Muscle and blood acid-base physiology during exercise and in response to training

Equine Exercise Physiology

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 350-381

  Lindinger, Michael I ^a   Waller, Amanda ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 39349112960     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-070202857-1.50017-2     Document Type: Chapter

References (183)

1. Needham DM Machina carnis. The biochemistry of muscular contraction in its historical development 1971, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
2. Furusawa K, Kerridge PMT The hydrogen ion concentration of the muscles of the cat. J Physiol Lond 1927, 63:33-41.
3. Jones NL, Heigenhauser GJF Effects of hydrogen ion on metabolism during exercise. Perspectives in exercise science and sports medicine, vol 5. Energy metabolism in exercise and sport 1992, 107-148. Brown & Benchmark, Dubuque, IA. D.R. Lamb, C.V. Gisolfi (Eds.).
4. Fitts RH Cellular mechanisms of muscle fatigue. Physiol Rev 1994, 74:49-94.
5. Hultman E, Sahlin K Acid-base balance during exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1980, 8:41-128.
6. +] changes in exercising skeletal muscle. Can J Appl Physiol 1995, 20:357-368.
7. Lindinger MI, Heigenhauser GJF Acid-base systems in skeletal muscle and their response to exercise. Biochemistry of exercise VII, International series on sports sciences 1990, 21:341-374. Human Kinetics, Champaign IL. A.W. Taylor, P.D. Gollnick, H.J. Green (Eds.).
8. Lindinger MI, Heigenhauser GJF The roles of ion fluxes in skeletal muscle fatigue. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1991, 69:246-253.
9. Constable PD A simplified strong ion model for acid-base equilibria: application to horse plasma. J Appl Physiol 1997, 83:297-311.
10. +] during exercise. Can J Appl Physiol 1995, 20:341-356.
11. Lindinger MI, Heigenhauser GJF, McKelvie RS, et al. Blood ion regulation during repeated maximal exercise and recovery in humans. Am J Physiol 1992, 262:R126-R136.
12. 3 loading in humans. Am J Physiol 1999, 276:R32-R43.
13. Johnson RL, Heigenhauser GJF, Hsia CC, et al. Determinants of gas exchange and acid-base balance during exercise. Handbook of physiology, section 12: Exercise. Regulation and integration of multiple systems 1996, 515-584. Oxford University Press, NewYork. L.B. Rowell, J.T. Shepherd (Eds.).
14. Whitehair KJ, Haskins SC, Whitehair JG, et al. Clinical applications of quantitative acid-base chemistry. J Vet Int Med 1995, 9:1-11.
15. Constable PD Clinical assessment of acid-base status. Strong ion difference theory. Vet Clin N Am Food Anim Pract 1999, 15:447-471.
16. Carlson GP Fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, 5th edn 1997, 485-516. Academic Press, San Diego. J.J. Kaneko, J.W. Harvey, M.L. Bruss (Eds.).
17. Corley KTT, Marr CM Pathophysiology, assessment and treatment of acid-base disturbances in the horse. Equine Vet Educ 1998, 10:255-265.
18. Hyyppä S, Pösö AR Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base responses to exercise in racehorses. Vet Clin N Am: Equine Prac 1998, 14:121-136.
19. Kingston JK, Bayly WM Effect of exercise on acid-base status of horses. Vet Clin N Am Equine Prac 1998, 14:61-73.
20. Davenport HW The ABC of acid-base chemistry 1974, 124. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 6th edn.
21. Herbst D Evaluation of clinical disorders of acid-base balance. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1975, 166:359-364.
22. Singer RB, Hastings AB An improved clinical method for the estimation of disturbances of the acid-base balance of human blood. Medicine 1948, 27:223-242.
23. Stewart PA How to understand acid-base 1981, Elsevier, New York.
24. Stewart PA Modern, quantitative acid-base chemistry. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1983, 61:1444-1461.
25. Peters JP, Van Slyke DD Quantitative clinical chemistry, vol 1: interpretations 1931, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
26. Harned HS, Owen BO The physical chemistry of electrolyte solutions 1958, Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York. 3rd edn.
27. Heigenhauser GJ A quantitative approach to acid-base chemistry. Can J Appl Physiol 1995, 20:333-340.
28. Jones NL, Heigenhauser GJF Getting rid of carbon dioxide during exercise. Clin Sci 1996, 90:323-335.
29. Watson PD Acid basics II. The Stewart model of acid-base balance 1996, Insight Services, Columbia, SC.
30. Chin ER, Allen DG The contribution of pH-dependent mechanisms to fatigue at different intensities in mammalian single muscle fibres. J Physiol 1998, 512:831-840.
31. Jones NL, Sutton JR, Taylor R, et al. Effect of pH on cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to exercise. J Appl Physiol 1977, 43:959-964.
32. Spriet LL, Matsos CD, Peters SJ, et al. Effects of acidosis on rat muscle metabolism and performance during heavy exercise. Am J Physiol 1985, 248:C337-C347.
33. Hollidge-Horvat MG, Parolin ML, Wong D, et al. Effect of induced metabolic acidosis on human skeletal muscle metabolism during exercise. Am J Physiol 1999, 277:E647-E658.
34. Nielsen OB, dePaoli F, Overgaard K Protective effects of lactic acid on force production in rat skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2001, 536:161-166.
35. Brooks GA Lactate doesn't necessarily cause fatigue: why are we surprised?. J Physiol 2001, 536:1.
36. Westerblad H, Allen DG, Lannergren J Muscle fatigue: lactic acid or inorganic phosphate the major cause?. News Physiol Sci 2002, 17:17-21.
37. Sejersted OM, Sjogaard G Dynamics and consequences of potassium shifts in skeletal muscle and heart during exercise. Physiol Rev 2000, 80:1411-1481.
38. + on the twitch and tetanic contraction in the sartorius muscle of the frog, Rana pipiens. Implication for fatigue in vivo. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1992, 70:1236-1246.
39. +] on membrane potential and contraction in mouse fast- and slow-twitch muscle. Am J Physiol 1997, 273:C598-C611.
40. Fedde MR, Pieschl RL Extreme derangements of acid-base balance in exercise: advantages and limitations of the Stewart analysis. Can J Appl Physiol 1995, 20:369-379.
41. Kowalchuk JM, Heigenhauser GJF, Lindinger MI, et al. Factors influencing hydrogen ion concentration in muscle after intense exercise. J Appl Physiol 1988, 65:2080-2089.
42. Kowalchuk JM, Heigenhauser GJF, Lindinger MI, et al. Role of lungs and inactive tissue in acid-base control after maximal exercise. J Appl Physiol 1988, 65:2090-2096.
43. a of plasma proteins in racehorses. Equine Vet J 1999, 30(Suppl):438-442.
44. McCutcheon LJ, Kelso TB, Bertocci LA, et al. Buffering and aerobic capacity in equine muscle: variation and effect of training. Equine Exerc Physiol 1987, 2:348-358.
45. Gunn HM Muscle, bone and fat proportions and muscle distribution of thoroughbreds and other horses. Equine Exerc Physiol 1987, 2:253-264.
46. Lindinger MI, Heigenhauser GJ, McKelvie RS, et al. Role of nonworking muscle on blood metabolites and ions with intense intermittent exercise. Am J Physiol 1990, 258:R1486-1494.
47. Hultman E, Sjüholm H Energy metabolism and contraction force of human skeletal muscle in situ during electrical stimulation. J Physiol 1983, 345:525-532.
48. Pette D, Staron S Cellular and molecular diversities of mammalian skeletal muscle fibres. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1990, 116:1-76.
49. Brooks GA Lactate shuttles in nature. Biochem Soc Trans 2002, 30:258-264.
50. Sewell DA, Harris RC, Marlin DJ Skeletal muscle characteristics in 2-year-old race-trained thoroughbred horses. Comp Biochem Physiol 1994, 108A:87-96.
51. Valberg S, Essén Gustavsson B Metabolic response to racing determined in pools of type I, IIA and IIB fibres. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 290-310. ICEEP, Davis, CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
52. Rivero JLL, Serrano AL, Henckel P Activities of selected aerobic and anaerobic enzymes in the gluteus medius muscle of endurance horses with different performance records. Vet Rec 1995, 137:187-192.
53. Ronéus N, Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A, et al. Plasma lactate response to submaximal and maximal exercise test with training, and its relationship to performance and muscle characteristics in standardbred trotters. Equine Vet J 1994, 26:117-121.
54. Valberg S, Essén Gustavsson B, Lindholm A, et al. Energy metabolism in relation to skeletal muscle fibre properties during treadmill exercise. Equine Vet J 1985, 17:439-444.
55. Essén B, Haggmark T Lactate concentration in type I and II muscle fibres during muscular contraction in man. Acta Physiol Scand 1975, 95:344-346.
56. Sewell DA, Harris RC, Dunnett M Carnosine accounts for most of the variation in physicochemical buffering in equine muscle. Equine Exerc Physiol 1991, 3:276-280.
57. Sewell DA, Harris RC, Marlin DJ, et al. Estimation of the carnosine content of different fibre types in the middle gluteal muscle of the thoroughbred horse. J Physiol 1992, 455:447-453.
58. Bump KD, Lawrence LM, Moser LR, et al. Effect of breed type on muscle carnosine. Proc 11th Eq Nutr Physiol Symp 1989, 252-256.
59. Fabiato A, Fabiato F The effects of pH on the myofilaments and the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skinned cells from cardiac and skeletal muscles. J Physiol 1978, 276:233-255.
60. + concentration during maximal intermittent cycling. J Appl Physiol 1989, 66:8-13.
61. Gollnick PD, Bertocci LA, Kelso TB, et al. The effect of high-intensity exercise on the respiratory capacity of skeletal muscle. Pflügers Arch 1990, 415:407-413.
62. Hochachka PW, Mommsen TP Protons and anaerobiosis. Science 1983, 219(4591):1391-1397.
63. Pörtner H-O Contributions of anaerobic metabolism to pH regulation in animal tissues: theory. J Exp Biol 1987, 131:69-87.
64. Roos A, Boron WF Intracellular pH. Physiol Rev 1981, 61:296-434.
65. Wilson JA, Kronfeld DS, Gay LS, et al. Sarcoplasmic reticulum responses to repeated sprints are affected by conditioning of horses. J Anim Sci 1998, 76:3065-3071.
66. Gottlieb-Vedi M, Dahlborn K, Jansson A, et al. Elemental composition of muscle at rest and potassium levels in muscle, plasma and sweat of horses exercising at 20 degrees C and 35 degrees C. Equine Vet J 1996, 22:35-41.
67. Lindholm A, Saltin B The physiological and biochemical response of standardbred horses to exercise of varying speed and duration. Acta Vet Scand 1974, 15:310-324.
68. Chen J, Gollnick PD Effect of exercise on hexokinase distribution and mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle. Pflügers Arch 1994, 427:257-263.
69. Essén-Gustavsson B, Karlstrom K, Lindholm A Fibre types, enzyme activities and substrate utilisation in skeletal muscles of horses competing in endurance rides. Equine Vet J 1984, 16:197-202.
70. Snow DH, Kerr MG, Nimmo MA, et al. Alterations in blood, sweat, urine and muscle composition during prolonged exercise in the horse. Vet Record 1982, 110:377-384.
71. Lindinger MI, Sjögaard G Potassium regulation during exercise and recovery. Sports Med 1991, 11:382-401.
72. Harris RC, Harman JC, Marlin DJ, et al. Acute changes in the water content and density of blood and plasma in the thoroughbred horse during maximal exercise: relevance to the calculation of metabolite concentration in these tissues and in muscle. Equine Exerc Physiol 1987, 2:464-475.
73. Lindinger MI, Spriet LL, Hultman E, et al. Plasma volume and ion regulation during exercise after low- and high-carbohydrate diets. Am J Physiol 1994, 266:R1896-R1906.
74. Lindholm A, Piehl K Fibre composition, enzyme activity and concentration of metabolites and electrolytes in muscles of standardbred horses. Acta Vet Scand 1974, 15:287-309.
75. - distribution in humans during and after high intensity exercise: role in muscle fatigue attenuation?. J Appl Physiol 1995, 78:765-777.
76. Roneus N, Essén-Gustavsson B Skeletal muscle characteristics and metabolic response to exercise in young standardbreds. Am J Vet Res 1997, 58:167-170.
77. Harris P, Snow DH Plasma potassium and lactate concentration in thoroughbred horses during exercise of varying intensity. Equine Vet J 1992, 23:220-225.
78. Harris RC, Dunnett M, Snow DH Muscle carnosine content is unchanged during maximal intermittent exercise. Equine Exerc Physiol 1991, 3:257-261.
79. 2 in the renal cortex, liver, muscle, and brain of the New Zealand white rabbit. Am J Physiol 1984, 47:F491-F498.
80. Gottlieb M, Essén-Gustavsson B, Skoglund-Wallberg H Blood and muscle metabolic responses to draught work of varying intensity and duration in horses. Res Vet Sci 1989, 47:102-109.
81. Fenger CK, McKeever KH, Hinchcliff KW, et al. Determinants of oxygen delivery and hemoglobin saturation during incremental exercise in horses. Am J Vet Res 2000, 61:1325-1332.
82. Taylor LE, Kronfeld DS, Ferrante PL, et al. Blood-gas measurements adjusted for temperature at three sites during incremental exercise in the horse. J Appl Physiol 1998, 85:1030-1036.
83. Harris P, Snow DH The effects of high intensity exercise on the plasma concentration of lactate, potassium and other electrolytes. Equine Vet J 1988, 20:109-113.
84. Pethick DW, Rose RJ, Bryden WL, et al. Nutrient utilisation by the hindlimb of thoroughbred horses at rest. Equine Vet J 1993, 25:41-44.
85. Lindinger MI, Geor RL, Ecker GL, et al. Plasma volume and ions during exercise in cool, dry; hot, dry; and hot, humid conditions. Equine Vet J 1995, 20(Suppl):133-139.
86. + content during exercise in horses. J Appl Physiol 2000, 88:1006-1013.
87. Vaihkonen LK, Hyyppä S, Reeta Pösö A Factors affecting accumulation of lactate in red blood cells. Equine Vet J 1999, 30(Suppl):443-447.
88. Fedde MR Blood gas analyses on equine blood: required correction factors. Equine Vet J 1991, 23:410-412.
89. Evans DL, Rose RJ Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to submaximal exercise training in the thoroughbred horse. Pflügers Arch 1988, 411:316-321.
90. Bayly WM, Hodgson DR, Schulz DA, et al. Exercise-induced hypercapnia in the horse. J Appl Physiol 1989, 67:1958-1966.
91. Christley RM, Evans DL, Hodgson DR, et al. Blood gas changes during incremental and sprint exercise. Equine Vet J 1999, 30(Suppl):24-26.
92. Roberts CA, Marlin DJ, Lekeux P The effects of training on ventilation and blood gases in exercising thoroughbreds. Equine Vet J 1999, (Suppl 30):57-61.
93. Kronfeld DS, Ferrante PL, Taylor LE, et al. Partition of plasma hydrogen ion concentration changes during repeated sprints. Equine Vet J 1999, 30(Suppl):380-383.
94. Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ, Hinchcliff KW Effects of warm-up intensity on kinetics of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production during high-intensity exercise in horses. Am J Vet Res 2000, 61:638-645.
95. Tyler CM, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ Effect of a warm-up on energy supply during high intensity exercise in horses. Equine Vet J 1996, 28:117-120.
96. Hopkins SR, Bayly WM, Slocombe RF, et al. Effect of prolonged heavy exercise on pulmonary gas exchange in horses. J Appl Physiol 1998, 84:1723-1730.
97. Waller A, Lindinger MI Physicochemical analysis of acid-base status during recovery from high intensity exercise in Standardbred racehorses. Equine Compar Exerc Physiol 2005, 2:119-127.
98. Perez R, Recabarren SE, Valdes P, Hetz E Biochemical and physiological parameters and estimated work output in draught horses pulling loads for long periods. Vet Res Commun 1992, 16:231-246.
99. Carlson GP Fluid and electrolyte alteration in endurance trained horses. Proc 1st Int Symp Equine Hematology 1975, 473-480.
100. Gillespie JR, Kauffman A, Steere J, et al. Arterial blood gases and pH during long distance running in the horse. Proc 1st Int Symp Equine Hematology 1975, 450-468.
101. Rose RJ, Ilkiw JE, Martin ICA Blood gas, acid-base and haematological values in horses during an endurance ride. Equine Vet J 1979, 11:56-59.
102. McCutcheon LJ, Geor RJ, Hare MJ, et al. Sweating rate and sweat composition during exercise and recovery in ambient heat and humidity. Equine Vet J 1995, 20(Suppl):153-157.
103. Ecker G, Lindinger MI Effects of terrain, speed, temperature and distance on water and ion losses in endurance horses. Equine Vet J 1995, 18(Suppl):298-305.
104. Rose RJ, Arnold KS, Church S, et al. Plasma and sweat electrolyte concentrations in the horse during long distance exercise. Equine Vet J 1980, 12:19-22.
105. Sjogaard G Water and electrolyte fluxes during exercise and their relation to muscle fatigue. Acta Physiol Scand (Suppl) 1986, 556:129-136.
106. Hess TJ, Kronfeld DS, Williams CA, et al. Effects of oral potassium supplementation on acid-base status and plasma ion concentrations of horses during endurance exercise. Am J Vet Res 2005, 66:466-473.
107. Aguilera-Tejero E, Estepa JC, López I, et al. Quantitative analysis of acid-base balance in show jumpers before and after exercise. Res Vet Sci 2000, 68:103-108.
108. Rose RJ, Ilkiw JE, Arnold KS, et al. Plasma biochemistry in the horse during 3-day event competition. Equine Vet J 1980, 12:132-136.
109. Rose RJ, Ilkiw JE, Sampson D, et al. Changes in blood gas, acid-base and metabolic parameters in horses during three-day event competition. Res Vet Sci 1980, 28:393-396.
110. Foreman JH, Waldsmith JK, Lalum RB Physical, acid-base and electrolyte changes in horses competing in Training, Preliminary and Intermediate horse trials. Equine Comp Exerc Physiol 2004, 1:99-105.
111. Craig L, Hintz HF, Soderholm LV, et al. Changes in blood constituents accompanying exercise in polo horses. Cornell Vet 1985, 75:297-302.
112. Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ, Shen H Muscular and metabolic responses to moderate-intensity short-term training. Equine Vet J 1999, 30(Suppl):311-317.
113. Serrano AL, Quiroz-Rothe E, Rivero JLL Early and long-term changes of equine skeletal muscle in response to endurance training and detraining. Pflügers Arch 2000, 441:263-274.
114. Putman CT, Jones NL, Hultman E, et al. Effects of short-term submaximal training in humans on muscle metabolism in exercise. Am J Physiol 1998, 275:E132-E139.
115. Romijn JA, Coyle EF, Sidossis LS, et al. Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity and duration. Am J Physiol 1993, 265:E380-E391.
116. Art T, Lekeux P Training-induced modifications in cardiorespiratory and ventilatory measurements in Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 1993, 25:532-536.
117. Putman CT, Jones NL, Heigenhauser GJF Effects of short term training on plasma acid-base balance during incremental exercise in man. J Physiol 2003, 550:585-603.
118. Rose RJ, Allen JR, Hodgson DR, et al. Responses of submaximal treadmill exercise and training in the horse: changes in haematology, arterial blood gas and acid-base measurements, plasma biochemical values and heart rate. Vet Rec 1983, 31(Dec 24):612-618.
119. Sahlin K, Henriksson J Buffer capacity and lactate accumulation in skeletal muscle of trained and untrained men. Acta Physiol Scand 1984, 122:331-339.
120. Marlin DJ, Harris RC, Gash SP, et al. Carnosine content of the middle gluteal muscle in thoroughbred horses with relation to age, sex and training. Comp Biochem Physiol 1989, 93:629-632.
121. Hinchcliff KW, Lauderdale MA, Dutson J, et al. High intensity exercise conditioning increases accumulated oxygen deficit of horses. Equine Vet J 2002, 34:9-16.
122. Harris RC, Marlin DJ, Dunnett M, et al. Muscle buffering capacity and dipeptide content in the thoroughbred horse, greyhound dog and man. Comp Biochem Physiol A 1990, 97:249-251.
123. Roberts AD, Billeter R, Howald H Anaerobic muscle enzyme changes after interval training. Int J Sports Med 1982, 3:18-21.
124. Bonen A The expression of lactate transporters (MCT1 and MCT4) in heart and muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2001, 86:6-11.
125. Foreman JH, Waldsmith JK, Lalum RB Environmental stress and 3-day eventing: effects of altitude. Equine Vet J 1999, 30(Suppl):394-397.
126. Greene HM, Wickeler SJ, Anderson TP, et al. High-altitude effects on respiratory gases, acid-base balance and pulmonary artery pressures in equids. Equine Vet J 1999, 30(Suppl):71-76.
127. Baker LA, Topliff DR, Freeman DW, et al. Effect of dietary cation-anion balance on acid-base status in horses. J Equine Vet Sci 1992, 12:160-163.
128. Baker LA, Wall DL, Topliff DW, et al. Effect of dietary cation-anion balance on mineral balance in anaerobically exercised and sedentary horses. J Equine Vet Sci 1993, 13:557-561.
129. Topliff DR, Kennerly MA, Freeman DW, et al. Changes in urinary and serum calcium and chloride concentrations in exercising horses fed varying cation-anion balances. Proc 11th Equine Nutr Physiol Symp 1989, 1-4.
130. Baker LA, Topliff DR, Freeman RG, et al. the comparison of two forms of sodium and potassium, and chloride versus sulfur in the dietary cation-anion difference equation: Effects on acid-base status and mineral balance in sedentary horses. J Equine Vet Sci 1998, 18:389-396.
131. Waller A, Armstrong S, Smithurst K-J, Lindinger MI Effects of diet, feeding and daily variation on acid-base balance in horses. Equine Comp Exerc Physiol 2004, 1:153-165.
132. Graham-Thiers PM, Kronfeld DS, Kline KA Dietary protein influences acid-base responses to repeated sprints. Equine Vet J 1999, 30(Suppl):463-467.
133. Cooper SR, Kline KH, Foreman JH, et al. Effects of dietary cation-anion balance on pH, electrolytes, and lactate in standardbred horses. J Equine Vet Sci 1998, 18:662-666.
134. Popplewell JC, Topliff DR, Freeman DW, et al. The effect of dietary cation-anion balance on acid-base balance and blood parameters in anaerobically exercised horses. Proc 13th Equine Nutr Physiol Symp 1993, 191-195.
135. Graham-Thiers PM, Kronfeld DS, Kline KA, et al. Dietary protein restriction and fat supplementation diminish the acidogenic effect of exercise during repeated sprints in horses. J Nutr 2001, 131:1959-1964.
136. Vervuert I, Coenen M, Watermülder E Metabolic responses to oral tryptophan supplementation before exercise in horses. 2005. J Anim Physiol An N 2005, 140-145.
137. !Mueller, RK, Topliff, DR, Freeman, DW, Effect of varying DCAD on the acid-base status of mature sedentary horses with varying starch source and level of intake. 1999 Animal Science Research Report, Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University; 1999; 189-193.
138. Southwood LL, Evans DL, Hodgson DR, et al. The effect of roughage source on exercise performance and metabolism in thoroughbred horses. Cornell Vet 1993, 83:243-255.
139. Custalow SE, Ferrante PL, Taylor LE, et al. Lactate and glucose responses to exercise in the horse are affected by training and dietary fat. 13th Equine Nutr Physiol Symp 1993, 179-184.
140. Taylor LE, Ferrante PL, Meacham TN, et al. Acid-base responses to exercise in horses trained on a diet containing added fat. 13th Equine Nutr Physiol Symp 1993, 185-190.
141. Duren SE, Pagan JD, Harris PA, et al. Time of feeding and fat supplementation affect plasma concentrations of insulin and metabolites during exercise. Equine Vet J 1999, 30(Suppl):479-484.
142. Oldham SL, Potter GD, Evans JW, et al. Storage and mobilization of muscle glycogen in exercising horses fed a fat-supplemented diet. Equine Nutr Physiol Symp 1990, 10:353-359.
143. Waller A, Smithurst K-J, Ecker GL, et al. Cyclical plasma electrolyte and acid-base responses to meal feeding in horses over a 24-h period. Equine Compar Exerc Physiol 2005, 2:159-169.
144. Aguilera-Tejero E, Estepa JC, López I, et al. Arterial blood gases and acid-base balance in healthy young and aged horses. Equine Vet J 1998, 30:352-354.
145. 2 in horses during early halothane-oxygen anaesthesia. Equine Vet J 1987, 19:314-318.
146. King CM, Evans DL, Rose RJ Cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to exercise in horses with various abnormalities of the upper respiratory tract. Equine Vet J 1994, 26:220-225.
147. Christley RM, Hodgson DR, Evans DL, et al. Cardiorespiratory responses to exercise in horses with different grades of idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia. Equine Vet J 1997, 29:6-10.
148. Haynes PF Examination of the upper and lower respiratory tract relevant to purchase. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1992, 8:347-364.
149. Couëtil LL, Denicola DB Blood gas, plasma lactate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology analyses in racehorses with respiratory disease. Equine Vet J 1999, 30(Suppl):77-82.
150. Schott HC, Hinchcliff KW Fluids, electrolytes, and bicarbonate. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1993, 9:577-604.
151. Heigenhauser GJ, Jones NL Bicarbonate loading. Perspectives in exercise science and sports medicine, vol 4. Ergogenics - enhancement of performance exercise and sport 1991, 183-221. Brown & Benchmark, Dubuque, IA. D.R. Lamb, M.H. Williams (Eds.).
152. Harkins JD, Kamerling SG Effects of induced alkalosis in performance in thoroughbred during a 1,600-m race. Equine Vet J 1992, 24:94-98.
153. Greenhaff PL, Snow DH, Harris RC, et al. Bicarbonate loading in the thoroughbred: dose, method of administration and acid-base changes. Equine Vet J 1990, 9(Suppl):83-85.
154. Kline KH, Foreman JH, Hanson MS, et al. Changes in blood gases and electrolytes of horses given varying doses of sodium bicarbonate. J Equine Vet Sci 1995, 15:487-491.
155. Lloyd DR, Rose RJ Effects of sodium bicarbonate on fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance in racehorses. Br Vet J 1995, 151:523-545.
156. Rivas LJ, Hinchcliff KW, Kohn CW, et al. Effect of sodium bicarbonate administration on blood constituents of horses. Am J Vet Res 1997, 58:658-663.
157. Lloyd DR, Rose RJ Effects of several alkalinising agents on acid-base balance in horses. Proc 11th Int Conf Racing Analysts Vet 1996, 104-110.
158. Hanson CM, Line KH, Foreman JH, et al. The effects of sodium bicarbonate administered nasogastrically on plasma volume, electrolytes and blood gases in resting quarter horses. J Equine Vet Sci 1993, 10:593-595.
159. Kelso TB, Hodgson DR, Witt EH, et al. Bicarbonate administration and muscle metabolism during high-intensity exercise. Equine Exerc Physiol 1987, 2:438-447.
160. Greenhaff PL, Harris RC, Snow DH, et al. The influence of metabolic alkalosis upon exercise metabolism in the thoroughbred horse. Eur J Appl Physiol 1991, 63:129-134.
161. Casey A, Greenhaff PL Does dietary creatine supplementation play a role in skeletal muscle metabolism and performance?. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, 72:607S-617S.
162. Schuback K, Essén-Gustavsson Persson SG Effect of creatine supplementation on muscle metabolic response to a maximal treadmill exercise test in standardbred horses. Equine Vet J 2000, 32:533-540.
163. Hinchcliff KW, Muir WW Pharmacology of furosemide in the horse: a review. J Vet Intern Med 1991, 5:211-218.
164. Soma LR, Birks EK, Uboh CE, et al. The effects of frusemide on racing times of standardbred pacers. Equine Vet J 2000, 32:334-340.
165. Freestone JF, Carlson GP, Harrold DR, et al. Influence of furosemide treatment on fluid and electrolyte balance in horses. Am J Vet Res 1988, 49:1899-1902.
166. Weiss DJ, Geor RJ, Burger K Effects of furosemide on hemorheologic alterations induced by incremental treadmill exercise in thoroughbreds. Am J Vet Res 1996, 57:891-895.
167. Freestone JF, Carlson GP, Harrold DR, et al. Furosemide and sodium bicarbonate-induced alkalosis in the horse and response to oral KCL or NaCl therapy. Am J Vet Res 1989, 50:1334-1339.
168. Carlson GP, Jones JH Effects of frusemide on electrolyte and acid-base balance during exercise. Equine Vet J 1999, 30(Suppl):370-373.
169. Hinchcliff KW, McKeever KH Frusemide and weight carriage alter the acid-base responses of horses to incremental and to brief intense exertion. Equine Vet J 1999, 30(Suppl):375-379.
170. Chasiotis D The regulation of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen breakdown in human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1983, 518:1-68.
171. Gevers EW, Dowdle E The effect of pH on glycolysis in vitro. Clin Sci 1963, 25:343-349.
172. Trivedi B, Danforth WH Effect of pH on the kinetics of frog muscle phosphofructokinase. J Biol Chem 1966, 241:4110-4112.
173. Nakamaru Y, Schwartz A The influence of hydrogen ion concentration on calcium binding and release by skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. J Gen Physiol 1972, 59:22-32.
174. Fitts RH, Courtright JB, Kim DH, et al. Muscle fatigue with prolonged exercise: contractile and biochemical alterations. Am J Physiol 1982, 242:C65-C73.
175. Cooke R, Pate E The effects of ADP and phosphate on the contraction of muscle fibers. Biophys J 1985, 48:789-798.
176. Wilkie DR Muscular fatigue: effects of hydrogen ions and inorganic phosphate. Fed Proc 1986, 45:2921-2923.
177. Williams GJ, Collins S, Muir JR, et al. Observations on the interaction of calcium and hydrogen ions on ATP hydrolysis by the contractile elements of cardiac muscle. Recent advances in studies on cardiac structure and metabolism, vol 5. Basic functions of cations in myocardial activity 1975, 273-280. Baltimore, University Park Press. A. Fleckenstein, N.S. Dhalla (Eds.).
178. Donaldson SKB Effect of acidosis on maximum force generation of peeled mammalian skeletal muscle fibers. Biochemistry of exercise, vol 13 1983, 126-133. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL. H.G. Knuttgen, J.A. Vegel, J. Poortmans (Eds.).
179. Mainwood GW, Worsley-Brown P The effects of extracellular pH and buffer concentration on the efflux of lactate from frog sartorius muscle. J Physiol 1975, 250:1-22.
180. Siggaard-Andersen O The acid-base status of the blood. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1963, 15(Suppl 70):1-63.
181. Constable PD, Hinchcliff KW, Muir WW 3rd Comparison of anion gap and strong ion gap as predictors of unmeasured strong ion concentration in plasma and serum from horses. Am J Vet Res 1998, 59:881-887.
182. Sahlin K, Alvestrand A, Brandt R, Hultman E Intracellular pH and bicarbonate concentration in human muscle during recovery from exercise. J Appl Physiol 1978, 45:474-480.
183. Quiroz-Rothe E, Rivero JLL Co-ordinated expression of contractile and non-contractile features of control equine muscle fibre types characterised by immunostaining of myosin heavy chains. Histochem Cell Biol 2001, 116:299-312.