Murine models of pulmonary fibrosis

American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology

Volumn 294, Issue 2, 2008, Pages

  Moore, Bethany B ^a,b   Hogaboam, Cory M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b 4062 BSRB ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Mediators; Pathological cells

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR1; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR2; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR5; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR6; GAMMA INTERFERON INDUCIBLE PROTEIN 10; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 11; INTERLEUKIN 13; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; LYMPHOTACTIN; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 1GAMMA; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 3; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR B; RANTES; SCLEROPROTEIN; SILICON DIOXIDE; SURFACTANT PROTEIN C; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADOPTIVE TRANSFER; CELL DAMAGE; CELL HYPERPLASIA; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISEASE MODEL; LUNG ALVEOLUS EPITHELIUM; LUNG FIBROBLAST; LUNG FIBROSIS; LUNG GAS EXCHANGE; MEDIATOR RELEASE; MYOFIBROBLAST; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TRANSGENIC MOUSE;

ADOPTIVE TRANSFER; ANIMALS; BLEOMYCIN; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; FLUORESCEIN-5-ISOTHIOCYANATE; MICE; PULMONARY FIBROSIS; TRANSGENES;

EID: 39149133154     PISSN: 10400605     EISSN: 15221504     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00313.2007     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Adamson IY. Pulmonary toxicity of bleomycin. Environ Health Perspect 16: 119-125, 1976.
2. Adamson IY, Young L, Bowden DH. Relationship of alveolar epithelial injury and repair to the induction of pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Pathol 130: 377-383, 1988.
3. American Thoracic Society ERS. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnosis and treatment. International consensus statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161: 646-664, 2000.
4. Baran CP, Opalek JM, McMaken S, Newland CA, O'Brien JM Jr, Hunter MG, Bringardner BD, Monick MM, Brigstock DR, Stromberg PC, Hunninghake GW, Marsh CB. Important roles for macrophage colony-stimulating factor, CC chemokine ligand 2, and mononuclear phagocytes in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176: 78-89, 2007.
5. Barbarin V, Nihoul A, Misson P, Arras M, Delos M, Leclercq I, Lison D, Huaux F. The role of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in silica-induced lung fibrosis. Respir Res 6: 112, 2005.
6. Barbarin V, Xing Z, Delos M, Lison D, Huaux F. Pulmonary overexpression of IL-10 augments lung fibrosis and Th2 responses induced by silica particles. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 288: L841-L848, 2005.
7. Bonniaud P, Margetts PJ, Ask K, Flanders K, Gauldie J, Kolb M. TGF-beta and Smad3 signaling link inflammation to chronic fibrogenesis. J Immunol 175: 5390-5395, 2005.
8. Bucala R, Spiegel LA, Chesney J, Hogan M, Cerami A. Circulating fibrocytes define a new leukocyte subpopulation that mediates tissue repair. Mol Med 1: 71-81, 1994.
9. Charbeneau RP, Peters-Golden M. Eicosanoids: mediators and therapeutic targets in fibrotic lung disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 108: 479-491, 2005.
10. Chiang CS, Liu WC, Jung SM, Chen FH, Wu CR, McBride WH, Lee CC, Hong JH. Compartmental responses after thoracic irradiation of mice: strain differences. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 62: 862-871, 2005.
11. Christensen P, Goodman R, Pastoriza L, Moore B, Toews G. Induction of lung fibrosis in the mouse by intratracheal instillation of fluorescein isothiocyanate is not T-cell dependent. Am J Pathol 155: 1773-1779, 1999.
12. Collard HR, Moore BB, Flaherty KR, Brown KK, Kaner RJ, King TE Jr, Lasky JA, Lloyd JE, Noth I, Olman MA, Raghu G, Roman J, Ryu JH, Zisman DA, Hunnighake GW, Colby TV, Egan JJ, Hansell DM, Johkoh T, Martinez FJ. Pulmonary perspective: acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176: 636-643, 2007.
13. Coultas DB, Zumwalt RE, Black WC, Sobonya RE. The epidemiology of interstitial lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150: 967-972, 1994.
14. Crystal RG. Lung collagen: definition, diversity and development. Fed Proc 33: 2248-2255, 1974.
15. D'Armiento J, Dalal SS, Okada Y, Berg RA, Chada K. Collagenase expression in the lungs of transgenic mice causes pulmonary emphysema. Cell 71: 955-961, 1992.
16. Davis GS, Leslie KO, Hemenway DR. Silicosis in mice: effects of dose, time, and genetic strain. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 17: 81-97, 1998.
17. Davis GS, Pfeiffer LM, Hemenway DR. Persistent overexpression of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in murine silicosis. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 17: 99-114, 1998.
18. Dhainaut JF, Charpentier J, Chiche JD. Transforming growth factor-beta: a mediator of cell regulation in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 31: S258-S264, 2003.
19. Engelhardt JF, Litzky L, Wilson JM. Prolonged transgene expression in cotton rat lung with recombinant adenoviruses defective in E2a. Hum Gene Ther 5: 1217-1229, 1994.
20. Epperly MW, Bray JA, Krager S, Berry LM, Gooding W, Engelhardt JF, Zwacka R, Travis EL, Greenberger JS. Intratracheal injection of adenovirus containing the human MnSOD transgene protects athymic nude mice from irradiation-induced organizing alveolitis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 43: 169-181, 1999.
21. Epperly MW, Guo H, Gretton JE, Greenberger JS. Bone marrow origin of myofibroblasts in irradiation pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 29: 213-224, 2003.
22. Fischer AC, Beck SE, Smith CI, Laube BL, Askin FB, Guggino SE, Adams RJ, Flotte TR, Guggino WB. Successful transgene expression with serial doses of aerosolized rAAV2 vectors in rhesus macaques. Mol Ther 8: 918-926, 2003.
23. Fisher CE, Ahmad SA, Fitch PM, Lamb JR, Howie SE. FITC-induced murine pulmonary inflammation: CC10 up-regulation and concurrent Shh expression. Cell Biol Int 29: 868-876, 2005.
24. Franko AJ, Sharplin J, Ward WF, Taylor JM. Evidence for two patterns of inheritance of sensitivity to induction of lung fibrosis in mice by radiation, one of which involves two genes. Radiat Res 146: 68-74, 1996.
25. Fujita M, Shannon JM, Morikawa O, Gauldie J, Hara N, Mason RJ. Overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha diminishes pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin or transforming growth factor-beta. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 29: 669-676, 2003.
26. Gharaee-Kermani M, Hatano K, Nozaki Y, Phan SH. Gender-based differences in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Pathol 166: 1593-1606, 2005.
27. Goldstein RH, Lucey EC, Franzblau C, Snider GL. Failure of mechanical properties to parallel changes in lung connective tissue composition in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in hamsters. Am Rev Respir Dis 120: 67-73, 1979.
28. Harrison JH Jr, Lazo JS. High dose continuous infusion of bleomycin in mice: a new model for drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 243: 1185-1194, 1987.
29. Haston CK, Travis EL. Murine susceptibility to radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis is influenced by a genetic factor implicated in susceptibility to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Cancer Res 57: 5286-5291, 1997.
30. Helene M, Lake-Bullock V, Zhu J, Hao H, Cohen DA, Kaplan AM. T cell independence of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. J Leukoc Biol 65: 187-195, 1999.
31. Ho YS. Transgenic models for the study of lung biology and disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 266: L319-L353, 1994.
32. Idell S, James KK, Gillies C, Fair DS, Thrall RS. Abnormalities of pathways of fibrin turnover in lung lavage of rats with oleic acid and bleomycin-induced lung injury support alveolar fibrin deposition. Am J Pathol 135: 387-399, 1989.
33. Inoshima I, Kuwano K, Hamada N, Hagimoto N, Yoshimi M, Maeyama T, Takeshita A, Kitamoto S, Egashira K, Hara N. Anti-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene therapy attenuates pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 286: L1038-L1044, 2004.
34. Izbicki G, Segel MJ, Christensen TG, Conner MW, Breuer R. Time course of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Int J Exp Pathol 83: 111-119, 2002.
35. Janick-Buckner D, Ranges GE, Hacker MP. Alteration of bronchoalveolar lavage cell populations following bleomycin treatment in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 100: 465-473, 1989.
36. Johnston CJ, Williams JP, Okunieff P, Finkelstein JN. Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis: examination of chemokine and chemokine receptor families. Radiat Res 157: 256-265, 2002.
37. Johnston CJ, Wright TW, Rubin P, Finkelstein JN. Alterations in the expression of chemokine mRNA levels in fibrosis-resistant and -sensitive mice after thoracic irradiation. Exp Lung Res 24: 321-337, 1998.
38. Kang HR, Lee CG, Homer RJ, Elias JA. Semaphorin 7A plays a critical role in TGF-beta1-induced pulmonary fibrosis. J Exp Med 204: 1083-1093, 2007.
39. Keane MP, Strieter RM, Belperio JA. Mechanisms and mediators of pulmonary fibrosis. Crit Rev Immunol 25: 429-463, 2005.
40. Koehler DR, Martin B, Corey M, Palmer D, Ng P, Tanswell AK, Hu J. Readministration of helper-dependent adenovirus to mouse lung. Gene Ther 13: 773-780, 2006.
41. Kolb M, Margetts PJ, Anthony DC, Pitossi F, Gauldie J. Transient expression of IL-1beta induces acute lung injury and chronic repair leading to pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest 107: 1529-1536, 2001.
42. Kolodsick JE, Toews GB, Jakubzick C, Hogaboam C, Moore TA, McKenzie A, Wilke CA, Chrisman CJ, Moore BB. Protection from fluorescein isothiocyanate-induced fibrosis in IL-13-deficient, but not IL-4-deficient, mice results from impaired collagen synthesis by fibroblasts. J Immunol 172: 4068-4076, 2004.
43. Korfhagen TR, Swantz RJ, Wert SE, McCarty JM, Kerlakian CB, Glasser SW, Whitsett JA. Respiratory epithelial cell expression of human transforming growth factor-alpha induces lung fibrosis in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 93: 1691-1699, 1994.
44. Kuhn C. Pathology. In: Pulmonary Fibrosis, edited by Phan S, Thrall R. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1995, p. 59-83.
45. Kuhn C, Boldt J, King TE Jr, Crouch E, Vartio T, McDonald J. An immunohistochemical study of architectural remodeling and connective tissue synthesis in pulmonary fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 140: 1693-1703, 1989.
46. Kuroki M, Noguchi Y, Shimono M, Tomono K, Tashiro T, Obata Y, Nakayama E, Kohno S. Repression of bleomycin-induced pneumopathy by TNF. J Immunol 170: 567-574, 2003.
47. Lakatos HF, Burgess HA, Thatcher TH, Redonnet MR, Hernady E, Williams JP, Sime PJ. Oropharyngeal aspiration of a silica suspension produces a superior model of silicosis in the mouse when compared to intratracheal instillation. Exp Lung Res 32: 181-199, 2006.
48. Lardot CG, Huaux FA, Broeckaert FR, Declerck PJ, Delos M, Fubini B, Lison DF. Role of urokinase in the fibrogenic response of the lung to mineral particles. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157: 617-628, 1998.
49. Lawson WE, Polosukhin VV, Stathopoulos GT, Zoia O, Han W, Lane KB, Li B, Donnelly EF, Holburn GE, Lewis KG, Collins RD, Hull WM, Glasser SW, Whitsett JA, Blackwell TS. Increased and prolonged pulmonary fibrosis in surfactant protein C-deficient mice following intratracheal bleomycin. Am J Pathol 167: 1267-1277, 2005.
50. Lok SS, Haider Y, Howell D, Stewart JP, Hasleton PS, Egan JJ. Murine gammaherpes virus as a cofactor in the development of pulmonary fibrosis in bleomycin resistant mice. Eur Respir J 20: 1228-1232, 2002.
51. Lown JW, Sim SK. The mechanism of the bleomycin-induced cleavage of DNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 77: 1150-1157, 1977.
52. Martinez FJ, Safrin S, Weycker D, Starko KM, Bradford WZ, King TE Jr, Flaherty KR, Schwartz DA, Noble PW, Raghu G, Brown KK. The clinical course of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ann Intern Med 142: 963-967, 2005.
53. McDonald S, Rubin P, Chang AY, Penney DP, Finkelstein JN, Grossberg S, Feins R, Gregory PK. Pulmonary changes induced by combined mouse beta-interferon (rMuIFN-beta) and irradiation in normal mice-toxic versus protective effects. Radiother Oncol 26: 212-218, 1993.
54. Misson P, Brombacher F, Delos M, Lison D, Huaux F. Type 2 immune response associated with silicosis is not instrumental in the development of the disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 292: L107-L113, 2007.
55. Miyazaki Y, Araki K, Vesin C, Garcia I, Kapanci Y, Whitsett JA, Piguet PF, Vassalli P. Expression of a tumor necrosis factor-alpha transgene in murine lung causes lymphocytic and fibrosing alveolitis. A mouse model of progressive pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest 96: 250-259, 1995.
56. Moore B, Paine R, III, Christensen P, Moore T, Sitterding S, Ngan R, Wilke C, Kuziel W, Toews G. Protection from pulmonary fibrosis in the absence of CCR2 signaling. J Immunol 167: 4368-4377, 2001.
57. Moore BB, Kolodsick JE, Thannickal VJ, Cooke K, Moore TA, Hogaboam C, Wilke CA, Toews GB. CCR2-mediated recruitment of fibrocytes to the alveolar space after fibrotic injury. Am J Pathol 166: 675-684, 2005.
58. Moore BB, Murray L, Das A, Wilke CA, Herrygers AB, Toews GB. The role of CCL12 in the recruitment of fibrocytes and lung fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 35: 175-181, 2006.
59. Mora AL, Woods CR, Garcia A, Xu J, Rojas M, Speck SH, Roman J, Brigham KL, Stecenko AA. Lung infection with gamma-herpesvirus induces progressive pulmonary fibrosis in Th2-biased mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 289: L711-L721, 2005.
60. Muggia FM, Louie AC, Sikic BI. Pulmonary toxicity of antitumor agents. Cancer Treat Rev 10: 221-243, 1983.
61. Nakao A, Fujii M, Matsumura R, Kumano K, Saito Y, Miyazono K, Iwamoto I. Transient gene transfer and expression of Smad7 prevents bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice. J Clin Invest 104: 5-11, 1999.
62. O'Brien TJ, Letuve S, Haston CK. Radiation-induced strain differences in mouse alveolar inflammatory cell apoptosis. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 83: 117-122, 2005.
63. Oberdorster G. Significance of particle parameters in the evaluation of exposure-dose-response relationships of inhaled particles. Inhal Toxicol 8: 73-89, 1996.
64. Ohtsuka Y, Wang XT, Saito J, Ishida T, Munakata M. Genetic linkage analysis of pulmonary fibrotic response to silica in mice. Eur Respir J 28: 1013-1019, 2006.
65. Olman MA, Mackman N, Gladson CL, Moser KM, Loskutoff DJ. Changes in procoagulant and fibrinolytic gene expression during bleomycin-induced lung injury in the mouse. J Clin Invest 96: 1621-1630, 1995.
66. Onuma T, Holland JF, Masuda H, Waligunda JA, Goldberg GA. Microbiological assay of bleomycin: inactivation, tissue distribution, and clearance. Cancer 33: 1230-1238, 1974.
67. Ortiz LA, Lasky J, Hamilton RF Jr, Holian A, Hoyle GW, Banks W, Peschon JJ, Brody AR, Lungarella G, Friedman M. Expression of TNF and the necessity of TNF receptors in bleomycin-induced lung injury in mice. Exp Lung Res 24: 721-743, 1998.
68. Phan SH, Armstrong G, Sulavik MC, Schrier D, Johnson KJ, Ward PA. A comparative study of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin and an O2 metabolite producing enzyme system. Chest 83: 44S-45S, 1983.
69. Phan SH, Thrall RS, Ward PA. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats: biochemical demonstration of increased rate of collagen synthesis. Am Rev Respir Dis 121: 501-506, 1980.
70. Phillips RJ, Burdick MD, Hong K, Lutz MA, Murray LA, Xue YY, Belperio JA, Keane MP, Strieter RM. Circulating fibrocytes traffic to the lungs in response to CXCL12 and mediate fibrosis. J Clin Invest 114: 438-446, 2004.
71. Pierce EM, Carpenter K, Jakubzick C, Kunkel SL, Flaherty KR, Martinez FJ, Hogaboam CM. Therapeutic targeting of CC ligand 21 or CC chemokine receptor 7 abrogates pulmonary fibrosis induced by the adoptive transfer of human pulmonary fibroblasts to immunodeficient mice. Am J Pathol 170: 1152-1164, 2007.
72. Roberts SN, Howie SE, Wallace WA, Brown DM, Lamb D, Ramage EA, Donaldson K. A novel model for human interstitial lung disease: hapten-driven lung fibrosis in rodents. J Pathol 176: 309-318, 1995.
73. Rube CE, Uthe D, Schmid KW, Richter KD, Wessel J, Schuck A, Willich N, Rube C. Dose-dependent induction of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) in the lung tissue of fibrosis-prone mice after thoracic irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 47: 1033-1042, 2000.
74. Sausville EA, Peisach J, Horwitz SB. A role for ferrous ion and oxygen in the degradation of DNA by bleomycin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 73: 814-822, 1976.
75. Schrier DJ, Kunkel RG, Phan SH. The role of strain variation in murine bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 127: 63-66, 1983.
76. Sebti SM, Mignano JE, Jani JP, Srimatkandada S, Lazo JS. Bleomycin hydrolase: molecular cloning, sequencing, and biochemical studies reveal membership in the cysteine proteinase family. Biochemistry 28: 6544-6548, 1989.
77. Sharplin J, Franko AJ. A quantitative histological study of strain-dependent differences in the effects of irradiation on mouse lung during the early phase. Radiat Res 119: 1-14, 1989.
78. Sheppard D. Integrin-mediated activation of transforming growth factor-beta(1) in pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 120: 49S-53S, 2001.
79. Silvertown JD, Walia JS, Summerlee AJ, Medin JA. Functional expression of mouse relaxin and mouse relaxin-3 in the lung from an Ebola virus glycoprotein-pseudotyped lentivirus via tracheal delivery. Endocrinology 147: 3797-3808, 2006.
80. Sime PJ, O'Reilly KM. Fibrosis of the lung and other tissues: new concepts in pathogenesis and treatment. Clin Immunol 99: 308-319, 2001.
81. Sime PJ, Xing Z, Graham FL, Csaky KG, Gauldie J. Adenovector-mediated gene transfer of active transforming growth factor-beta1 induces prolonged severe fibrosis in rat lung. J Clin Invest 100: 768-776, 1997.
82. Sisson TH, Hanson KE, Subbotina N, Patwardhan A, Hattori N, Simon RH. Inducible lung-specific urokinase expression reduces fibrosis and mortality after lung injury in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 283: L1023-L1032, 2002.
83. Smith RE, Strieter RM, Phan SH, Lukacs N, Kunkel SL. TNF and IL-6 mediate MIP-1alpha expression in bleomycin-induced lung injury. J Leukoc Biol 64: 528-536, 1998.
84. Smith RE, Strieter RM, Zhang K, Phan SH, Standiford TJ, Lukacs NW, Kunkel SL. A role for C-C chemokines in fibrotic lung disease. J Leukoc Biol 57: 782-787, 1995.
85. Snider GL, Celli BR, Goldstein RH, O'Brien JJ, Lucey EC. Chronic interstitial pulmonary fibrosis produced in hamsters by endotracheal bleomycin. Lung volumes, volume-pressure relations, carbon monoxide uptake, and arterial blood gas studied. Am Rev Respir Dis 117: 289-297, 1978.
86. Starcher BC, Kuhn C, Overton JE. Increased elastin and collagen content in the lungs of hamsters receiving an intratracheal injection of bleomycin. Am Rev Respir Dis 117: 299-305, 1978.
87. Szapiel SV, Elson NA, Fulmer JD, Hunninghake GW, Crystal RG. Bleomycin-induced interstitial pulmonary disease in the nude, athymic mouse. Am Rev Respir Dis 120: 893-899, 1979.
88. Tang W, Geba GP, Zheng T, Ray P, Homer RJ, Kuhn C 3rd, Flavell RA, Elias JA. Targeted expression of IL-11 in the murine airway causes lymphocytic inflammation, bronchial remodeling, and airways obstruction. J Clin Invest 98: 2845-2853, 1996.
89. Thrall RS, McCormick JR, Jack RM, McReynolds RA, Ward PA. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat: inhibition by indomethacin. Am J Pathol 95: 117-130, 1979.
90. Umezawa H. Chemistry and mechanism of action of bleomycin. Fed Proc 33: 2296-2302, 1974.
91. Umezawa H, Ishizuka M, Maeda K, Takeuchi T. Studies on bleomycin. Cancer 20: 891-895, 1967.
92. Xing Z, Braciak T, Ohkawara Y, Sallenave JM, Foley R, Sime PJ, Jordana M, Graham FL, Gauldie J. Gene transfer for cytokine functional studies in the lung: the multifunctional role of GM-CSF in pulmonary inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 59: 481-488, 1996.
93. Xing Z, Tremblay GM, Sime PJ, Gauldie J. Overexpression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces pulmonary granulation tissue formation and fibrosis by induction of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and myofibroblast accumulation. Am J Pathol 150: 59-66, 1997.
94. Zhang K, Gharaee-Kermani M, Jones ML, Warren JS, Phan SH. Lung monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene expression in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. J Immunol 153: 4733-4741, 1994.
95. Zhu Z, Homer RJ, Wang Z, Chen Q, Geba GP, Wang J, Zhang Y, Elias JA. Pulmonary expression of interleukin-13 causes inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, subepithelial fibrosis, physiologic abnormalities, and eotaxin production. J Clin Invest 103: 779-788, 1999.