Human brain mapping under increasing cognitive complexity using regional cerebral blood flow measurements and positron emission tomography

Danish Medical Bulletin

Volumn 54, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 289-305

  Law, Ian ^a,b  

^a Akita Blood Vessel and Research Institute   (Japan)

^b Rigshospitalet   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON; CARBON 10; CARBON DIOXIDE; OXYGEN 15; RADIOISOTOPE;

AUTORADIOGRAPHY; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN MAPPING; COGNITION; COMPARTMENT MODEL; DARK ADAPTATION; EYE FIXATION; FRONTAL LOBE; GRAY MATTER; HUMAN; JAPANESE; LANGUAGE; MEMORY; MONKEY; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; NONHUMAN; OCCIPITAL LOBE; OCULOMOTOR SYSTEM; PARIETAL LOBE; PARTITION COEFFICIENT; PHONETICS; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; READING; REVIEW; SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENT; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SELECTIVE ATTENTION; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING; VISUAL STIMULATION; BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN; BRAIN CIRCULATION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; METHODOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REPRODUCIBILITY; SCINTISCANNING;

BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; CEREBROVASCULAR CIRCULATION; COGNITION; COGNITION DISORDERS; HUMANS; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS;

EID: 39049104743     PISSN: 16039629     EISSN: 16039629     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (249)

1. Akaike H. (1974) A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transaction on Automatic Control AC -19:716-723.
2. Alpert NM, Eriksson L, Chang JY, Bergstrom M, Litton JE, Correia JA, Bohm C, Ackerman RH, Taveras JM. (1984) Strategy for the measurement of regional cerebral blood flow using short-lived tracers and emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 4:28-34.
3. 10C carbon dioxide for the use as a PET tracer. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 52:899-903.
4. Andersen RA, Buneo CA. (2002) Intentional maps in posterior parietal cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 25:189-220.
5. Andersen RA. Mountcastle VB. (1983) The influence of the angle of gaze upon the excitability of the light-sensitive neurons of the posterior parietal cortex. J Neurosci 3:532-548.
6. Anderson TJ, Jenkins IH, Brooks DJ, Hawken MB, Frackowiak RS, Kennard C. (1994) Cortical control of saccades and fixation in man. A PET study. Brain 117:1073-1084.
7. Ashtari M, Perrine K, Elbaz R, Syed U, Thaden E, McIlree C, Dolgoff-Kaspar R, Clarke T, Diamond A, Ettinger A. (2005) Mapping the functional anatomy of sentence comprehension and application to presurgical evaluation of patients with brain tumor. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26:1461-1468.
8. Astrup J, Siesjo BK, Symon L. (1991) Thresholds in cerebral ischemia - the ischemic penumbra. Stroke 12:723-725.
9. Balint R. (1909) Seelenlähmung des "Schauen", optische Ataxie, räumliche Störung der Aufmerksamkeit. Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurolologie 25:51-81.
10. Balslev D, Christensen LO, Lee JH, Law I, Paulson OB, Miall RC. (2004) Enhanced accuracy in novel mirror drawing after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced proprioceptive deafferentation. J Neurosci 24:9698-9702.
11. Balslev D, Nielsen FA, Frutiger SA, Sidtis JJ, Christiansen TB, Svarer C, Strother SC, Rottenberg DA, Hansen LK, Paulson OB, Law I. (2002) Cluster analysis of activity-time series in motor learning. Hum Brain Mapp 15:135-145.
12. Baron JC. (1999) Mapping the ischaemic penumbra with PET: implications for acute stroke treatment. Cerebrovasc Dis 9:193-201.
13. Baumert BG, Lomax AJ, Miltchev V, Davis JB. (2001) A comparison of dose distributions of proton and photon beams in stereotactic conformal radiotherapy of brain lesions. Int J Radial Oncol Biol Phys 49: 1439-1449.
14. Beauchamp MS, Petit L, Ellmore TM, Ingeholm J, Haxby JV. (2001) A parametric fMRI study of overt and covert shifts of visuospatial attention. Neuroimage 14:310-321.
15. Binder JR, Swanson SJ, Hammeke TA, Morris GL, Mueller WM, Fischer M, Benbadts S, Frost JA, Rao SM, Haughton VM. (1996) Determination of language dominance using functional MRI: a comparison with the Wada test. Neurology 46:978-984.
16. Blakemore SJ, Sirigu A. (2003) Action prediction in the cerebellum and in the parietal lobe. Exp Brain Res 153:239-245.
17. Blinkenberg M, Bonde C, Holm S, Svarer C, Andersen J, Paulson OB, Law I. (1996) Rate dependence of regional cerebral activation during performance of a repetitive motor task: a PET study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 16:794-803.
18. Bodis-Wollner I, Bucher SF, Seelos KC. (1999) Cortical activation patterns during voluntary blinks and voluntary saccades. Neurology 53:1800-1805.
19. Bodis-Wollner I, Bucher SF, Seelos KC, Paulus W, Reiser M, Oertel WH. (1997) Functional MRI mapping of occipital and frontal cortical activity during voluntary and imagined saccades. Neurology 49:416-420.
20. Bolwig TG, Lassen NA. (1975) The diffusion permeability to water of the rat blood-brain barrier. Acta Physiol Scand 93:415-422.
21. Born AP, Law I, Lund TE, Rostrup E, Hanson LG, Wildschiodtz G, Lou HC, Paulson OB. (2002) Cortical Deactivation Induced by Visual Stimulation in Human Slow-Wave Sleep. Neuroimage 17:1325-1335.
22. Bristow D, Frith C, Rees G. (2005) Two distinct neural effects of blinking on human visual processing. Neuroimage 27:136-145.
23. Broca P. (1861) Remarques sur le siege de la faculté du langage articulé, suivies d'une observation d'aphémle. Bull Soc Anthropol Paris 6:330-357.
24. Buchel C, Wise RJS, Mummery CJ, Pollne JB, Friston KJ. (1996) Nonlinear regression in parametric activation studies. Neuroimage 4:60-66.
25. Bundesen C, Larsen A, Kyllingsbaek S, Paulson OB. Law I. (2002) Attentional effects in the visual pathways: a whole-brain PET study, Exp Brain Res 147:394-406.
26. Burr DC, Morrone MC, Ross J. (1994) Selective suppression of the magnocellular visual pathway during saccadic eye movements. Nature 371:511-513.
27. Callan AM, Callan DE, Masaki S. (2005) When meaningless symbols become letters: Neural activity change in learning new phonograms. Neuroimage 28:553-562.
28. Chao ST, Suh JH, Raja S, Lee SY, Barnett G. (2001) The sensitivity and specificity of FDG PET in distinguishing recurrent brain tumor from radionecrosis in patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. Int J Cancer 96;191-197.
29. Cherry SR, Dahlbom M, Hoffman EJ. (1991) 3D PET using a conventional multislice tomograph without sepia. J Comput Assist Tomogr 15:655-668.
30. Cherry SR. Woods RP. Doshi NK. Banerjee PK, Mazziotta JC. (1995) Improved signal-to-noise in PET activation studies using switched paradigms. J Nucl Med 36:307-314.
31. Cherry SR, Woods RP, Hoffman EJ, Mazziorta JC. (1993) Improved detection of focal cerebral blood flow changes using three-dimensional positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 13:630-638.
32. Clarke S, Miklossy J. (1990) Occipital cortex in maN: organization of callosal connections, related myelo- and cytoarchitecture, and putative boundaries of functional visual areas. J Comp Neurol 298:188-214.
33. Colby CL, Goldberg ME. (1999) Space and attention in parietal cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 22:319-349.
34. Corbetta M. (1998) Frontoparietal cortical networks for directing attention and the eye to visual locations: identical, independent, or overlapping neural systems? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:831-838.
35. Corbetta M, Akbudak E, Conturo TE, Snyder AZ, Ollinger JM, Drury HA, Linenweber MR, Petersen SE, Raichle ME, Van Essen DC, Shulman GL. (1998) A common network of functional areas for attention and eye movements. Neuron 21:761-773.
36. Corbetta M, Miezin FM, Shulman GL, Petersen SE. (1993) A PET study of visuospatial attention. J Neurosci 13:1202-1226.
37. Corbetta M, Shulman GL. (2002) Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 3:201-215.
38. Dang-Vu TT, Desseilles M, Laureys S, Degueldre C, Perrin F, Phillips C, Maquet P, Peigneux P. (2005) Cerebral correlates of delta waves during non-REM sleep revisited. Neuroimage 28:14-21.
39. de Jong BM, van der Graaf FH, Paans AM. (2001) Brain activation related to the representations of external space and body scheme in visuomotor control. Neuroimage 14:1128-1135.
40. Dechent P, Frahm J. (2003) Characterization of the human visual V6 complex by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Neurosci 17:2201-2211.
41. DeGrado TR, Turkington TG, Williams JJ, Stearns CW, Hoffman JM, Coleman RE. (1994) Performance characteristics of a whole-body PET scanner. J Nucl Med 35:1398-1406.
42. Dejardin S, Dubois S, Bodart JM, Schiltz C, Delinte A, Michel C, Roucoux A, Crommelinck M. (1998) PET study of human voluntary saccadic eye movements in darkness: effect of task repetition on the activation pattern. Eur J Neurosci 10:2328-2336.
43. Dejerine J. (1891) Sur un cas de cécite verbale avec agraphie, suivi d'autopsie. C. R. Soc de Biologie 3:197-201.
44. Demonet J, Chollet F, Ramsay S, Cardebat D, Nespoulous J, Wise R, Rascol A, Frackowiak R. (1992) The anatomy of phonological and semantic processing in normal subjects, Brain 115:1753-1768.
45. Demonet JF, Fiez JA, Paulesu E, Petersen SE, Zatorre RJ. (1996) PET Studies of Phonological Processing: A Critical Reply to Poeppel. Brain Lang 55:352-379.
46. Demonet JF, Price C, Wise R, Frackowiak RS. (1994) Differential activation of right and left posterior sylvian regions by semantic and phonological tasks: a positron-emission tomography study in normal human subjects. Neurosci Lett 182:25-28.
47. Devlin JT, Matthews PM, Rushworth MF. (2003) Semantic processing in the left inferior prefrontal cortex: a combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation study. J Cogn Neurosci 15:71-84.
48. DeYoe EA, Carman GJ, Bandettini P, Glickman S, Wieser J, Cox R, Miller D, Neitz J. (1996) Mapping striate and extrastriate visual areas in human cerebral cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:2382-2386.
49. Dhawan V, Kazumata K, Robeson W, Belakhlef A, Margouleff C, Chaly T, Nakamura T, Dahl R, Margouleff D, Eidelberg D. (1998) Quantitative Brain PET. Comparison of 2D and 3D Acquisitions on the GE Advance Scanner. Clin Positron Imaging 1:135-144.
50. Duhamel JR, Bremmer F, BenHamed S, Graf W. (1997) Spatial invariance of visual receptive fields in parietal cortex neurons. Nature 389:845-848.
51. Duhamel JR, Colby CL, Goldberg ME. (1992a) The updating of the representation of visual space in parietal cortex by intended eye movements. Science 255:90-92.
52. Duhamel JR, Goldberg ME, Fitzgibbon EJ, Sirigu A, Grafman J. (1992b) Saccadic dysmetria in a patient with a right frontoparietal lesion. The importance of corollary discharge for accurate spatial behaviour. Brain 115:1387-1402.
53. Eichling JO, Raichle ME, Grubb R, Jr., Ter-Pogossian MM. (1974) Evidence of the limitations of water as a freely diffusible tracer in brain of the rhesus monkey. Circ Res 35:358-364.
54. Fiez JA, Petersen SE. (1998) Neuroimaging studies of word reading. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:914-921.
55. Fink GR, Markowitsch HJ, Reinkemeier M, Bruckbauer T, Kessler J, Heiss WD. (1996) Cerebral representation of one's own past: neural networks involved in autobiographical memory. J Neurosci 16:4275-4282.
56. Fox PT, Raichle ME. (1985) Stimulus rate determines regional brain blood flow in striate cortex. Ann Neurol 17:303-305.
57. Friberg L, Lassen NA. (1991) Language and the cerebral hemispheres: Impact of stimulus relevance and absence of laterized activation response as revealed by rCBF studies. In: Brain work and mental activity. Quantitative studies with radioactive tracers (Lassen NA, Ingvar DH, Raichle ME et al., eds), Copenhagen: Munksgaard, pp 294-308.
58. Fried I, Nenov VI, Ojemann SG, Woods RP. (1995) Functional MR and PET imaging of rolandic and visual cortices for neurosurgical planning. J Neurosurg 83:854-861.
59. Friis ML, Paulson OB, Hertz MM. (1980) Carbon dioxide permeability of the blood-brain barrier in man. The effect of acetazolamide. Microvasc Res 20:71-80.
60. Frith CD. (1992) The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Hove, USA: LEA.
61. Frith CD, Blakemore S, Wolpert DM. (2000) Explaining the symptoms of schizophrenia: abnormalities in the awareness of action. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 31:357-363.
62. Fujimaki N, Miyauchi S, Putz B, Sasaki Y, Takino R, Sakai K, Tamada T. (1999) Functional magnetic resonance imaging of neural activity related to orthographic, phonological, and lexico-semantic judgments of visually presented characters and words. Hum Brain Mapp 8:44-59.
63. Fujita H, Meyer E, Reutens DC, Kuwabara H, Evans AC, Gjedde A. (1997) Cerebral [(15)O] water clearance in humans determined by positron emission tomography: II. Vascular responses to vibrotactile stimulation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 17:173-79.
64. Fukushima J, Fukushima K, Morita N, Yamashita I. (1990) Further analysis of the control of voluntary saccadic eye movements in schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 28:943-958.
65. Gaillard WD, Balsamo L, Xu B, McKinney C, Papero PH, Weinstein S, Conry J, Pearl PL, Sachs B, Sato S, Vezina LG, Frattali C, Theodore WH. (2004) fMRI language task panel improves determination of language dominance. Neurology 63:1403-1408.
66. Galletti C, Battaglini P. (1989) Gaze-dependent visual neurons in area V3A of monkey prestriate cortex. J Neurosci 9:1112-1125.
67. Gattetti C, Battaglini PP, Fattori P. (1991) Functional properties of neurons in the anterior bank of the parieto-occipital sulcus of the macaque monkey. Eur J Neurosci 3:452-461.
68. Galletti C, Battaglini PP, Fattori P. (1993) Cortical mechanisms of visual space representation. Biomed Res Japan 4.
69. Galletti C, Battaglini PP, Fattori P. (1995) Eye position influence on the parieto-occipital area PO (V6) of the macaque monkey. Eur J Neurosci 7:2486-2501.
70. Gambhir SS, Huang SC, Hawkins RA, Phelps ME. (1987) A study of the single compartment tracer kinetic model for the measurement of local cerebral blood flow using 15O-water and positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:13-20.
71. Gerlach C, Aaside CT, Humphreys GW, Gade A, Paulson OB, Law I. (2002a) Brain activity related to integrative processes in visual object recognition: bottom-up integration and the modulatory influence of stared knowledge. Neuropsychologia 40:1254-1267.
72. Gerlach C, Law I, Gade A, Paulson OB. (1999) Perceptual differentiation and category effects in normal object recognition: a PET study, Brain 122:2159-2170.
73. Gerlach C, Law I, Gade A, Paulson OB. (2000) Categorization and category effects in normal object recognition. A PET Study. Neuropsychologia 38:1693-1703.
74. Gerlach C, Law I, Gade A, Paulson OB. (2002b) The role of action knowledge in the comprehension of artefacts-a PET study. Neuroimage 15:143-152.
75. Gerlach C, Law I, Paulson OB. (2002c) When action turns into words. Activation of motor-based knowledge during categorization of manipulable objects. J Cogn Neurosci 14:1230-1239.
76. Gerlach C, Law I, Paulson OB. (2004) Structural similarity and category-specificity: a refined account. Neuropsychologia 42:1543-1553.
77. Geschwind N. (1965) Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. II. Brain 88:585-644.
78. Colby AJ, Poldrack RA, Illes J, Chen D, Desmond JE, Gabrieli JD. (2002) Memory lateralization in medial temporal lobe epilepsy assessed by functional MRI. Epilepsia 43:855-863.
79. Grabowski TJ, Damasio AR. (2000) Investgating language with functional neuroimaging. In: Brain mapping. The systems (Toga AW, Mazziotta JC, Frackowiak RSJ, eds), San Diego: Academic Press, pp 425-461.
80. Grafton ST, Salidis J, Willingham DB. (2001) Motor learning of compatible and incompatible visuomotor maps. J Cogn Neurosci 13:217-231.
81. Gregory RL. (1958) Eye movements and the stability of the visual world. Nature 182:1214-1216.
82. Gregory RL. (1977) Eye and brain. The psychology of seeing. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
83. Guitton D, Buchtel HA, Douglas RM. (1985) Frontal lobe lesions in man cause difficulties in suppressing reflexive glances and in generating goal-directed saccades. Exp Brain Res 58:455-472.
84. Hallett PE, Lightstone AD. (1976) Saccadic eye movements to flashed targets. Vision Res 16:107-114.
85. Hatazawa J, Fujita H, Kanno I. Satoh T, Iida H, Miura S, Murakami M, Okudera T, Inugami A, Ogawa T, et a. (1995) Regional cerebral blood flow, blood volume, oxygen extraction fraction, and oxygen utilization rate in normal volunteers measured by the autoradiographic technique and the single breath inhalation method. Ann Nucl Med 9:15-21.
86. Haxby IV, Grady CL, Horwitz B, Ungerleider LC, Mishkin M, Carson RE, Herscovitch P, Schapiro MB, Rapoport SI. (1991) Dissociation of object and spatial visual processing pathways in human extrastriate cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88:1621-1625.
87. Heide W, Blankenburg M, Zimmermann E, Kompf D. (1995) Cortical control of double-step saccades: implications for spatial orientation. Ann Neurol 38:739-748.
88. Henke K, Treyer V, Weber B, Nitsch RM, Hock C, Wieser HG, Buck A. (2003) Functional neuroimaging predicts individual memory outcome after amygdalohippocampectomy. Neuroreport 14:1197-1202.
89. Herbster AN, Mintum MA, Nebes RD, Becker JT. (1997) Regional cerebral blood flow during word and nonword reading. Hum Brain Mapp 5:84-92.
90. Herholz K, Reulen HJ, von Stockhausen HM, Thiel A, Iimberger J, Kessler J, Eisner W, Yousry TA, Heiss WD. (1997) Preoperative activation and intraoperative stimulation of language- related areas in patients with glioma. Neurosurgery 41:1253-1260; discussion 1260-1252.
91. Herholz K, Salmon E, Petard D, Baron JC, Holthoff V, Frolich L, Schonknecht P, Ito K, Mielke R, Kalbe F, Zundorf G, Delbeuck X, Pelati O, Anchisi D, Fazio F, Kerrouche N, Desgranges B, Eustache F, Beuthien-Baumann B, Menzel C, Schroder J, Kato T, Arahata Y, Henze M, Heiss WD. (2002) Discrimination between Alzheimer dementia and controls by automated analysis of multicenter FDG PET. Neuroimage 17:302-316.
92. Herscovitch P, Markham J, Raichle ME. (1983) Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H2(15)O. I. Theory and error analysis. J Nucl Med 24:782-789.
93. Herscovitch P, Raichle ME. (1985) What is the correct value for the brain-- blood partition coefficient for water? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5:65-69.
94. Herscovitch P, Raichle ME, Kilbourn MR, Welch MJ. (1997) Positron emission tomographic measurement of cerebral blood flow and permeability- surface area product of water using [15O]water and [11C]butanol. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:527-542.
95. Hoffman EJ, Huang SC, Phelps ME. (1979) Quantitation in positron emission computed tomography: 1. Effect of object size. J Comput Assist Tomogr 3:299-308.
96. Holm S, Jensen M, Nickles RJ. (1999) Effective dose of Carbon-10 dioxide: A new tracer for PET. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 19:S833.
97. 15O bolus injection. In: Quantification of brain function using PET (Myers R CV, Bailey D, Jones T, ed), San Diego: Academic Press, pp 93-97.
98. Horwitz B, Rumsey JM, Donohue BC. (1998) Functional connectivity of the angular gyrus in normal reading and dyslexia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:8939-8944.
99. Hougaard K, Hansen A, Brodersen P. (1974) The effect of ketamine on regional cerebral blood flow in man. Anesthesiology 41:562-567.
100. Huang SC, Carson RE, Hoffman EJ, Carson J, MacDonald N, Barrio JR, Phelps ME. (1983) Quantitative measurement of local cerebral blood flow in humans by positron computed tomography ind 150-water. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3:141-153.
101. Hugdahl K, Bronnick K, Kyllingsbaek S, Law I, Gade A, Paulson OB. (1999) Brain activation during dichotic presentations of consonant-vowel and musical instrument stimuli: a 15O-PET study. Neuropsychologia 37:431-440.
102. Hugdahl K, Law L, Kyllingsbaek S, Bronnick K, Gade A, Paulson OB. (2000) Effects of attention on dichotic listening: an 15O-PET study. Hum Brain Mapp 10:87-97.
103. Humphreys GW, Kyllingsbaek S, Watson DG, Olivers CN, Law I, Paulson OB. (2004) Parieto-occipital areas involved in efficient filtering in search: a time course analysis of visual marking using behavioural and functional imaging procedures. QJ Exp Psychol A 57:610-635.
104. Høedt-Rasmussen K. (1967) Regional cerebral blood flow. The intra-arterial injection method: University of Copenhagen.
105. Høedt-Rasmussen K, Skinhoj E. (1966) In vivo measurements of the relative weights of gray and white matter in the human brain. Neurology 16:515-520.
106. ICRP. (1998) Radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals (addendum 2 to ICRP publication 53). Ann ICRP 28:1-126.
107. Iida H, Higano S, Tomura N, Shishido F, Kanno I, Miura S, Murakami M, Takahashi K, Sasaki H, Uemura K. (1988) Evaluation of regional differences of tracer appearance time in cerebral tissues using water and dynamic positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 8:285-288.
108. Iida H, Kanno I, Miura S. (1991) Rapid measurement of cerebral blood flow with positron emission tomography. Ciba Found Symp 163:23-37.
109. Iida H, Kanno I, Miura S, Murakami M, Takahashi K, Uemura K. (1986) Error analysis of a quantitative cerebral blood flow measurement using H2(15)O autoradiography and positron emission tomography, with respect to the dispersion of the input function. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 6:536-545.
110. Iida H, Kanno I, Miura S, Murakami M, Takahashi K, Uemura K. (1989) A determination of the regional brain/blood partition coefficient of water using dynamic positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 9:874-885.
111. Iida H, Miura S. Shoji Y, Ogawa T, Kado H, Narita Y, Hatazawa J, Eberl S, Kanno I, Uemura K. (1998) Noninvasive quantitation of cerebral blood flow using oxygen-15-water and a dual-PET system. J Nucl Med 39:1789-1798.
112. Ingvar DH, Risberg J. (1965) Influence of mental activity upon regional cerebral blood flow in man. A preliminary study. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 14:193-186.
113. Ito H, Ibaraki M, Kanno I, Fukuda H, Miura S. (2005) Changes in the arterial fraction of human cerebral blood volume during hypercapnia and hypocapnia measured by positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab.
114. Ito H, Kanno I, Iida H, Hatazawa J, Shimosegawa E, Tamura H, Okudera T. (2001) Arterial fraction of cerebral blood volume in humans measured by positron emission tomography. Ann Nucl Med 15:111-116.
115. Iwata M. (1984) Kanji versus Kana. Neuropsychological correlates of the Japanese writing system. Trends Neurosci 7:290-293.
116. Janszky J, Jokeit H. Kontopoulou K, Mertens M, Ebner A, Pohlmann-Eden B, Woermann FG. (2005) Functional MRI predicts memory performance after right mesiotemporal epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia 46:244-250.
117. Jensen M, Nickles RJ, Holm S. (1998) Carbon-10: A new tracer for human brain mapping with PET. Neuroimage. 7:S630.
118. Jernigan TL, Ostergaard AL, Law I, Svarer C, Gerlach C, Paulson OB. (1998) Brain activation during word identification and word recognition. Neuroimage 8:93-105.
119. Jessen F, Erb M. Klose U, Lotze M, Grodd W, Heun R. (1999) Activation of human language processing brain regions after the presentation of random letter strings demonstrated with event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosci Lett 270:13-16.
120. 15O dose and data acquisition in three-dimensional activation studies using an ECAT EXACT HR-47 PET camera and voxel-by-voxel t-statistic. In: Quantitative functional brain imaging with positron emission tomography (Carson RE, Daube-Witherspoon ME, Herschovitch P, eds), London: Academic press, pp 41-44.
121. Kanno I, Iida H, Miura S, Murakami M. (1991) Optimal scan time of oxygen-15-labeled water injection method for measurement of cerebral blood flow. J Nucl Med 32:1931-1934.
122. 15O autoradiographic method and positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:143-153.
123. Kanno I, Lassen NA. (1979) Two methods for calculating regional cerebral blood flow from emission computed tomography of inert gas concentrations. J Comput Assist Tomogr 3:71-76.
124. Kaplan AM, Bandy DJ, Manwaring KH, Chen K, Lawson MA, Moss SD, Duncan JD, Wodrich DL, Schnur JA, Reiman EM. (1999) Functional brain mapping using positron emission tomography scanning in preoperative neurosurgical planning for pediatric brain tumors. J Neurosurg 91:797-903.
125. Kawahata N, Nagata K, Shishido F. (1988) Alexia with agraphia due to the left posterior inferior temporal lobe lesion - neuropsychological analysis and its pathogenetic mechanisms. Brain Lang 33:296-310.
126. Kawamura M, Hirayama K, Hasegawa K, Takahashi N, Yamaura A. (1987) Alexia with agraphia of kanji (Japanese morphograms). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50:1125-1129.
127. Kawamura M. Hirayama K, Yamamoto H. (1989) Different interhemispheric transfer of kanji and kana writing evidenced by a case with left unilateral agraphia without apraxia. Brain 112: 1011-1018.
128. Kety S. (1951) The theory and applications of the exchange of inert gas at the lung and tissues. Pharmacol Rev 3:1-41.
129. Kety S. (1960) Measurement of local blood flow by the exchange of inert, diffusible substances. Methods Med Res 8:228-236.
130. Kiyosawa M, Itoh M, Nakagawa Y, Kobayashi N, Tamai M. (1995) Effect of kanji and kana reading on cerebral blood flow patterns measured by PET. Jpn J Ophthalmol 39:198-205.
131. Kjaer TW, Law I, Wittschiotz G, Paulson OB, Madsen PL. (2002) Regional cerebral blood flow during light sleep - a H(2) (15) O-PET Study. J Sleep Res 11:201-207.
132. Koeppe RA, Holden JE, Ip WR. (1995) Performance comparison of parameter estimation techniques for the quantitation of local cerebral blood flow by dynamic positron computed tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5:224-234.
133. Lappe M, Awater H, Krekelberg B. (2000) Postsaccadic visual references generate presaccadic compression of space. Nature 403:892-895.
134. Larsen A, Bundesen C, Kyllingsbaek S, Paulson OB, Law I. (2000) Brain activation during mental transformation of size. J Cogn Neurosci 12:763-774.
135. Larsen A, Kyllingsback S. Law I, Bundesen C. (2005) Activation in the MT-complex during visual perception of apparent motion and temporal succession. Nouropsychologia 43:1060-1071.
136. Lassen NA. (1990) Pathophysiology of brain ischemia as it relates to the therapy of acute ischemic stroke. Clin Neuropharmacol 13 Suppl 3:S1-8.
137. Lassen NA, Ingvar DH, Skinhoj E. (1978) Brain function and blood flow. Sci Am 239:62-71.
138. Law I. (1997) Saccadic eye movements. A functional brain mapping approach. In: Medical faculty, Copenhagen: Copenhagen University.
139. Law J, Roach RC, Olsen NV, Holm S, Nowak M, Hornbein TF, Paulson OB. (2002) Oxygen delivery to the brain during behavioral activation at acute normobaric hypoxemia. In: Brain activation and CBF control. Excerpta Medica. International Congress Series nr 1235 (Tomita M, Kanno I, Hamel E, eds): Elsevier Science, p 87-98.
140. Leblanc R, Meyer E. (1990) Functional PET scanning in the assessment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Case report. J Neurosurg 73:615-619.
141. Leblanc R, Meyer E, Bub D, Zatorre RJ, Evans AC. (1992) Language localization with activation positron emission tomography scanning. Neurosurgery 31:369-373.
142. Leblanc R, Meyer E, Zatorre R, Tampieri D, Evans A. (1995) Functional PET scanning in the preoperative assessment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Stereotactic Funct Neurosurg 65:1-4.
143. Lee HS, Fujii T, Okuda J, Tsukiura T, Umetsu A, Suzuki M, Nagasaka T, Takahashi S, Yamadori A. (2003) Changes in brain activation patterns associated with learning of Korean words by Japanese: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 20: 1-11.
144. Lei H, Grinberg O, Nwaigwe CI, Hou HG, Williams H, Swartz HM, Dunn JF. (2001) The effects of ketamine-xylazine anesthesia on cerebral blood flow and oxygenation observed using nuclear magnetic resonance perfusion imaging and electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry. Brain Res 913:174-179.
145. Lewellen TK, Kohlmyer SG, Miyaoka RS, Kaplan MS, Stearns CW, Schubert SF. (1996) Investigation of the performance of the general electric ADVANCE positron emission tomograph in 3D mode. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 43:2199-2206.
146. Loring DW, Lee GP, Meador KJ, Flanigin HF, Smith JR, Figueroa RE, Martin RC. (1990) The intracarotid amobarbital procedure as a predictor of memory failure following unilateral temporal lobectomy. Neurology 40:605-610.
147. Lou HC, Kjaer TW, Friberg L, Wildschiodtz G, Holm S, Nowak M. (1999) A 150-H20 PET study of meditation and the resting state of normal consciousness. Hum Brain Mapp 7:98-105.
148. Martin A, Wiggs CL, Ungerleider LG, Haxby JV. (1996) Neural correlates of category-specific knowledge. Nature 379:649-652.
149. Martinez-Conde S, Macknik SL, Hubel DH. (2004) The role of fixational eye movements in visual perception. Nat Rev Neurosci 5:229-240.
150. Matthew E, Andreason P, Carson RE, Herscovitch P, Pettigrew K, Cohen R, King C, Johanson CE, Paul SM. (1993) Reproducibility of resting cerebral blood flow measurements with H2(15)O positron emission tomography in humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 13:748-754.
151. Mazziotta JC, Phelps ME, Miller J, Kuhl DE. (1981a) Tomographic mapping of human cerebral metabolism: normal unstimulated state. Neurology 31:503-516.
152. Mazziotta JC, Phelps ME, Plummer D. Kuhl DE. (1981b) Quantitation in positron emission computed tomography: 5. Physical - anatomical effects. J Comput Assist Tomogr 5:734-743.
153. McClelland JL, Rumelhart DE. (1981) An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 1. An account of the basic findings. Psychol Rev 88:375-407.
154. Mechelli A, Gorno-Tempini ML, Price CJ. (2003) Neuroimaging studies of word and pseudoword reading: consistencies, inconsistencies, and limitations. J Cogn Neurosci 15:260-271.
155. Mellet E, Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Bricogne S, Mazoyer B, Kosslyn SM, Denis M. (2000) Functional anatomy of high-resolution visual mental imagery. J Cogn Neurosci 12:98-109.
156. Mesulam M. (1990) Large-scale neurocognitive networks and distributed processing for attention, language, and memory. Ann Neurol 28:597-613.
157. Mishkin M, Ungerleider LG, Macko KA, (1983) Object vision and spatial vision: two cortical pathways. Trends Neurosci 6:414-417.
158. Moster ML, Goldberg G. (1990) Topography of scalp potentials preceding self-initiated saccades. Neurology 40:644-648.
159. Mountcastle VB, Lynch JC, Georgopoulos A, Sakata H, Acuna C. (1975) Posterior parietal association cortex of the monkey: command functions for operations within extrapersonal space. J Neurophysiol 38:871-908.
160. Mueller WM, Yetkin FZ, Hammeke TA, Morris GL, 3rd, Swanson SJ, Reichert K, Cox R, Haughton VM. (1996) Functional magnetic resonance imaging mapping of the motor cortex in patients with cerebral tumors. Neurosurgery 39:515-520: discussion 520-511.
161. Nakamura K, Honda M, Hirano S, Oga T, Sawamoto N, Hanakawa T, Inoue H, Ito J. Matsuda T, Fukuyama H, Shibasaki H. (2002) Modulation of the visual word retrieval system in writing: a functional MRI study on the Japanese orthographies. J Cogn Neurosci 14:104-115.
162. Nakamura K, Honda M, Okada T, Hanakawa T, Toma K, Fukuyama H, Konishi J, Shibasaki H. (2000) Participation of the left posterior inferior temporal cortex in writing and mental recall of kanji orthography: A functional MRI study. Brain 123 (Pi 5):954-967.
163. Nickles RJ, Jensen M, Holm S. (1998) Carbon - 10 dioxide: Reviving steady state PET imaging of rCBF. J Nucl Med 39:131P.
164. Nobre AC, Sebestyen GN, Gitelman DR, Mesulam MM, Frackowiak RS, Frith CD. (1997) Functional localization of the system for visuospatial attention using positron emission tomography. Brain 120 (Pt 3):515-533,
165. Nour S, Svarer C, Kristensen JK, Paulson OB, Law I. (2000) Cerebral activation during micturition in normal men. Brain 123:781-789.
166. Nowak M, Olsen KS, Law I, Holm S, Paulson OB, Secher NH. (1999) Command-related distribution of regional cerebral blood flow during attempted handgrip. J Appl Physiol 86:819-824.
167. O'Sullivan EP, Jenkins IH, Henderson L, Kennard C, Brooks DJ. (1995) The functional anatomy of remembered saccades: a PET study. Neuroreport 6:2141-2144.
168. Ohta S, Meyer E, Fujita H, Reutens DC, Evans A, Gjedde A. (1996) Cerebral [(15)0]water clearance in humans determined by PET: I. Theory and normal values. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 16:765-780.
169. Ojemann JG, Neil JM, MacLeod AM, Silbergeld DL, Dacey RG, Jr., Petersen
170. Oster S, Christoffersen P, Gundersen HJ, Nielsen JO, Pakkenberg B, Pedersen C. (1993) Cerebral atrophy in AIDS: a stereological study. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 85:617-622.
171. Pardo JV, Fox PT. (1993) Preoperative assessment of the cerebral hemispheric dominance for language with CBF PET. Human Brain Mapping 1:57-68.
172. Paulesu E, Frith CD, Frackovlak RS. (1993) The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory. Nature 362:342-345.
173. Paulesu E, McCrory E, Fazio F, Menencello, L, Brunswick N, Cappa SF, Cotelli, M, Cossu G, Corte F, Lorusso, M, Pesenti S, Gallagher A, Perani D, Price C, Frith CD, Frith U. (2000) A cultural effect on brain function. Nat Neurosci 3:91-96.
174. Paulson OB, Hertz MM, Bolwig TG, Lassen NA. (1977) Filtration and diffusion of water across the blood-brain barrier in man. Microvasc Res 13:113-124.
175. Paus T, Jech R, Thompson CJ, Comeau R, Peters T. Evans AC. (1997) Transcranial magnetic stimulation during positron emission tomography: a new method for studying connectivity of the human cerebral cortex. J Neurosci 17:3178-3184.
176. Paus T. Kalina M, Patockova L, Angerova Y. Cerny R, Mecir P. Bauer J, Krabec P. (1991) Medial vs lateral frontal lobe lesions and differential impairment of central-gaze fixation maintenance in man. Brain 114:2051-2067.
177. Pawlik G, Fink G, Bauer B, Neubauer I, Iffland R, Wienhard K, Heiss W. (1993) Effect of tracer metabolism and diffusibility on dynamic and auto-radiographic PET measurements of rCBF in ischemic cerebrovascular discase: 15-O-butanol versus 15-O-water. In: Quantification of brain function. Tracer kinetics and image analysis in brain PET. (Uemura K, Lassen NA, Jones T et al., eds), Akita, Japan: Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 89-97.
178. Perenin MT, Vighetto A. (1988) Optic ataxia: a specific disruption in visuomotor mechanisms. I. Different aspects of the deficit in reaching for objects. Brain 111:643-674.
179. Perry RJ, Zeki S. (2000) The neurology of saccades and covert shifts in spatial attention: an event-related fMRI study. Brain 123 (Pt 11):2273-2288.
180. Petersen SE, Fox PT, Posner MI, Minton M, Raichle ME. (1988) Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single-word processing. Nature 331:585-589.
181. Petersen SE, Fox PT, Posner MI, Mintun M, Raichle ME. (1989) Positron emission tomographic studies of the processing of single words. Jour Cogn Neurosc 1:153-170.
182. Petit L, Beauchamp MS. (2003) Neural basis of visually guided head movements studied with fMRI. J Neurophysiol 89:2516-2527.
183. Petit L, Dubois S, Tzourio N, Dejardin S, Crivello F, Michel C, Etard O, Denise P, Roucoux A, Mazoyer B. (1999) PET study of the human foveal fixation system. Hum Brain Mapp 8:28-43.
184. Petit L, Orssaud C, Tzourio N, Crivello F, Berthoz A, Mazoyer B. (1996) Functional anatomy of a prelearned sequence of horizontal saccades in humans. J Neurosci 16:3714-3726.
185. Petit L, Orssaud C, Tzourio N, Salamon G, Mazoyer B, Berthoz A. (1993) PET study of voluntary saccadic eye movements in humans: basal ganglia-thalamocortical system and cingulate cortex involvement. J Neurophysiol 69:1009-1017.
186. Poeppel D. (1996) A critical review of PET studies of phonological processing. Brain Lang 55:317-351.
187. Poline JB, Vandenberghe R, Holmes AP, Friston KJ, Frackowiak-RSJ. (1996) Reproducibility of PET activation studies: Lessons from a multi-center European experiment. EU concerted action on functional imaging. Neuroimage 4:34-54.
188. Price CJ. (2000) The anatomy of language: contributions from functional neuroimaging. J Anat 197 Pt 3:335-359.
189. Price CJ, Moore CJ, Frackowiak-RSJ. (1996a) The effect of varying stimulus rate and duration on brain activity during reading. Neuroimage 3:40-52.
190. Price CJ, Wise RJ, Frackowiak RS. (1996b) Demonstrating the implicit processing of visually presented words and pseudowords. Cereb Cortex 6:62-70.
191. Pugh KR, Shaywitz BA, Shaywitz SE, Constable RT, Skudlarski P, Fulbright RK, Bronen RA, Shankweiler DP, Katz L, Fletcher JM, Gore JC. (1996) Cerebral organization of component processes in reading. Brain 119 (Pt 4):1221-1238.
192. Quarles RP, Minton MA, Larson KB, Markham J, MacLeod AM, Raichle ME. (1993) Measurement of regional cerebral blood flow with positron emission tomography: a comparison of [15O]water to [11C] butanol with distributed-parameter and compartmental models. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 13:733-747.
193. Raichle ME. (2000) A brief history of human functional brain mapping. In: Brain mapping. The systems (Toga AW, Mazziotta JC, Frackowiak RSJ, eds), San Diego: Academic Press, p 33-75.
194. Raichle ME, Martin WR, Herscovitch P, Mintun MA, Markham J. (1983) Brain blood How measured with intravenous H2(15)O. IL Implementation and validation. J Nucl Med 24:790-798.
195. Regeur L, Jensen GB, Pakkenberg H, Evans SM, Pakkenberg B. (1994) No global neocortical nerve cell loss in brains from patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. Neurobiol Aging 15:347-352.
196. Reivich M, Jehle J, Sokoloff L, Kety SS. (1969) Measurement of regional cerebral blood flow with antipyrine-14C in awake cats. J Appl Physiol 27:296-300.
197. Roland E, Larsen B. (1976) Focal increase of cerebral blood flow during stereognostic testing in man. Arch Neurol 33:551-558.
198. Roland PE, Skinhoj E, Larsen B, Lassen NA. (1977) The role of different cortical areas in the organization of voluntary movements in man. A regional cerebral blood flow study. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 64:542-543.
199. Ross J, Morrone MC, Burr DC. (1997) Compression of visual space before saccades. Nature 386:598-601.
200. Rossetti Y, Pisella L, Vighetto A. (2003) Optic ataxia revisited: visually guided action versus immediate visuomotor control. Exp Brain Res 153:171-179.
201. Rostrup E, Knudsen GM, Law I, Holm S, Larsson HB, Paulson OB. (2005) The relationship between cerebral blood flow and volume in humans. Neuroimage 24: 1-11.
202. Rostrup E, Law I, Blinkenberg M, Larsson HB, Born AP, Holm S, Paulson OB. (2000) Regional Differences in the CBF and BOLD Responses to Hypercapnia: A Combined PET and fMRI Study. Neuroimage 11:87-97.
203. Rostrup E, Law I, Pott F, Ide K, Knudsen GM. (2002) Cerebral hemodynamics measured with simultaneous PET and near-infrared spectroscopy in humans. Brain Res 954:183-193.
204. Roy CS, Sherrington CS. (1890) On the regulation of the blood supply of the brain. J Physiol 11:85-108.
205. Rumsey JM, Horwitz B, Donohue BC, Nace K, Maisog JM, Andreason P. (1997) Phonological and orthographic components of word recognition. A PET-rCBF study. Brain 120 (Pt 5):739-759.
206. Rumsey JM, Horwitz B, Donohue BC, Nace KL, Maisog JM, Andreason P. (1999) A functional lesion in developmental dyslexia: left angular gyral blood flow predicts severity. Brain Lang 70:187-204.
207. Sadato N, Carson RE, Daube-Witherspoon ME, Campbell G, Hallett M, Herscovitch P. (1997) Optimization of noninvasive activation studies with 15O-water and three-dimensional positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 17:732-739.
208. Sakurai Y, Momose T, Iwata M, Sudo Y, Ohtomo K, Kanazawa I. (2000a) Different cortical activity in reading of Kanji words, Kana words and Kana nonwords. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 9:111-115.
209. Sakurai Y, Momose T, Iwata M, Watanabe T, Ishikawa T, Kanazawa I. (1993) Semantic process in kana word reading: activation studies with positron emission tomography. Neuroreport 4:327-330.
210. Sakurai Y, Momose T, Iwata M, Watanabe T, Ishikawa T, Takeda K, Kanazawa I. (1992) Kanji word reading process analysed by positron emission tomography. Neuroreport 3:445-448.
211. Sakurai Y, Sakai K, Sakuta M, Iwata M. (1994) Naming difficulties in alexia with agraphia for kanji after a left posterior inferior temporal lesion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57:609-613.
212. Sakurai Y, Takeuchi S, Takada T, Horiuchi E, Nakase H, Sakuta M. (2000b) Alexia caused by a fusiform or posterior inferior temporal lesion. J Neurol Sci 178:42-51.
213. Salcman M. (1985) Resection and reoperation in neuro-oncology. Rationale and approach. Neurol Clin 3:831-842.
214. Scheuer KH, Nielsen JE, Krabbe K, Simonsen C, Koefoed P, Sorensen SA, Gade A, Paulson OB, Law I. (2005) Reduced regional cerebral blood flow in SPG4-linked hereditary spastic paraplegia. J Neurol Sci 235:23-32.
215. Schiffer D. (2005) Radiotherapy by particle beams (hadrontherapy) of intracranial tumours: a survey on pathology. Neurol Sci 26:5-12.
216. Schiltz C, Bodart JM, Dubois S, Dejardin S, Michel C, Roucoux A, Crommelinck M, Orban GA. (1999) Neuronal mechanisms of perceptual learning: changes in human brain activity with training in orientation discrimination. Neuroimage 9:46-62.
217. Sergent J, Zuck E, Levesque M, MacDonald B. (1992) Positron emission tomography study of letter and object processing: empirical findings and methodological considerations. Cereb Cortex 2:68-80.
218. Silbersweig DA, Stern E, Frith CD, Cahill C, Schnorr L, Grootoonk S, Spinks T, Clark J, Frackowiak R, Jones T. (1993) Detection of thirty-second cognitive activations in single subjects with positron emission tomography: a new low-dose H2(15)O regional cerebral blood flow three-dimensional imaging technique. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 13:617-629.
219. Silbersweig DA, Stern E, Schnorr L, Frith CD, Ashburner J, Cahill C, Frackowiak RS, Jones T. (1994) Imaging transient, randomly occurring neuropsychological events in single subjects with positron emission tomography: an event-related count rate correlational analysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 14:771-782.
220. Skrandies W. Laschke K. (1997) Topography of visually evoked brain activity during eye movements: lambda waves, saccadic suppression, and discrimination performance. Int J Psychophysiol 27:15-27.
221. Soma Y, Sugishita M, Kitamura K, Maruyama S, Imanaga H. (1989) Lexical agraphia in the Japanese language. Pure agraphia for Kanji due to left posteroinferior temporal lesions. Brain 112:1549-1561.
222. Stearns C. (1995) Scatter correction method for 3D PET using 2D fitted gaussian functions. J Nucl Med 36:105P.
223. Sugishita M, Otomo K, Kabe S, Yunoki K. (1992) A critical appraisal of neuropsychological correlates of Japanese ideogram (kanji) and phonogram (kana) reading. Brain 115:1563-1585.
224. Sweeney JA, Mintun MA, Kwee S, Wiseman MB, Brown DL, Rosenberg DR, Carl JR. (1996) Positron emission tomography study of voluntary saccadic eye movements and spatial working memory. J Neurophysiol 75:454-468.
225. Tanaka Y, Yamadari A, Murata S. (1997) Selective Kana agraphia: a case report. Cortex 23:679-684.
226. 15O and of 133-Xenon. In: Brain and blood flow. Proceedings of the 4'th international symposium on the regulation of cerebral blood flow (Ross RW, ed: Pitman medical and scientific publishing co, ltd, London.
227. Ter-Pogossian MM, Eichling JO, Davis DO, Welch MJ, Metzger JM. (1969) The determination of regional cerebral blood flow by means of water labeled with radioactive oxygen 15. Radiology 93:31-40.
228. Thatcher R, Hallet M, Zeffiro T, Roy John E, Huerta M, eds. (1994) Statistical parametric mapping. San Diego: Academic Press.
229. Thilo KV, Santoro L, Walsh V, Blakemore C. (2004) The site of saccadic suppression. Nat Neurosci 7:13-14.
230. Toga AW, Mazziotta JC, eds. (1996) Brain mapping. The Methods. San Diego: Academic Press.
231. Tokunaga H, Nishikawa T, Ikejiri Y, Nakagawa Y, Yasuno F, Hashikawa K, Nishimura T, Sugita Y, Takeda M. (1999) Different neural substrates for Kanji and Kana writing: a PET study. Neuroreport 10:3315-3319.
232. Townsend D. Spinks T. Jones T, Geissbuhler A, Defrise M, Gilardi MC, Heather J. (1989) Aspects of three dimensional reconstruction for a multi ring positron tomograph. Eur J Nucl Med 15:741-745.
233. Trebossen R, Bendriem B, Ribeiro MJ, Fontaine A, Frouin V, Remy P. (1998) Validation of the three-dimensional acquisition mode in positron emission tomography for the quantitation of [1SF]fluoro-DOPA uptake in the human striata. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 18:951-959.
234. Treyer V, Jobin M, Burger C, Teneggi V, Buck A. (2003) Quantitative cerebral H2(15)O perfusion PET without arterial blood sampling, a method based on washout rate. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 30:572-580.
235. Trojaborg W, Boysen G. (1973) Relation between EEG, regional cerebral blood flow and internal carotid artery pressure during carotid endarterectomy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 34:61-69.
236. Turkeltaub PE, Eden GF, Jones KM, Zeffiro TA. (2002) Meta-analysis of the functional neuroanatorny of single-word reading: method and validation. Neuroimage 16:765-780.
237. Van Horn JD, Ellmore TM, Esposito G, Berman KF. (1998) Mapping voxel-based statistical power on parametric images. Neuroimage 7:97-107.
238. Villringer A, Dirnagl U. (1995) Coupling of brain activity and cerebral blood flow: basis of functional neuroimaging. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 7:240-276.
239. Volpe J, Herscovitch P, Perlman JM, Kreusser KL, Raichle ME. (1985) Positron emission tomography in the asphyxiated term newborn: parasagittal impairment of cerebral blood flow. Ann Neurol 17:287-296.
240. von Helmholtz H. (1910) Physiological optics. New York - translated to English 1962.
241. von Hoist E, Mittelstaedt H. (1950) Das Reafferenzprinzip. Naturwissenchaften 37:464-476.
242. Wada J, Rasmussen T. (1960) Intracarotid injection of sodium amytal for the lateralization of cerebral speech dominance. J Neurosurg 17:266-282.
243. Weiskrantz L, Elliott J, Darlington C. (1971) Preliminary observations on tickling oneself. Nature 230:598-599.
244. Wenzel R, Bartenstein P, Dieterich M. Danek A, Weindl A, Minoshima S, Ziegler S, Schwaiger M, Brandt T. (1996) Deactivation of human visual cortex during involuntary ocular oscillations. A PET activation study. Brain 119:101-110.
245. Wurtz RH. (1969) Comparison of effects of eye movements and stimulus movements on striate cortex neurons of the monkey. J Neurophysiol 32:987-994.
246. Yamadori A. (1975) Ideogram reading in alexia. Brain 98:231-238.
247. Yantis S, Hillstrom AP. (1994) Stimulus-driven attentional capture: evidence from equiluminant visual objects. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 20:95-107.
248. Yokota T, Ishiai S, Furukawa T, Tsukagoshi H. (1990) Pure agraphia of kanji due to thrombosis of the Labbe vein. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53:335-338.
249. Zatorre RJ, Evans AC, Meyer E, Gjedde A. (1992) Lateralization of phonetic and pitch discrimination in speech processing. Science 256:846-849.