A simplified strong ion model for acid-base equilibria: Application to horse plasma

Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 83, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 297-311

  Constable, Peter D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

Acid base balance; Acidosis; Alkalosis; Alphastat; Strong ion difference

Indexed keywords

ACID BASE BALANCE; ACIDOSIS; ALKALOSIS; ION CONDUCTANCE; MEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; REVIEW;

EID: 0030875005     PISSN: 87507587     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.297     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. Alexander, S. C., R. Gelfand, and C. J. Lambertson. The pK′ of carbonic acid in cerebrospinal fluid. J. Biol. Chem. 236: 592-596, 1961.
2. Astrup, P. A simple electrometric technique for the determination of carbon dioxide tension in blood and plasma, total content of carbon dioxide in plasma, and bicarbonate content in separated plasma at a fixed carbon dioxide tension (40 mmHg). Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 8: 33-43, 1956.
3. Austin, W. H., E. Lacombe, P. W. Rand, and M. Chatterjee. Solubility of carbon dioxide in serum from 15 to 38°C. J. Appl. Physiol. 18: 301-304, 1963.
4. Bjerrum, N. Die Dissoziation der starken Elektrolyten. Z. Electrochem. 24: 321-328, 1918.
5. Bos, O. J. M., J. F. A. Labro, M. J. E. Fischer, J. Wilting, and L. H. M. Janssen. The molecular mechanism of the neutral-to-base transition of human serum albumin. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 953-959, 1989.
6. Brackett, N. C., J. J. Cohen, and W. B. Schwartz. Carbon dioxide titration curve of normal man. N. Engl. J. Med. 272: 6-12, 1965.
7. Cameron, J. N. Acid-base homeostasis: past and present perspectives. Physiol. Zool. 62: 845-865, 1989.
8. Cullen, G. E., H. R. Keeler, and H. W. Robinson. The pK′ of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for hydrion concentration of blood and serum. J. Biol. Chem. 66: 301-322, 1925.
9. Edsall, J. T., and J. Wyman. Biophysical Chemistry. New York: Academic, 1958, vol. 1, p. 406-662.
10. Elkinton, J. R., R. B. Singer, E. S. Barker, and J. F. Clark. Effects in man of acute experimental respiratory alkalosis and acidosis on ionic transfers in the total body fluids. J. Clin. Invest. 34: 1671-1690, 1955.
11. Fencl, V., and D. E. Leith. Stewart's quantitative acid-base chemistry: applications in biology and medicine. Respir. Physiol. 91: 1-16, 1993.
12. Figge, J., T. Mydosh, and V. Fencl. Serum proteins and acid-base equilibria: a follow-up. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 120: 713-719, 1992.
13. Figge, J., T. H. Rossing, and V. Fencl. The role of serum proteins in acid-base equilibria. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 117: 453-467, 1991.
14. 2] in exercising ponies. J. Appl. Physiol. 68: 309-315, 1990.
15. Frischmeyer, K. J., and P. F. Moon. Evaluation of quantitative acid-base balance and determination of unidentified anions in swine. Am. J. Vet. Res. 55: 1153-1157, 1994.
16. Glantz, S. A., and B. K. Slinker. Primer of Applied Regression and Analysis of Variance. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990, p. 1-777.
17. Gossett, K. A., D. D. French, B. Cleghorn, and G. E. Church. Effect of acute acidemia on blood biochemical variables in healthy ponies. Am. J. Vet. Res. 51: 1375-1379, 1990.
18. Gossett, K. A., D. D. French, B. Cleghorn, and G. E. Church. Blood biochemical response to sodium bicarbonate infusion during sublethal endotoxemia in ponies. Am. J. Vet. Res. 51: 1370-1374, 1990.
19. Harned, H. S., and F. T. Bonner. The first ionization of carbonic acid in aqueous solutions of sodium chloride. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 67: 1026-1031, 1945.
20. Hasselbalch, K. A. Die Berechnung der Wasserstoffzahl des blutes auf der freien und gebundenen Kohlensaure desselben, und die Sauerstoffbindung des Blutes als Funktion der Wasserstoffzahl. Biochem. Z. 78: 112-144, 1916.
21. Hastings, A. B., and J. Sendroy. The effect of variation in ionic strength on the apparent first and second dissociation constants of carbonic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 66: 445-455, 1925.
22. Heisler, N. Acid-Base Regulation in Animals. New York: Elsevier, 1986.
23. Henderson, L. J. The theory of neutrality regulation in the animal organism. Am. J. Physiol. 21: 427-428, 1908.
24. Johnson, R. E., H. T. Edwards, D. B. Dill, and J. W. Wilson. Blood as a biochemical system. XIII. The distribution of lactate. J. Biol. Chem. 157: 461-473, 1945.
25. Jones, N. L. Blood Gases and Acid-Base Physiology. New York: Thieme, 1987, p. 83-185.
26. Kowalchuk, J. M., G. J. F. Heigenhauser, M. I. Lindinger, J. R. Sutton, and N. L. Jones. Factors influencing hydrogen ion concentration in muscle after intense exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 65: 2080-2089, 1988.
27. 1g) for the first ionization of carbonic acid in solutions of sodium bicarbonate, cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, and serum at 25 and 38°. Clin. Chim. Acta 33: 325-343, 1971.
28. Mecher, C., E. C. Rackow, M. E. Astiz, and M. H. Weil. Unaccounted for anion in metabolic acidosis during severe sepsis in humans. Crit. Care Med. 19: 705-711, 1991.
29. Mitchell, R. A., D. A. Herbert, and C. T. Carman. Acid-base constants and temperature coefficients for cerebrospinal fluid. Am. J. Physiol. 20: 27-30, 1965.
30. Pieschl, R. L., P. W. Toll, D. E. Leith, L. J. Peterson, and M. R. Fedde. Acid-base changes in the running greyhound: contributing variables. J. Appl. Physiol. 73: 2297-2304, 1992.
31. Putnam, R. W., and A. Roos. Which value for the first dissociation constant of carbonic acid should be used in biological work? Am. J. Physiol. 260 (Cell Physiol. 29): C1113-CH16, 1991.
32. Reeves, R. B. An imadazole alphastat hypothesis for vertebrate acid-base regulation: tissue carbon dioxide content and body temperature in bullfrogs. Respir. Physiol. 14: 219-236, 1972.
33. Reeves, R. B. Error proved and corrected: net anionic charge on serum albumin. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 117: 437, 1991.
34. Rispens, P., C. W. Dellebarre, D. Eleveld, W. Helder, and W. G Zijlstra. The apparent first dissociation constant of carbonic acid in plasma between 16 and 42.5°. Clin. Chim. Acta 22: 627-637, 1971.
35. Rossing, T. H., N. Maffeo, and V. Fencl. Acid-base effects of altering plasma protein concentration in human blood in vitro. J. Appl. Physiol. 61: 2260-2265, 1986.
36. Rumbaugh, G. E., G. P. Carlson, and D. Harrold. Clinicopathologic effects of rapid infusion of 5% sodium bicarbonate in 5% dextrose in the horse. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 178: 267-271, 1981.
37. SAS Institute. SAS/STAT User's Guide, release 6.03. Cary, NC: SAS, 1988, p. 675-712.
38. Severinghaus, J. W., M. Stupfel, and A. F. Bradley. Variations of serum carbonic acid pK′ with pH and temperature. J. Appl. Physiol. 9: 197-200, 1956.
39. Siggaard-Andersen, O. The first dissociation exponent of carbonic acid as a function of pH. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 14: 587-597, 1962.
40. Siggaard-Andersen, O. The Acid-Base Status of the Blood. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1963.
41. Singer, R. B., and A. B. Hastings. An improved clinical method for the estimation of disturbances of the acid-base balance of human blood. Medicine 27: 223-242, 1948.
42. Smith, R. B., and A. E. Martell. Critical Stability Constants. New York: Plenum, 1989, vol. 6, suppl. 2.
43. +] difference during muscle contractions. J. Appl. Physiol. 65: 1803-1810, 1988.
44. Stewart, P. A. Independent and dependent variables of acid-base control. Respir. Physiol. 33: 9-26, 1978.
45. Stewart, P. A. How to Understand Acid-Base. New York: Elsevier, 1981.
46. Stewart, P. A. Modern quantitative acid-base chemistry. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 61: 1444-1461, 1983.
47. Tanford, C. Preparation and properties of serum and plasma proteins. XXIII. Hydrogen ion equilibria in native and modified human serum albumins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72: 441-451, 1950.
48. Tanford, C., S. A. Swanson, and W. S. Shore. Hydrogen ion equilibria in bovine serum albumin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77: 6414-6421, 1955.
49. Van Leeuwen, A. M. Net cation equivalency (base binding power) of the plasma proteins. Acta Med. Scand. Suppl. 422: 1-212, 1964.
50. Van Slyke, D. D., A. G. Hastings, A. Hiller, and J. Sendroy. Studies of gas and electrolyte equilibria in blood. XIV. The amounts of alkali bound by serum albumin and globulin. J. Biol. Chem. 79: 769-780, 1928.
51. Van Slyke, D. D., H. Wu, and F. C. McLean. Studies of gas and electrolyte equilibria in the blood. Factors controlling the electrolyte and water distribution in the blood. J. Biol. Chem. 55: 765-849, 1923.
52. Warburg, E. J. Studies on carbonic acid compounds and hydrogen ion activities in blood and salt solutions. Biochem. J. 16: 153-340, 1922.
53. Weinstein, Y., A. Magazanik, A. Grodjinovsky, O. Inbar, R. A. Dlin, and P. A. Stewart. Reexamination of Stewart's quantitative analysis of acid-base status. Med. Sci. Sports Exer. 23: 1270-1275, 1991.