메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 169, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 23-38

Explaining evolutionary shifts between bee and hummingbird pollination: Convergence, divergence, and directionality

Author keywords

Evolutionary transitions; Mimulus; Penstemon; Pollination syndromes

Indexed keywords

BEE; BIRD; DIVERGENCE; ENTOMOPHILY; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; ORNITHOPHILY; POLLINATION;

EID: 38949094162     PISSN: 10585893     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/523361     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (178)

References (86)
  • 1
    • 0035169320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimality modeling and fitness trade-offs: When should plants become pollinator specialists?
    • Aigner PA 2001 Optimality modeling and fitness trade-offs: when should plants become pollinator specialists? Oikos 95:177-184.
    • (2001) Oikos , vol.95 , pp. 177-184
    • Aigner, P.A.1
  • 2
    • 5344267485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Floral specialization without trade-offs: Optimal corolla flare in contrasting pollination environments
    • _ 2004 Floral specialization without trade-offs: optimal corolla flare in contrasting pollination environments. Ecology 85:2560-2569.
    • (2004) Ecology , vol.85 , pp. 2560-2569
    • Aigner, P.A.1
  • 3
    • 33947409280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of specialized floral phenotypes in a fine-grained pollination environment
    • NM Waser, J Ollerton, eds, University of Chicago Press, Chicago
    • _ 2006 The evolution of specialized floral phenotypes in a fine-grained pollination environment. Pages 23-46 in NM Waser, J Ollerton, eds. Plant-pollinator interactions from specialization to generalization. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    • (2006) Plant-pollinator interactions from specialization to generalization , pp. 23-46
    • Aigner, P.A.1
  • 4
    • 0003146236 scopus 로고
    • Estimating and testing the shapes of adaptive surfaces: The morphology and pollination of Dalechampia blossoms
    • Armbruster WS 1990 Estimating and testing the shapes of adaptive surfaces: the morphology and pollination of Dalechampia blossoms. Am Nat 135:14-31.
    • (1990) Am Nat , vol.135 , pp. 14-31
    • Armbruster, W.S.1
  • 5
    • 0001374630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pollination "principles" revisited: Specialization, pollination syndromes, and the evolution of flowers
    • Armbruster WS, CB Fenster, MR Dudash 2000 Pollination "principles" revisited: specialization, pollination syndromes, and the evolution of flowers. Det Nor Vidensk Acad I Mat Natur Lk Skr Ny Ser 39:179-200.
    • (2000) Det Nor Vidensk Acad I Mat Natur Lk Skr Ny Ser , vol.39 , pp. 179-200
    • Armbruster, W.S.1    Fenster, C.B.2    Dudash, M.R.3
  • 6
    • 0000134232 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary mechanisms in pollination biology
    • Baker HG 1963 Evolutionary mechanisms in pollination biology. Science 139:877-883.
    • (1963) Science , vol.139 , pp. 877-883
    • Baker, H.G.1
  • 7
    • 0034544816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limits to natural selection
    • Barton N, L Partridge 2000 Limits to natural selection. BioEssays 22:1075-1084.
    • (2000) BioEssays , vol.22 , pp. 1075-1084
    • Barton, N.1    Partridge, L.2
  • 8
    • 0037626674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AFLP phylogeny of Mimulus section Erythranthe and the evolution of hummingbird pollination
    • Beardsley PM, A Yen, RG Olmstead 2003 AFLP phylogeny of Mimulus section Erythranthe and the evolution of hummingbird pollination. Evolution 57:1397-1410.
    • (2003) Evolution , vol.57 , pp. 1397-1410
    • Beardsley, P.M.1    Yen, A.2    Olmstead, R.G.3
  • 10
    • 15644375297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative trait loci affecting differences in floral morphology between two species of monkeyflower (Mimulus)
    • Bradshaw HD, KG Otto, BE Frewen, JK McKay, DW Schemske 1999 Quantitative trait loci affecting differences in floral morphology between two species of monkeyflower (Mimulus). Genetics 149:367-382.
    • (1999) Genetics , vol.149 , pp. 367-382
    • Bradshaw, H.D.1    Otto, K.G.2    Frewen, B.E.3    McKay, J.K.4    Schemske, D.W.5
  • 11
    • 0344873755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allele substitution at a flower colour locus produces a pollinator shift in monkeyflowers
    • Bradshaw HD, DW Schemske 2003 Allele substitution at a flower colour locus produces a pollinator shift in monkeyflowers. Nature 426:176-178.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.426 , pp. 176-178
    • Bradshaw, H.D.1    Schemske, D.W.2
  • 12
    • 0029130801 scopus 로고
    • Genetic mapping of floral traits associated with reproductive isolation in monkeyflowers (Mimulus)
    • Bradshaw HD, SM Wilbert, KG Otto, DW Schemske 1995 Genetic mapping of floral traits associated with reproductive isolation in monkeyflowers (Mimulus). Nature 376:762-765.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.376 , pp. 762-765
    • Bradshaw, H.D.1    Wilbert, S.M.2    Otto, K.G.3    Schemske, D.W.4
  • 14
    • 0036188781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic nectar replenishment in flowers of Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae)
    • Castellanos MC, P Wilson, JD Thomson 2002 Dynamic nectar replenishment in flowers of Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae). Am J Bot 89:111-118.
    • (2002) Am J Bot , vol.89 , pp. 111-118
    • Castellanos, M.C.1    Wilson, P.2    Thomson, J.D.3
  • 15
    • 0347135850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pollen transfer by hummingbirds and bumblebees, and the divergence of pollination modes in Penstemon
    • _ 2003 Pollen transfer by hummingbirds and bumblebees, and the divergence of pollination modes in Penstemon. Evolution 57:2742-2752.
    • (2003) Evolution , vol.57 , pp. 2742-2752
    • Castellanos, M.C.1    Wilson, P.2    Thomson, J.D.3
  • 16
    • 3042698840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-bee" and "pro-bird" changes during the evolution of hummingbird pollination in Penstemon flowers
    • _ 2004 "Anti-bee" and "pro-bird" changes during the evolution of hummingbird pollination in Penstemon flowers. J Evol Biol 17:876-885.
    • (2004) J Evol Biol , vol.17 , pp. 876-885
    • Castellanos, M.C.1    Wilson, P.2    Thomson, J.D.3
  • 17
    • 0030809945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why red flowers are not invisible to bees
    • Chittka L, NM Waser 1997 Why red flowers are not invisible to bees. Isr J Plant Sci 45:169-183.
    • (1997) Isr J Plant Sci , vol.45 , pp. 169-183
    • Chittka, L.1    Waser, N.M.2
  • 18
    • 33645032454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of reward properties on learning and choice in foraging bumblebees
    • Cnaani JC, JD Thomson, DR Papaj 2006 The effect of reward properties on learning and choice in foraging bumblebees. Ethology 112:278-285.
    • (2006) Ethology , vol.112 , pp. 278-285
    • Cnaani, J.C.1    Thomson, J.D.2    Papaj, D.R.3
  • 19
    • 33846803603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A typology of pollination systems: Implications for crop management and the conservation of wild plants
    • NM Waser, J Ollerton, eds, University of Chicago Press, Chicago
    • Corbet SA 2006 A typology of pollination systems: implications for crop management and the conservation of wild plants. Pages 315-340 in NM Waser, J Ollerton, eds. Plant-pollinator interactions: from specialization to generalization. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    • (2006) Plant-pollinator interactions: From specialization to generalization , pp. 315-340
    • Corbet, S.A.1
  • 20
    • 0029113747 scopus 로고
    • Speciation in monkeyflowers
    • Coyne JA 1995 Speciation in monkeyflowers. Nature 376:726-727.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.376 , pp. 726-727
    • Coyne, J.A.1
  • 21
    • 0000672299 scopus 로고
    • Pollinators in high-elevation ecosystems: Relative effectiveness of bees and birds
    • Cruden RW 1972 Pollinators in high-elevation ecosystems: relative effectiveness of bees and birds. Science 176:1439-1440.
    • (1972) Science , vol.176 , pp. 1439-1440
    • Cruden, R.W.1
  • 22
    • 0002629105 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of nectar production and plant-pollinator coevolution
    • BL Bentley, TS Elias, eds, Columbia University Press, New York
    • Cruden RW, SM Hermann, S Peterson 1983 Patterns of nectar production and plant-pollinator coevolution. Pages 80-125 in BL Bentley, TS Elias, eds. The biology of nectaries. Columbia University Press, New York.
    • (1983) The biology of nectaries , pp. 80-125
    • Cruden, R.W.1    Hermann, S.M.2    Peterson, S.3
  • 23
    • 38949093895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Darwin C 1862 On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilized. J Murray, London.
    • Darwin C 1862 On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilized. J Murray, London.
  • 24
    • 0034104615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The radiation of Calochortus: Generalist flowers moving through a mosaic of potential pollinators
    • Dilley J, P Wilson, MR Mesler 2000 The radiation of Calochortus: generalist flowers moving through a mosaic of potential pollinators. Oikos 89:209-222.
    • (2000) Oikos , vol.89 , pp. 209-222
    • Dilley, J.1    Wilson, P.2    Mesler, M.R.3
  • 25
    • 0026499794 scopus 로고
    • Signals, signal conditions, and the direction of evolution
    • Endler JA 1992 Signals, signal conditions, and the direction of evolution. Am Nat 139(suppl):S125-S153.
    • (1992) Am Nat , vol.139 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Endler, J.A.1
  • 28
    • 34250711421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nectar reward and advertisement in hummingbird-pollinated Silene virginica (Caryophyllaceae)
    • Fenster CB, G Cheely, MR Dudash, RJ Reynolds 2006 Nectar reward and advertisement in hummingbird-pollinated Silene virginica (Caryophyllaceae). Am J Bot 93:1800-1807.
    • (2006) Am J Bot , vol.93 , pp. 1800-1807
    • Fenster, C.B.1    Cheely, G.2    Dudash, M.R.3    Reynolds, R.J.4
  • 29
    • 0035101621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatiotemporal variation in the role of hummingbirds as pollinators of Silene virginica
    • Fenster CB, MR Dudash 2001 Spatiotemporal variation in the role of hummingbirds as pollinators of Silene virginica. Ecology 82:844-851.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 844-851
    • Fenster, C.B.1    Dudash, M.R.2
  • 31
    • 0033596091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Floral isolation between Aquilegia formosa and Aquilegia pubescens
    • Fulton M, SA Hodges 1999 Floral isolation between Aquilegia formosa and Aquilegia pubescens. Proc R Soc B 266:2247-2252.
    • (1999) Proc R Soc B , vol.266 , pp. 2247-2252
    • Fulton, M.1    Hodges, S.A.2
  • 33
    • 4944240184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Floral nectaries, nectar production dynamics and chemical composition in six Ipomoea species (Convolvulaceae) in relation to pollinators
    • Galetto L, G Bernardello 2004 Floral nectaries, nectar production dynamics and chemical composition in six Ipomoea species (Convolvulaceae) in relation to pollinators. Ann Bot 94:269-280.
    • (2004) Ann Bot , vol.94 , pp. 269-280
    • Galetto, L.1    Bernardello, G.2
  • 34
    • 34948862795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The birds, the bees, and the virtual flowers: Can pollinator behavior drive ecological speciation in flowering plants?
    • Gegear RJ, JG Burns 2007 The birds, the bees, and the virtual flowers: can pollinator behavior drive ecological speciation in flowering plants? Am Nat 170:551-556.
    • (2007) Am Nat , vol.170 , pp. 551-556
    • Gegear, R.J.1    Burns, J.G.2
  • 35
    • 0002324167 scopus 로고
    • Minimum viable populations: Processes of species extinction
    • ME Soulé, ed, Sinauer, Sunderland, MA
    • Gilpin ME, ME Soulé 1986 Minimum viable populations: processes of species extinction. Pages 19-34 in ME Soulé, ed. Conservation biology. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
    • (1986) Conservation biology , pp. 19-34
    • Gilpin, M.E.1    Soulé, M.E.2
  • 36
    • 0021608172 scopus 로고
    • Genetics and morphological evolution in plants
    • Gottlieb LD 1984 Genetics and morphological evolution in plants. Am Nat 123:681-709.
    • (1984) Am Nat , vol.123 , pp. 681-709
    • Gottlieb, L.D.1
  • 37
    • 0028000032 scopus 로고
    • Historical development of ornithophily in the western North American flora
    • Grant V 1994 Historical development of ornithophily in the western North American flora. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:10407-10411.
    • (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.91 , pp. 10407-10411
    • Grant, V.1
  • 38
    • 0023504201 scopus 로고
    • Components of pollination "quality": Comparative analysis of a diverse insect assemblage
    • Herrera CM 1987 Components of pollination "quality": comparative analysis of a diverse insect assemblage. Oikos 50:79-90.
    • (1987) Oikos , vol.50 , pp. 79-90
    • Herrera, C.M.1
  • 39
    • 0002876207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Floral traits and plant adaptation to insect pollinators: A devil's advocate approach
    • DG Lloyd, SCH Barrett, eds, Chapman & Hall, New York
    • _ 1996 Floral traits and plant adaptation to insect pollinators: a devil's advocate approach. Pages 65-87 in DG Lloyd, SCH Barrett, eds. Floral biology: studies on floral evolution in animal-pollinated plants. Chapman & Hall, New York.
    • (1996) Floral biology: Studies on floral evolution in animal-pollinated plants , pp. 65-87
    • Herrera, C.M.1
  • 40
    • 38949179246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hiesey WM, MA Nobs, O Björkman 1971 Experimental studies on the nature of species. V. Biosystematics, genetics, and physiological ecology of the Erythranthe section of Mimulus. Carnegie Inst Wash Publ 628.
    • Hiesey WM, MA Nobs, O Björkman 1971 Experimental studies on the nature of species. V. Biosystematics, genetics, and physiological ecology of the Erythranthe section of Mimulus. Carnegie Inst Wash Publ 628.
  • 42
    • 33646933863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive isolation between two closely-related hummingbird-pollinated Neotropical gingers
    • Kay KM 2006 Reproductive isolation between two closely-related hummingbird-pollinated Neotropical gingers. Evolution 60:538-552.
    • (2006) Evolution , vol.60 , pp. 538-552
    • Kay, K.M.1
  • 43
    • 27544436310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid speciation and the evolution of hummingbird pollination in Neotropical Costus subgenus Costus (Costaceae): Evidence from nrDNA ITS and ETS sequencies
    • Kay KM, PA Reeves, RG Olmstead, DW Schemske 2005 Rapid speciation and the evolution of hummingbird pollination in Neotropical Costus subgenus Costus (Costaceae): evidence from nrDNA ITS and ETS sequencies. Am J Bot 92:1899-1910.
    • (2005) Am J Bot , vol.92 , pp. 1899-1910
    • Kay, K.M.1    Reeves, P.A.2    Olmstead, R.G.3    Schemske, D.W.4
  • 44
    • 0142123180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pollinator assemblages and visitation rates for 11 species of Neotropical Costus (Costaceae)
    • Kay KM, DW Schemske 2003 Pollinator assemblages and visitation rates for 11 species of Neotropical Costus (Costaceae). Biotropica 35:198-207.
    • (2003) Biotropica , vol.35 , pp. 198-207
    • Kay, K.M.1    Schemske, D.W.2
  • 45
    • 0030880907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of a species' range
    • Kirkpatrick M, NH Barton 1997 Evolution of a species' range. Am Nat 150:1-23.
    • (1997) Am Nat , vol.150 , pp. 1-23
    • Kirkpatrick, M.1    Barton, N.H.2
  • 47
    • 11944257313 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of convergent structure in Caribbean Anolis communities
    • Losos JB 1992 The evolution of convergent structure in Caribbean Anolis communities. Syst Biol 41:403-420.
    • (1992) Syst Biol , vol.41 , pp. 403-420
    • Losos, J.B.1
  • 48
    • 0034769899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring the "most effective pollinator principle" with complex flowers: Bumblebees and Ipomopsis aggregata
    • Mayfield M, NM Waser, MV Price 2001 Exploring the "most effective pollinator principle" with complex flowers: bumblebees and Ipomopsis aggregata. Ann Bot 88:591-596.
    • (2001) Ann Bot , vol.88 , pp. 591-596
    • Mayfield, M.1    Waser, N.M.2    Price, M.V.3
  • 49
    • 0008145552 scopus 로고
    • The pollination ecology of Aquilegia elegantula and A. caerulea (Ranunculaceae) in Colorado
    • Miller RB 1978 The pollination ecology of Aquilegia elegantula and A. caerulea (Ranunculaceae) in Colorado. Am J Bot 65:406-414.
    • (1978) Am J Bot , vol.65 , pp. 406-414
    • Miller, R.B.1
  • 50
    • 0001466534 scopus 로고
    • Hawkmoths and the geographic patterns of floral variation in Aquilegia caerulea
    • _ 1981 Hawkmoths and the geographic patterns of floral variation in Aquilegia caerulea. Evolution 35:763-774.
    • (1981) Evolution , vol.35 , pp. 763-774
    • Miller, R.B.1
  • 51
    • 15944415952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematics of Ipomoea subgenus Quamoclit (Convolvulaceae) based on its sequence data and a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis
    • Miller RE, JA McDonald, PS Manos 2004 Systematics of Ipomoea subgenus Quamoclit (Convolvulaceae) based on its sequence data and a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. Am J Bot 91:1208-1218.
    • (2004) Am J Bot , vol.91 , pp. 1208-1218
    • Miller, R.E.1    McDonald, J.A.2    Manos, P.S.3
  • 52
    • 84966147340 scopus 로고
    • Heritability of floral traits for the perennial wild flower Penstemon centranthifolius (Scrophulariaceae): Clones and crosses
    • Mitchell RJ, RG Shaw 1993 Heritability of floral traits for the perennial wild flower Penstemon centranthifolius (Scrophulariaceae): clones and crosses. Heredity 71:185-192.
    • (1993) Heredity , vol.71 , pp. 185-192
    • Mitchell, R.J.1    Shaw, R.G.2
  • 53
    • 33748357570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pollination biology of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae): Specialization and syndromes
    • Muchhala N 2006 The pollination biology of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae): specialization and syndromes. Am J Bot 93:1081-1089.
    • (2006) Am J Bot , vol.93 , pp. 1081-1089
    • Muchhala, N.1
  • 54
    • 0242528895 scopus 로고
    • Application of the Darwinian theory to flowers and the insects which visit them
    • Müller H, F Delpino 1871 Application of the Darwinian theory to flowers and the insects which visit them. Am Nat 5:271-297.
    • (1871) Am Nat , vol.5 , pp. 271-297
    • Müller, H.1    Delpino, F.2
  • 55
    • 0030453666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconciling ecological processes with phylogenetic patterns: The apparent paradox of plant-pollinator systems
    • Ollerton J 1996 Reconciling ecological processes with phylogenetic patterns: the apparent paradox of plant-pollinator systems. J Ecol 84:767-769.
    • (1996) J Ecol , vol.84 , pp. 767-769
    • Ollerton, J.1
  • 56
    • 0027095368 scopus 로고
    • The genetics of adaptation: A reassessment
    • Orr HA, JA Coyne 1992 The genetics of adaptation: a reassessment. Am Nat 140:725-742.
    • (1992) Am Nat , vol.140 , pp. 725-742
    • Orr, H.A.1    Coyne, J.A.2
  • 57
    • 23644455692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal and spatial variation in pollination of a montane herb: A seven-year study
    • Price MV, NM Waser, RE Irwin, DR Campbell, AK Brody 2005 Temporal and spatial variation in pollination of a montane herb: a seven-year study. Ecology 86:2106- 2116.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 2106-2116
    • Price, M.V.1    Waser, N.M.2    Irwin, R.E.3    Campbell, D.R.4    Brody, A.K.5
  • 58
    • 38949120060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary transitions in floral color
    • Rausher MD 2008 Evolutionary transitions in floral color. Int J Plant Sci 169:7-21.
    • (2008) Int J Plant Sci , vol.169 , pp. 7-21
    • Rausher, M.D.1
  • 59
    • 0001129586 scopus 로고
    • Why are bird-visited flowers predominantly red?
    • Raven PH 1972 Why are bird-visited flowers predominantly red? Evolution 26:674.
    • (1972) Evolution , vol.26 , pp. 674
    • Raven, P.H.1
  • 61
    • 0030845113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of gynodioecy and maintenance of females: The role of inbreeding depression, outcrossing rates, and resource allocation in Schiedea adamantis (Caryophyllaceae)
    • Sakai AK, SG Weller, M-L Chen, S-Y Chou, C Tasanont 1997 Evolution of gynodioecy and maintenance of females: the role of inbreeding depression, outcrossing rates, and resource allocation in Schiedea adamantis (Caryophyllaceae). Evolution 51:724-736.
    • (1997) Evolution , vol.51 , pp. 724-736
    • Sakai, A.K.1    Weller, S.G.2    Chen, M.-L.3    Chou, S.-Y.4    Tasanont, C.5
  • 62
    • 38949113639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of canopy position, pollinator syndrome, and region on evolutionary transitions in pollinator guild size
    • Sargent RD, JC Vamosi 2008 The influence of canopy position, pollinator syndrome, and region on evolutionary transitions in pollinator guild size. Int J Plant Sci 169:39-47.
    • (2008) Int J Plant Sci , vol.169 , pp. 39-47
    • Sargent, R.D.1    Vamosi, J.C.2
  • 63
    • 0032740438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pollinator preference and the evolution of floral traits in monkeyflowers (Mimulus)
    • Schemske DW, HD Bradshaw 1999 Pollinator preference and the evolution of floral traits in monkeyflowers (Mimulus). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:11910-11915.
    • (1999) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.96 , pp. 11910-11915
    • Schemske, D.W.1    Bradshaw, H.D.2
  • 64
    • 0021564110 scopus 로고
    • Variation among floral visitors in pollination ability: A precondition for mutualism specialization
    • Schemske DW, CC Horvitz 1984 Variation among floral visitors in pollination ability: a precondition for mutualism specialization. Science 225:519-521.
    • (1984) Science , vol.225 , pp. 519-521
    • Schemske, D.W.1    Horvitz, C.C.2
  • 67
    • 0001363143 scopus 로고
    • Adaptive radiation of reproductive characteristics in angiosperms. I. Pollination mechanisms
    • Stebbins GL 1970 Adaptive radiation of reproductive characteristics in angiosperms. I. Pollination mechanisms. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 1:307-326.
    • (1970) Annu Rev Ecol Syst , vol.1 , pp. 307-326
    • Stebbins, G.L.1
  • 68
    • 0002270684 scopus 로고
    • Adaptive shifts toward hummingbird pollination
    • JH Bock, YB Linhart, eds, Westview, Boulder, CO
    • _ 1989 Adaptive shifts toward hummingbird pollination. Pages 39-60 in JH Bock, YB Linhart, eds. The evolutionary ecology of plants. Westview, Boulder, CO.
    • (1989) The evolutionary ecology of plants , pp. 39-60
    • Stebbins, G.L.1
  • 70
    • 0033867653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pollen presentation and pollinator syndromes, with special reference to Penstemon
    • Thomson JD, P Wilson, M Valenzuela, M Malzone 2000 Pollen presentation and pollinator syndromes, with special reference to Penstemon. Plant Species Biol 15:11-29.
    • (2000) Plant Species Biol , vol.15 , pp. 11-29
    • Thomson, J.D.1    Wilson, P.2    Valenzuela, M.3    Malzone, M.4
  • 71
    • 0001615946 scopus 로고
    • Effects of stand composition on insect visitation in two-species mixtures of Hieracium
    • Thomson JD 1978 Effects of stand composition on insect visitation in two-species mixtures of Hieracium. Am Midl Nat 100:431-440.
    • (1978) Am Midl Nat , vol.100 , pp. 431-440
    • Thomson, J.D.1
  • 72
    • 0242709349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When is it mutualism?
    • _ 2003 When is it mutualism? Am Nat 162(suppl):S1-S9.
    • (2003) Am Nat , vol.162 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Thomson, J.D.1
  • 73
    • 38949213734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thomson JD, BA Thomson 1992 Pollen presentation and viability schedules in animal-pollinated plants: consequences for reproductive success. Pages 1-24 in R Wyatt, ed. Ecology and evolution of plant reproduction: new approaches. Chapman & Hall, New York.
    • Thomson JD, BA Thomson 1992 Pollen presentation and viability schedules in animal-pollinated plants: consequences for reproductive success. Pages 1-24 in R Wyatt, ed. Ecology and evolution of plant reproduction: new approaches. Chapman & Hall, New York.
  • 75
    • 33644858937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hummingbird pollination in Salvia haenkei (Lamiaceae) lacking the typical lever mechanism
    • Wester P, R Claßen-Bockhoff 2006 Hummingbird pollination in Salvia haenkei (Lamiaceae) lacking the typical lever mechanism. Plant Syst Evol 257:133-146.
    • (2006) Plant Syst Evol , vol.257 , pp. 133-146
    • Wester, P.1    Claßen-Bockhoff, R.2
  • 76
    • 34250001126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pollinator shifts drive increasingly long nectar spurs in columbine flowers
    • Whittall JB, SA Hodges 2007 Pollinator shifts drive increasingly long nectar spurs in columbine flowers. Nature 447:706-709.
    • (2007) Nature , vol.447 , pp. 706-709
    • Whittall, J.B.1    Hodges, S.A.2
  • 77
    • 0030876866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Floral anthocyanins from two monkeyflower species with different pollinators
    • Wilbert SM, DW Schemske, HD Bradshaw 1997 Floral anthocyanins from two monkeyflower species with different pollinators. Biochem Syst Ecol 25:437-443.
    • (1997) Biochem Syst Ecol , vol.25 , pp. 437-443
    • Wilbert, S.M.1    Schemske, D.W.2    Bradshaw, H.D.3
  • 78
    • 0031729803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trapline foraging by bumble bees. III. Temporal patterning of visits
    • Williams NM, JD Thomson 1998 Trapline foraging by bumble bees. III. Temporal patterning of visits. Behav Ecol 9:612-621.
    • (1998) Behav Ecol , vol.9 , pp. 612-621
    • Williams, N.M.1    Thomson, J.D.2
  • 80
    • 38949144782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wilson P, MC Castellanos, AD Wolfe, JD Thomson 2006 Shifts between bee- and bird-pollination among penstemons. Pages 47-68 in NM Waser, J Ollerton, eds. Plant-pollinator interactions: from specialization to generalization. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    • Wilson P, MC Castellanos, AD Wolfe, JD Thomson 2006 Shifts between bee- and bird-pollination among penstemons. Pages 47-68 in NM Waser, J Ollerton, eds. Plant-pollinator interactions: from specialization to generalization. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • 82
    • 36049035552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constrained lability in floral evolution: Counting convergent origins of hummingbird pollination in Penstemon and Keckiella
    • Wilson P, AD Wolfe, WS Armbruster, JD Thomson 2007 Constrained lability in floral evolution: counting convergent origins of hummingbird pollination in Penstemon and Keckiella. New Phytol 176:883-890.
    • (2007) New Phytol , vol.176 , pp. 883-890
    • Wilson, P.1    Wolfe, A.D.2    Armbruster, W.S.3    Thomson, J.D.4
  • 83
    • 0036128057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of the Cheloneae (Scrophulariaceae) based on ITS and matK sequence data
    • Wolfe AD, SL Datwyler, CP Randle 2002 A phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of the Cheloneae (Scrophulariaceae) based on ITS and matK sequence data. Syst Bot 27:138-148.
    • (2002) Syst Bot , vol.27 , pp. 138-148
    • Wolfe, A.D.1    Datwyler, S.L.2    Randle, C.P.3
  • 84
    • 33747891783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogeny, taxonomic affinities, and biogeography of Penstemon (Plantaginaceae) based on ITS and cpDNA sequence data
    • Wolfe AD, CP Randle, SL Datwyler, JJ Morawetz, N Arguedas, J Diaz 2006 Phylogeny, taxonomic affinities, and biogeography of Penstemon (Plantaginaceae) based on ITS and cpDNA sequence data. Am J Bot 94:1699-1713.
    • (2006) Am J Bot , vol.94 , pp. 1699-1713
    • Wolfe, A.D.1    Randle, C.P.2    Datwyler, S.L.3    Morawetz, J.J.4    Arguedas, N.5    Diaz, J.6
  • 86
    • 1942467024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic changes associated with floral adaptation restrict future evolutionary potential
    • Zufall RA, MD Rausher 2004 Genetic changes associated with floral adaptation restrict future evolutionary potential. Nature 428:847-850.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.428 , pp. 847-850
    • Zufall, R.A.1    Rausher, M.D.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.