α. Eur J Cancer Prev 10:163-166.
30. Ekström K, Hjalgrim H, Brandt L, Baecklund E, Klareskog L, Ekbom A, Askling J (2003). Risk of malignant lymphomas in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in their first-degree relatives. Arthritis Rheum 48:963-970.
31. Ekström Smedby KE, Hjalgrim H, Askling J, Chang ET, Gregersen H, Porwit-MacDonald A, et al. (2006a). Autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma by subtype. J Natl Cancer Inst 98:51-60.
32. Ekström Smedby K, Baecklund E, Askling J (2006b). Malignant lymphomas in autoimmunity and inflammation: a review of risks, risk factors, and lymphoma characteristics. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:2069-2077.
33. Fitzgibbon J, Grenzelias D, Mathews J, Lister A, Gupta R (1999). Tumor necrosis factor polymorphisms and susceptibility to follicular lymphoma. Br J Haematol 107:388-391.
34. Franklin JP, Symmons DPM, Silman AJ (2005). Risk of lymphoma in patients with RA treated with anti-TNF-α agents. Ann Rheum Dis 64:657-658.
35. Fujiki H, Suganuma M (1994). Tumor necrosis factor-α, a new tumor promoter, engendered by biochemical studies of okadaic acid. J Biochem (Tokyo) 115:1-5.
36. Gadducci A, Ferdeghini M, Castellani C, Annicchiarico C, Gagetti O, Prontera C, et al. (1995). Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), soluble receptors for TNF (55- and 75-kDa sTNFr), and soluble CD14 (sCD14) in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 58:184-188.
37. Geborek P, Bladström A, Turesson C, Gulfe A, Petersson IF, Saxne T, et al. (2005). Tumour necrosis factor blockers do not increase overall tumour risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but may be associated with an increased risk of lymphomas. Ann Rheum Dis 64:699-703.
38. Goldenberg GJ, Paraskevas F, Israels LG (1969). The association of rheumatoid arthritis with plasma cell and lymphocytic neoplasms. Arthritis Rheum 12:569-579.
39. Goldfeld AE, Maniatis T (1989). Coordinate viral induction of tumor necrosis factor α and interferon β in human B cells and monocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 86:1490-1494.
40. Gray-Schopfer VC, Karasarides M, Hayward R, Marais R (2007). Tumor necrosis factor-α blocks apoptosis in melanoma cells when BRAF signaling is inhibited. Cancer Res 67:122-130.
41. Greenstein AJ, Gennuso R, Sachar DB, Heimann T, Janowitz HD, Aufses AH, Jr (1985). Extraintestinal cancers in inflammatory bowel disease. Cancer 56:2914-2921.
42. Greenstein AJ, Mullin GE, Strauchen JA, Heimann T, Janowitz HD, Aufses AH, Jr, Sachar DB (1992). Lymphoma in inflammatory bowel disease. Cancer 69:1119-1123.
43. Gridley G, McLaughlin JK, Ekbom A, Klareskog L, Adami HO, Hacker DG, et al. (1993). Incidence of cancer among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:307-311.
44. Gruss HJ, Dower S (1995). Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily: involvement in the pathology of malignant lymphomas. Blood 85:3378-3404.
45. Gupta RA, DuBois RN, Wallace MC (2002). New avenues for the prevention of colorectal cancer: targeting cyclo-oxygenase-2 activity. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 16:945-956.
46. Hagemann T, Robinson SC, Schulz M, Trümper L, Balkwill FR, Binder C (2004). Enhanced invasiveness of breast cancer cell lines upon co-cultivation with macrophages is due to TNF-α dependent up-regulation of matrix metalloproteases. Carcinogenesis 25:1543-1549.
47. Hagen TM, Huang S, Curnutte J, Fowler P, Martinez V, Wehr CM, et al. (1994). Extensive oxidative DNA damage in hepatocytes of transgenic mice with chronic active hepatitis destined to develop hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci 91:12808-12812.
48. Hajeer AH, Hutchinson IV (2000). TNF-α gene polymorphism: clinical and biological implications. Microsc Res Tech 50:216-228.
49. Higuchi M, Proske RJ, Yeh ETH (1998). Inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I by TNF results in cytochrome c release, membrane permeability transition, and apoptosis. Oncogene 17:2515-2524.
50. Hochberg MC, Lebwohl MG, Plevy SE, Hobbs KF, Yocum DE (2005). The benefits/risk profile of TNF-blocking agents: findings of a consensus panel. Semin Arthritis Rheum 34:819-836.
51. Isomäki HA, Hakulinen T, Joutsenlahti U (1978). Excess risk of lymphomas, leukemias and myeloma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Chronic Dis 31:691-696.
52. Jacob CO, Fronek Z, Lewis GD, Koo M, Hansen JA, McDevitt HO (1990). Heritable major histocompatibility complex class II-associated differences in production of tumor necrosis factor alpha: relevance to genetic predisposition to systemic lupus erythematosus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 1233-1237.
53. Karin M, Lin A (2002). NF-κB at the crossroad of life and death. Nat Immunol 3:221-227.
54. Kassan SS, Thomas TL, Moutsopoulos HM, Hoover R, Kimberly RP, Budman DR, et al. (1978). Increased risk of lymphoma in sicca syndrome. Ann Intern Med 89:888-892.
55. Klein GG (1966). Tumor antigens. Annu Rev Microbiol 20:223-252.
56. Knowles DM, Chamulak GA, Subar M, Burke JS, Dugan M, Wernz J, et al. (1988). Lymphoid neoplasia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The New York University Medical Center experience with 105 patients (1981-1986). Ann Intern Med 108: 744-753.
57. 2-interferon by tumor necrosis factor: a homeostatic mechanism in the control of cell proliferation. Cell 45:659-666.
58. Komori A, Yatsunami J, Suganuma M, Okabe S, Abe S, Sakai A, et al. (1993). Tumor necrosis factor acts as a tumor promoter in BALB/3T3 cell transformation. Cancer Res 53:1982-1985.
59. Kriegler M, Perez C, DeFay K, Albert I, Lu SD (1988). A novel form of TNF/cachectin is a cell surface cytotoxic transmembrane protein: ramifications for the complex physiology of TNF. Cell 53:45-53.
60. Kulbe H, Hagemann T, Szlosarek PW, Balkwill FR, Wilson JL (2005). The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α regulates chemokine receptor expression on ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Res 65:10355-10362.
61. Lens SM, Tesselaar K, den Drijver BF, van Oers MH, van Lier RA (1996). A dual role for both CD40-ligand and TNF-alpha in controlling human B cell death. J Immunol 156:507-514.
62. Lipsmeyer EA (1972). Development of malignant cerebral lymphoma in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with immunosuppression. Arthritis Rheum 5:183-186.
63. Liu ZG (2005). Molecular mechanism of TNF signaling and beyond. Cell Res 15:24-27.
64. Luo JL, Maeda S, Hsu LC, Yagita H, Karin M (2004). Inhibition of NF-κB in cancer cells converts inflammation-induced tumor growth mediated by TNF-α to TRAIL-mediated tumor regression. Cancer Cell 6:297-305.
65. Marino MW, Dunn A, Grail D, Inglese M, Noguchi Y, Richards E, et al. (1997). Characterization of tumor necrosis factor-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci 94:8093-8098.
66. Matteson EL, Hickey AR, Maguire L, Tilson HH, Urowitz MB (1991). Occurrence of neoplasia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis enrolled in a DMARD registry. J Rheumatol 18:809-814.
67. Mauad TH, van Nieuwkerk CM, Dingemans KP, Smit JJ, Schinkel AH, Notenboom RG, et al. (1994). Mice with homozygous disruption of the mdr2 P-glycoprotein gene. A novel animal model for studies of nonsuppurative inflammatory cholangitis and hepatocarcinogenesis. Am J Pathol 145:1237-1245.
68. Mellemkjaer L, Linet MS, Gridley G, Frisch M, Moller H, Olsen JH (1996). Rheumatoid arthritis and cancer risk. Eur J Cancer 10:1753-1757.
69. Mestan J, Digel W, Mittnach S, Hillen H, Blohm D, Moller A, et al. (1986). Antiviral effects of recombinant tumour necrosis factor in vitro. Nature 323:816-819.
70. Mon NN, Hasegawa H, Thant AA, Huang P, Tanimura Y, Senga T, Hamaguchi M (2006). A role for focal adhesion kinase signaling in tumor necrosis factor-α-dependent matrix metalloproteinase-9 production in a cholangiocarcinoma cell line, CCKS1. Cancer Res 66:6778-6784.
71. Moore RJ, Owens DM, Stamp G, Arnott C, Burke F, East N, et al. (1999). Mice deficient in tumor necrosis factor-α are resistant to skin carcinogenesis. Nat Med 5:828-831.
72. Naylor MS, Stamp GW, Foulkes WD, Eccles D, Balkwill FR (1993). Tumor necrosis factor and its receptors in human ovarian cancer. Potential role in disease progression. J Clin Invest 91:2194-2206.
73. O'Byrne KJ, Dalgleish AG (2001). Chronic immune activation and inflammation as the cause of malignancy. Br J Cancer 85:473-483.
74. Okada Y, Tsuchiya H, Shimizu H, Tomita K, Nakanishe I, et al. (1990). Induction and stimulation of 92-kDa gelatinase/type IV collagenase production in osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma cell lines by tumor necrosis factor α. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 171:610-617.
75. Old LJ (1985). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Science 230:630-632.
76. Old LJ, Clarke DA, Benacerraf B, Goldsmith M (1960). The reticuloendothelial system and the neoplastic process. Ann NY Acad Sci 88:264-280.
77. Papadakis KA, Targan SR (2000). Tumor necrosis factor: biology and therapeutic inhibitors. Gastroenterology 119:1148-1157.
78. Penn I (1988). Tumors of the immunocompromised patient. Ann Rev Med 39: 63-73.
79. Peters PM, Orgaldo JR, Shalaby MR, Svedersky LP, Nedwin SE, Bringman TS, et al. (1986). Natural killer-sensitive targets stimulate production of TNF-α but not TNF-β (lymphotoxin) by highly purified human peripheral blood large granular lymphocytes. J Immunol 137:2592-2598.
80. Pikarsky E, Porat RM, Stein I, Abramovitch R, Amit S, Kasem S, et al. (2004). NF-κB functions as a tumour promoter in inflammation-associated cancer. Nature 431:461-466.
81. Poupart P, Vandenabeele P, Cayphas S, Van Snick J, Haegeman G, Kruys V, et al. (1987). B cell growth modulating and differentiating activity of recombinant human 26-kd protein (BSF-2, HuIFN-beta 2, HPGF). EMBO J 6:1219-1224.
82. Min/+ mice. Cancer Res 66:57-61.
83. Ross ME, Caligiuri MA (1997). Cytokine-induced apoptosis of human natural killer cells identifies a novel mechanism to regulate the innate immune response. Blood 89:910-918.
84. Ruggerio V, Latham K, Baglioni C (1987). Cytostatic and cytotoxic activity of tumor necrosis factor on human cancer cells. J Immunol 138:2711
85. Scott KA, Moore RJ, Arnott CH, East N, Thompson RG, Scallon BJ et al. (2003). An anti-tumor necrosis factor-α antibody inhibits the development of experimental skin tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2:445-451.
86. Slaga TJ, DiGiovanni J, Winberg LD, Budunova IV (1995). Skin carcinogenesis: characteristics, mechanisms and prevention. In: McClain RM, Slaga TJ, LeBoeuf R, Pitot H, editors. Growth factors and tumor promotion implications for risk assessment. Vol. 391. New York: Wiley-Liss; pp. 1-20.
87. Smith CA, Farrah T, Goodwin RG (1994). The TNF receptor superfamily of cellular and viral proteins: activation, costimulation and death. Cell 76:959-962.
88. Song K, Benhaga N, Anderson RL, Khosravi-Far R (2006). Transduction of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand into hematopoietic cells leads to inhibition of syngeneic tumor growth in vivo. Cancer Res 66: 6304-6311.
89. Spector BD, Perry GS, Kersey JH (1978). Genetically determined immunodeficiency diseases (GDID) and malignancy. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 11:12.
90. Stamenkovic I (2000). Matrix metalloproteinases in tumor invasion and metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 10:415-433.
91. Stathopoulos GT, Kollintza A, Moschos C, Psallidas I, Sherrill TP, Pitsinos EN, et al. (2007). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha promotes malignant pleural effusion. Cancer Res 67:9825-9834.
92. Suganuma M, Okabe S, Marino MW, Sakai A, Sueoka E, Fujiki H (1999). Essential role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in tumor promotion as revealed by TNF-alpha-deficient mice. Cancer Res 59:4516-4518.
93. Sung S-SJ, Bjorndahl JM, Wang CY, Kao HT, Fu SM (1988). Production of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin by human T cell lines and peripheral blood T lymphocytes stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate and anti-CD3 antibody. J Exp Med 167:937-953.
94. Symmons DPM, Silman AJ (2004). Anti-tumor necrosis factor α therapy and the risk of lymphoma in rheumatoid arthritis: no clear answer. Arthritis Rheum 50:1703-1706.
95. Thomas E, Brewster DH, Black RJ, Macfarlane GJ (2000). Risks of malignancy among patients with rheumatic conditions. Int J Cancer 88:497-502.
96. Tracey KJ, Cerami A (1993). Tumor necrosis factor, other cytokines and disease. Ann Rev Cell Biol 9:317-343.
97. Vandenabeele P, Declercq W, Vanhaesebroeck B, Grooten J, Fiers W (1995). Both TNF receptors are required for TNF-mediated induction of apoptosis in PC60 cells. J Immunol 154:2904-2913.
98. Vassali P (1992). The pathophysiology of tumor necrosis factors. Ann Rev Immunol 10:411-452.
99. Walczak H, Miller RE, Ariail K, Gliniak B, Griffith TS, Kubin M, et al. (1999). Tumoricidal activity of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in vivo. Nat Med 5:157-163.
100. Ware CF (2003). The TNF superfamily. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 14:181-184.
101. Warzocha K, Ribeiro P, Bienvenu J, Roy P, Charlot C, Rigal D, Coiffier B, Salles G (1998). Genetic polymorphisms in the tumor necrosis factor locus influence non-Hodgkin's lymphoma outcome. Blood 91:3574-3581.
102. Wegener's Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial (WGET) Research Group (2002). Design of the Wegener's Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial (WGET). Control Clin Trials 23:450-468.
103. Wegener's Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial (WGET) Research Group (2005). Etanercept plus standard therapy for Wegener's granulomatosis. N Engl J Med 352:351-361.
104. Weisburger JH, Williams GM (1995). Causes of cancer. In: Murphy GP, Lawrence W Jr, Lenhard RE Jr, editors. American Cancer Society textbook of clinical oncology. Altanta, GA: American Cancer Society Inc; pp. 10-39.
105. Wiley SR, Schooley K, Smolak PJ, Din WS, Huang C-P, Nicholl JK, et al. (1995). Identification and characterization of a new member of the TNF family that induces apoptosis. Immunity 3:673-682.
106. Wilson AG, de Vries N, Pociot F, di Giovine FS, van der Putte LB, Duff GW (1993). An allelic polymorphism within the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter region is strongly associated with HLA A1, B8, and DR3 alleles. J Exp Med 177:557-560.
107. Wilson AG, Symons JA, McDowell TL, McDevitt HO, Duff GW (1997). Effects of polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor α promoter on transcriptional activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:3195-3199.
108. Wolfe F, Michaud K (2004). Lymphoma in rheumatoid arthritis. The effect of methotrexate and anti tumor necrosis factor therapy in 18572 patients. Arthritis Rheum 50:1740-1751.
109. Wong G, Goeddel D (1986). Tumour necrosis factors α and β inhibit virus replication and synergize with interferons. Nature 323:819-822.
110. Yan B, Wang H, Rabbani ZN, Zhao Y, Li W, Yuan Y, et al. (2006). Tumor necrosis factor-α is a potent endogenous mutagen that promotes cellular transformation. Cancer Res 66:11565-11570.
111. Zhao X, Mohaupt M, Jiang J, Liu S, Li B, Qin Z (2007). Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2-mediated tumor suppression is nitric oxide dependent and involves angiostasis. Cancer Res 67:4443-4450.
112. Zheng L, Fisher G, Miller RE, Peschon J, Lynch DH, Lenardo MJ (1995). Induction of apoptosis in mature T cells by tumour necrosis factor. Nature 377:348-351.